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PubMed1987

[Epidemiological studies on malignant lymphoma in Nagasaki City, especially in relation to atomic bomb exposure].

One hundred and eighty-two (182) cases of malignant lymphoma registered at the Nagasaki Tumor Registry from 1973 to the end of 1977 were studied in relation to atomic bomb exposure. No significant difference in the incidence of malignant lymphoma was found between the exposed and nonexposed groups. One hundred and thirty-one (131) cases excluding Hodgkin's disease and mycosis fungoides were histologically reviewed and classified according to Lymphoma Study Group (L.S.G.) and Working Formulation (W.F.) Classifications. Using the L.S.G. Classification, the three histological types (diffuse large cell, diffuse pleomorphic, and diffuse medium sized cell) occupied 72.7% and 69.0% of the exposed and nonexposed groups respectively. No significant difference in histological type between the exposed and nonexposed groups could be found with an exception of a slightly higher incidence of the diffuse medium sized cell type in the exposed group than in the nonexposed group. An evaluation of these results was made in comparison with the results in Hiroshima.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1985

K, Ca, Mg, and Zn in platelets, as determined by atomic absorption spectrometry with use of a sealed decomposition bomb and discrete nebulization.

In this new method for precise and accurate determination of K, Ca, Mg, and Zn in platelets, small amounts of platelets, prepared by differential centrifugation and cell washing, are decomposed in a homemade mini-vessel, a sealed Teflon bomb. The metal ions in the decomposed sample are measured by atomic absorption spectrometry with discrete nebulization. Overall, CVs ranged from 0.8 to 4.8%. We investigated sex-related differences (none were found) and intra-individual variations.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Use of teflon digestion bombs for tissue analysis: measurements of the effect of estradiol-17 beta upon hepatic copper in rats.

Teflon digestion bombs have been used for pressure decomposition of rat liver samples preliminary to copper analyses by atomic absorption spectrometry. The analytical procedure is convenient and is consistently free from copper contamination. The recovery of copper added to liver samples (three mug Cu added per g wet wt) averaged 102 (S.D. plus or minus 3) percent. The accuracy of the copper analyses was verified by use of National Bureau of Standards reference bovine liver. The mean concentration of copper in perfused livers of 16 untreated male rats averaged 16.1 (S.D. plus or minus 2.3) mug per g dry wt. The mean concentration of copper in perfused livers of 8 male rats which received estradiol-17 beta in dosage of 50 mug per day, s.c., for 21 consecutive days was 21.7 (S.D. plus or minus 4.7) mug per g dry wt (p vs controls equals greater than 0.01). This study demonstrates that estrogen administration can cause a significant increase in the concentration of hepatic copper.

Animals↗

PubMed1984

Temporal analysis of a dose-response relationship: leukemia mortality in atomic bomb survivors.

A data analysis that incorporates time dependencies is demonstrated for the dose response of leukemia mortality in the atomic bomb survivors. The time dependencies are initially left unspecified and the data on leukemia mortality--up to the end of 1978--are used to infer them. Several findings based on T65 revised doses (T65DR) are obtained. First, it is shown that the fits to the data of time-dependent L (linear in gamma dose)-Q (quadratic in gamma dose)-L (linear in neutron dose), L-L, and Q-L dose-response models are significantly improved (P less than 0.001) by using the corresponding time-dependent dose-response models. Second, it is shown that the increased risk of leukemia mortality due to gamma irradiation decreases in time while the increased risk due to neutron exposure decreases more slowly, if at all, in time. Consequently, relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of neutrons is shown to increase in time (P = 0.002) and the current definition of RBE as a time-independent quantity is therefore challenged. It is demonstrated with time-dependent models that the L-L model has a poor fit (P = 0.01) to the data for the first 7 years of study, but has an adequate fit for the remaining 21 years. In contrast the Q-L model has an adequate fit for the entire follow-up period (P greater than 0.30).

Adult↗

PubMed1983

Peripheral lymphocyte response to PHA and T cell population among atomic bomb survivors.

The percentage of T lymphocytes of atomic bomb survivors showed no change as a function of age or exposure dose. The percentage of T cells was slightly lower in malignant-tumor patients than in the control group, but was significantly higher in the group with chromosomal aberrations than in the control group. The percentages of phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-induced transformation of peripheral lymphocytes decreased significantly with age in the 0 rad control group and the 200+ rad exposure group, particularly so in the latter. The malignant-tumor group also showed lower percentages of PHA-induced transformation than the control group. The percentages of PHA-induced transformation of lymphocytes of the chromosomal-aberration group were significantly depressed as compared with that of the control group.

Chromosome Aberrations↗

PubMed1984

Some effects of random dose measurement errors on analyses of atomic bomb survivor data.

