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PubMed2000

Behavioral neurodevelopment abnormalities and schizophrenic disorder: a retrospective evaluation with the Childhood Behavior Checklist (CBCL).

This study is a retrospective report of childhood and adolescence neurobehavioral assessment in patients with schizophrenia and their healthy siblings using the Childhood Behavior Checklist (CBCL). The CBCL ratings were obtained from retrospective maternal reports, for five age periods (birth to 3years, 4-7years, 8-11years, 12-15years and 16-18years) in a sample of 32 patients with schizophrenia. The patients showed a variety of childhood and adolescence behavioral problems when compared with their siblings, and the various types of problems differed in the developmental course of the disease. Cluster analysis was conducted on the childhood premorbid behavior ratings for the schizophrenic patients, and two subgroups emerged: a cluster with an initially low level of behavioral abnormalities (B.A. ) that increased over the years, and a cluster with a high level of B.A. that remain relatively stable until early adulthood. The latter group showed more severe current negative symptoms.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Normal behavior and the clinical implications of abnormal behavior in guinea pigs.

Cavies are becoming more popular as pets because they are relatively easy to care for and provide never-ending love and entertainment with their curious but gentle nature. As with other species, the best way to learn about guinea pig behavior is to own guinea pigs. Understanding normal behavior provides the practitioner with the ability to more easily recognize pathology and abnormal behavior. This allows the veterinarian to provide necessary supportive care and pain management more quickly while performing diagnostics and determining the need for therapeutics. Understanding the behavior of cavies allows the clinician to better educate guinea pig-owning clients and to better and more quickly serve the needs of their guinea pig patients.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Children's attitudes and behavioral intentions toward a peer with autistic behaviors: does a brief educational intervention have an effect?

This study examined children's ratings of attitudes and behavioral intentions toward a peer presented with or without autistic behaviors. The impact of information about autism on these ratings was investigated as well as age and gender effects. Third- and sixth-grade children (N = 233) were randomly assigned to view a video of the same boy in one of three conditions: No Autism, Autism, or Autism/Information. Children at both grade levels showed less positive attitudes toward the child in the two autism conditions. In rating their own behavioral intentions, children showed no differences between conditions. However, in attributing intentions to their classmates, older children and girls gave lower ratings to the child in the autism conditions. Information about autism did not affect ratings of either attitudes or behavioral intentions as ascribed to self or others.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1999

Smoking and drinking behavior in patients with head and neck cancer: effects of behavioral self-blame and perceived control.

Patients who continue to use tobacco or alcohol following treatment for head and neck cancers are at greater risk for cancer recurrence and mortality. The present study examined the effects of behavioral self-blame and perceived control over health on smoking and alcohol use in a sample of 55 patients with cancers of the head and neck. Measures of self-blame, perceived control, and depression were administered and an assessment of past and current smoking and drinking behavior was obtained. As anticipated, continued smoking after completion of oncologic treatment was predicted by the interaction of behavior specific self-blame and perceived control. Patients who attributed the cause of their cancer to their past substance use exhibited a lower likelihood of smoking only if they also held the expectancy that their future cancer-related health was contingent on their own behavior. Among patients not holding the belief that cancer recurrence was contingent on their own actions, self-blame was associated with a higher probability of continued smoking. Self-blame and perceived control had no effect on continued alcohol use.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1999

Effects of alcohol intoxication on parenting behavior in interactions with child confederates exhibiting normal or deviant behaviors.

Experimental analogue methods were used to study how acute alcohol intoxication in parents influences their perceptions of and reactions to child behaviors, as well as their strategies for management of those behaviors. All participating parents had a grade school-aged son, but in half the cases this target child had a diagnosed externalizing disorder, whereas for the remaining half neither the target son nor any other offspring of the parents evidenced any psychopathology. Equal numbers of married fathers, married mothers, and single mothers from each of these groups received either alcoholic or nonalcoholic beverages prior to videotaped interactions with male child confederates who, depending on condition, enacted behaviors characteristic of either normal boys or boys with attention deficit hyperactivity/conduct/oppositional defiant disorders (ADHD/CD/ODD). Results indicated that intoxicated parents rated their ADHD/CD/ODD child partners as less deviant than did sober parents. Alcohol intoxication caused all participant groups to exhibit less attention and productive work and more commands, indulgences, and off-task talk in the interactions. Implications for better understanding of the role of psychosocial factors in the correlation between adult drinking problems and childhood behavior disorders are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Behavior genetics of canine aggression: behavioral phenotyping of golden retrievers by means of an aggression test.