The effects of random dose measurement errors on analyses of atomic bomb survivor data are described and quantified for several analytical procedures. It is found that the ways in which measurement error is most likely to mislead are through downward bias in the estimated regression coefficients and through distortion of the shape of the dose-response curve. The magnitude of the bias and the power for testing the hypothesis of no effect are evaluated for several dose treatments including the use of grouped and ungrouped data, analyses with and without substituting 600 rad for estimated doses exceeding this value, and analyses which exclude doses exceeding 200 rad. The calculations are based on a model in which the error distributions are assumed to be log normal with standard deviations that are 0, 30, and 50%, respectively, of the true dose values. Results are limited to a dose-response function which is linear on total dose. It is found that the commonly applied practice of substituting 600 rad for doses exceeding this value definitely reduces bias in the presence of error. Restricting analyses to doses less than 200 rad reduces bias even more but at the price of considerable loss of power. Both the bias and the power for analyses based on grouped data are very close to the respective bias and power with ungrouped data.

Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation↗

PubMed1981

[The bomb outrage at the Munich Octoberfest on 26. 9. 1980 (author's transl)].

The bomb outrage at the October Beer Festival on the evening of September 26, 1980 was a great test of the strain on, and also a crucial trial for the Munich Ambulance Service. Over 200 injured persons, one quarter of them seriously or most seriously injured, were given adequate first aid and within one hour 179 were distributed to 23 hospitals in and around Munich. Some fortunate circumstances favored the technical course of the rescue operation. Small errors which occurred gave rise to reconsideration of questions of catastrophe medicine and problems of organization and planning. The team-work of the rescue services played an essential part in the optimally developed system of the emergency medical services in Munich.

Abdominal Injuries↗

PubMed1983

Studies of the mortality of A-bomb survivors, report 7. Part III. incidence of cancer in 1959-1978, based on the tumor registry, Nagasaki.

The incidence of malignant tumors in the Radiation Effects Research Foundation (RERF) Life Span Study (LSS) sample in Nagasaki as revealed by the Nagasaki Tumor Registry was investigated for the period 1959-1978. (1) No bias in exposure status in data collection was revealed. Neither method of diagnosis nor reporting hospitals nor the frequency of "doubtful" cases differ by exposure dose. (2) The risk of radiogenic cancer definitely increases with radiation dose for leukemia, cancers of the breast, lung, stomach, and thyroid, and suggestively so for cancers of the colon and urinary tract and multiple myeloma. However, no increase is seen for cancer of the esophagus, liver, gall bladder, uterus, ovary, or salivary gland or for malignant lymphoma. (3) In general, the relative risks based on incidence, that is, on the tumor registry data, are either the same or somewhat higher than those based on mortality in the same years; however, the absolute risk estimates [excess cancer per 10(6) Person Year Rad (PYR)] are far higher. (4) Since A-bomb radiation in Nagasaki consisted essentially of gamma rays, the present report provides a good opportunity to examine the shape of the dose-response curve for gamma exposures. Unfortunately, statistically one cannot actually distinguish one model from another among a simple linear, a quadratic, or a linear quadratic response. Further data are obviously necessary.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1983

Investigation of circular asymmetry in cancer mortality of Hiroshima and Nagasaki A-bomb survivors.

Data on Hiroshima and Nagasaki A-bomb survivors are used to investigate, for each city, possible circular asymmetry in cancer mortality around the hypocenter. Using the Cox regression method and controlling for age ATB, sex, followup year, distance from the hypocenter, and type of shielding, it is found that in Hiroshima cancer mortality was significantly higher in the westerly direction from the hypocenter. Mortality from stomach cancer, leukemia, and colon cancer were higher in the westerly direction. In Nagasaki, only lung cancer exhibited circular asymmetry, and was significantly higher in the westerly direction. For various reasons, the results tend to support the possibility of an asymmetry in radiation dose in Hiroshima, but not in Nagasaki. Also, possible asymmetry in nondose variables associated with cancer is suggested in both cities, particularly in variables associated with lung cancer. Indications for future work and implications for future dose-mortality investigations are discussed.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1983

[Two cases of large functioning parathyroid adenoma in atomic bomb survivors].

In a study by the Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Hiroshima and Nagasaki, of parathyroid tumors in autopsy cases, 18 cases of parathyroid adenoma were detected among 6, 102 cases that were autopsied between 1961-77. Two of these were giant adenomas 5 cm in diameter, complicated with hyperthyroidism. Both were atomic bomb survivors of Hiroshima. One was exposed to 55 rad at the age of 51 and died at age 71. The other was exposed to 28 rad at age 44 and died at age 71. These two cases are reported with a review of the literature on parathyroid tumors that developed following irradiation of the head and neck.

Adenoma↗

PubMed1995

Otologic features and teachings of a bombing attempt.

The authors present 13 casualties observed after the bombing attempt in Djibouti (March 1987). All of them suffered blast injury to the ear. The scene and the circumstances of the explosion are described. A correlation is sought between the location and position of each casualty and the lesions he presented, with reference to animal experiment data, namely the shock waves propagation conditions. The otologic lesions are commented on with reference to acute acoustic trauma, and the need for a special study of vestibular outcome of blast injuries is emphasized.

Blast Injuries↗

PubMed1994

Thyroid diseases in cohort studies of A-bomb survivors.

A fixed population of about 120,000 subjects was selected from those A-bomb survivors and unexposed controls for the purpose of follow-up studies on their late health effects. One hundred twelve cases of thyroid cancer were found in the study period between 1958 to 1979. The relative risk increased with thyroid dose: the excess relative risk per Gray was 1.1. The prevalence of thyroid diseases was evaluated in 2,587 subjects in Nagasaki: one or more diagnoses for thyroid diseases were made in 447.

Cohort Studies↗

PubMed1995

Relationship between cataracts and epilation in atomic bomb survivors.

Among 1713 atomic bomb survivors who underwent ophthalmological examinations from 1963-1964, the risk of cataract formation per unit dose of radiation was significantly greater for those who reported hair loss of 67% or more after exposure (the epilation group) than for those who reported less or no hair loss (the no-epilation group) (P < 0.01). Such an epilation effect has also been associated with leukemia mortality and the frequency of chromosome aberrations. Although this might be interpreted as indicating differential sensitivity to radiation between the epilation group and the no-epilation group, it could also be explained by imprecision in dose estimates. We have calculated that a 48% random error in DS86 dose estimates could be in accordance with the dose-response relationship for the prevalence of cataracts in the epilation group or the no-epilation group. Possible mechanisms for variation in radiosensitivity are discussed.

Alopecia↗

PubMed1995

Disaster nursing in the Oklahoma City bombing.

The Oklahoma City Federal Building disaster quickly changed a routine day of eye surgical procedures into a chaotic trauma center for the victims with not only eye injuries, but multiple deep lacerations and other injuries. The devastating and disruptive effect of the bombing was stressful for the nursing staff who became disaster survivors of the emotional trauma involved.

Blast Injuries↗

PubMed1995

Cytogenetic and immunologic identification of clonal expansion of stem cells into T and B lymphocytes in one Atomic-bomb survivor.

Chromosome aberration frequency in peripheral blood lymphocytes is elevated in radiation-exposed people, and identical karyotypic changes are not infrequently encountered in one blood sample as well as in separate samples from the same donor. Such clonal propagation originates either from a single immature stem cell able to expand and differentiate into several cell types or from a single mature lymphocyte able to expand after antigen stimulation in vivo. In the present study, a total 71 T-lymphocyte and 58 B-lymphocyte colonies were established from one atomic-bomb survivor, who showed a persistent clonal aberration t(4;6), t(5;13) in phytohemagglutinin culture of peripheral lymphocytes. Nearly 10% of the colonies (6 T-lymphocyte and 7 B-lymphocyte colonies) showed the same chromosome abnormality. Southern blot analyses of the T-cell-receptor or Ig heavy-chain gene showed all different rearrangement patterns among T- or B-lymphocyte colonies, respectively. Thus, the chromosome aberration occurred in a precursor cell before differentiation into T and B lineages and was not derived from monoclonal proliferation of mature T or B lymphocytes in the periphery. To confirm the issue, cells from erythroid burst-forming unit (BFU-E) colonies were examined by the chromosome-painting method. Two translocations, one between chromosomes 5 and 13 and the other between chromosomes 4 and one of group C, perfectly consistent with the t(4;6), t(5;13), were found in about 10% of the cells. The results imply that a single stem cell of an adult is capable of generating long-lived myeloid and lymphoid progeny amounting to several percent of the total population of circulating lymphocytes and hematopoietic progenitors.

Aged↗

PubMed1994

Increased frequency of CD4-8-T cells bearing T-cell receptor alpha beta chains in peripheral blood of atomic bomb survivors exposed to high doses.

A rare T-cell subpopulation, CD4-8- alpha beta T cells, may be differentiated through a pathway (or pathways) different from the pathway(s) of conventional CD4+ or CD8+ T cells. In the present study, the frequencies of CD4-8-T cells in peripheral-blood alpha beta T cells in 409 atomic bomb survivors (160 estimated to have been exposed to 1.5 Gy or more and 249 controls) were determined to investigate late effects of radiation on the composition of human T-cell subpopulations. The frequency of CD4-8- alpha beta T-cell decreased significantly with the subject's age and was higher in females than males. A significant increase in the frequency was found in the survivors exposed to more than 1.5 Gy, suggesting that the previous radiation exposure altered differentiation and development of T cells.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

Cancer incidence in atomic bomb survivors. Part III. Leukemia, lymphoma and multiple myeloma, 1950-1987.

This paper presents an analysis of data on the incidence of leukemia, lymphoma and myeloma in the Life Span Study cohort of atomic bomb survivors during the period from late 1950 through the end of 1987 (93,696 survivors accounting for 2,778,000 person-years). These analyses add 9 additional years of follow-up for leukemia and 12 for myeloma to that in the last comprehensive reports on these diseases. This is the first analysis of the lymphoma incidence data in the cohort. Using both the Leukemia Registry and the Hiroshima and Nagasaki tumor registries, a total of 290 leukemia, 229 lymphoma and 73 myeloma cases were identified. The primary analyses were restricted to first primary tumors diagnosed among residents of the cities or surrounding areas with Dosimetry System 1986 dose estimates between 0 and 4 Gy kerma (231 leukemias, 208 lymphomas and 62 myelomas). Analyses focused on time-dependent models for the excess absolute risk. Separate analyses were carried out for acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML) and adult T-cell leukemia (ATL). There were few cases of chronic lymphocytic leukemia in this population. There was strong evidence of radiation-induced risks for all subtypes except ATL, and there were significant subtype differences with respect to the effects of age at exposure and sex and in the temporal pattern of risk. The AML dose-response function was nonlinear, whereas there was no evidence against linearity for the other subtypes. When averaged over the follow-up period, the excess absolute risk (EAR) estimates (in cases per 10(4) PY Sv) for the leukemia subtypes were 0.6, 1.1 and 0.9 for ALL, AML and CML, respectively. The corresponding estimated average excess relative risks at 1 Sv are 9.1, 3.3 and 6.2 respectively. There was some evidence of an increased risk of lymphoma in males (EAR = 0.6 cases per 10(4) PY Sv) but no evidence of any excess in females. There was no evidence of an excess risk for multiple myeloma in our standard analyses.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1994

Cancer incidence in atomic bomb survivors. Part IV: Comparison of cancer incidence and mortality.

This report compares cancer incidence and mortality among atomic bomb survivors in the Radiation Effects Research Foundation Life Span Study (LSS) cohort. Because the incidence data are derived from the Hiroshima and Nagasaki tumor registries, case ascertainment is limited to the time (1958-1987) and geographic restrictions (Hiroshima and Nagasaki) of the registries, whereas mortality data are available from 1950-1987 anywhere in Japan. With these conditions, there were 9,014 first primary incident cancer cases identified among LSS cohort members compared with 7,308 deaths for which cancer was listed as the underlying cause of death on death certificates. When deaths were limited to those occurring between 1958-1987 in Hiroshima or Nagasaki, there were 3,155 more incident cancer cases overall, and 1,262 more cancers of the digestive system. For cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx, skin, breast, female and male genital organs, urinary system and thyroid, the incidence series was at least twice as large as the comparable mortality series. Although the incidence and mortality data are dissimilar in many ways, the overall conclusions regarding which solid cancers provide evidence of a significant dose response generally confirm the mortality findings. When either incidence or mortality data are evaluated, significant excess risks are observed for all solid cancers, stomach, colon, liver (when it is defined as primary liver cancer or liver cancer not otherwise specified on the death certificate), lung, breast, ovary and urinary bladder. No significant radiation effect is seen for cancers of the pharynx, rectum, gallbladder, pancreas, nose, larynx, uterus, prostate or kidney in either series. There is evidence of a significant excess of nonmelanoma skin cancer in the incidence data, but not in the mortality series. Cancers of the salivary gland and thyroid are also in excess in the incidence series, but they were not evaluated in the earlier mortality analyses. For all solid tumors the estimated excess relative risk at 1 Sv (ERR1Sv) for incidence (ERR1Sv = 0.63) is 40% larger than the excess relative risk (ERR) based on mortality data from 1950-1987 in all Japan (ERR1Sv = 0.45). The corresponding excess absolute risk (EAR) point estimate is 2.7 times greater for incidence than mortality. For some cancer sites, the difference in the magnitude of risk between incidence and mortality is greater. These differences reflect the greater diagnostic accuracy of the incidence data and the lack of full representation of radiosensitive but relatively nonfatal cancers, such as breast and thyroid, in the mortality data. Analyses of both incidence and mortality data are needed since the two end points provide complementary information for risk assessment.

Adolescent↗