Molecular genetic analysis of complex traits such as aggression strongly depends on careful phenotyping of individuals. When studying canine aggression, the information provided by the owners of the dogs is often not detailed and reliable enough for this purpose. Therefore we subjected 83 golden retrievers, both aggressive and nonaggressive individuals, to a behavioral test. These tests were analyzed with help of an ethogram, resulting in a behavioral profile for each of the dogs. In this article three methods are described of converting these profiles into a measure of behavioral phenotype. The usefulness of the methods is evaluated by comparing the test results with information provided by owners. Moreover, the hypothesis underlying all these methods, that a lowered threshold for aggressive behavior in general is present in the dogs, is also evaluated. Future research will need to reveal whether the methods meet the high standards that are necessary for studying complex traits.

Aggression↗
PubMed1984

A comparison of three social-psychological models of attitude and behavioral plan: prediction of contraceptive behavior.

We compared the predictive validities of three prominent models of attitudes and behavioral decisions: Rosenberg's instrumentality-value model, Fishbein's belief-evaluation model, and Beach's adaptation of subjective expected utility theory. Seventy female undergraduates rated each of the models' components and reported their attitudes and behavioral plans toward using three different methods of contraception. With the traditional across-subjects prediction procedure, the Rosenberg model generally accounted for 5-25% less variance in subjects' attitudes and behavioral plans than the Fishbein an Beach models, which were not different. With a within-subject prediction procedure, the Rosenberg model was again the least accurate, and the Fishbein and Beach models had similar predictive accuracy. As hypothesized, within-subject predictions were more accurate than across-subjects predictions. The relatively poor performance of the Rosenberg model was attributable to the instrumentality component. In addition, we found that the Beach model could be simplified with no appreciable loss in predictive accuracy. Finally, a subject's personal normative beliefs emerged as a strong independent predictor of behavioral plan.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Psychosocial predictors of AIDS risk behavior and drug use behavior in homeless and drug addicted women of color.

The present study examined a causal model consisting of personal and social resources, threat appraisal processes, coping styles, and barriers to risk reduction as predictors of general AIDS risk and specific drug use behaviors among homeless African American (N = 714) and Latina (N = 691) women. The model, which was based on a stress and coping framework, supported many of the hypothesized relationships. Active coping was associated with fewer general AIDS risk behaviors for both groups and less specific drug use behavior among African American women. Specific drug use behavior was predicted by high threat appraisal and avoidant coping for both groups. Ethnic differences and implications for intervention are discussed.

Acculturation↗
PubMed2001

Can the theory of planned behavior explain patterns of health behavior change?

This article tested the ability of the theory of planned behavior (TPB) to predict patterns of behavior change associated with health screening. Attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and intentions were used to predict objective measures of attendance 1 month and 13 months later among participants who had never previously been screened (N = 389). Findings showed that the TPB predicted attendance on each occasion and also predicted frequency of attendance. However, the model was unable to reliably distinguish among consistent attendees, participants who delayed attending, and participants who initially attended but relapsed. Thus, the TPB needs to be extended to understand behaviors that must be performed promptly and repeatedly for health benefits to accrue.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

A behavioral economic analysis of the relative persistence of behavior: comment on Meisch (2000)

This commentary examines and reinterprets the concept of relative persistence in drug self-administration studies, described by R. A. Meisch (2000), in behavioral economic terms. Over the past several years, investigators in the behavioral sciences have successfully applied consumer demand theory to the study of drug abuse and addiction. The economic concept of demand elasticity (i.e., the changes in the amount of a commodity demanded as a function of changes in price) and the concept of unit price are described in detail, and this commentary shows these concepts provide an alternative interpretation to the relative persistence of behavior. The application of the behavioral economic approach to understanding abuse potential of putative drugs of abuse, in development of medications for drug addiction and in characterizing the transition from drug use to drug addiction, is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Parents, peers, and problem behavior: a longitudinal investigation of the impact of relationship perceptions and characteristics on the development of adolescent problem behavior.

This study examined longitudinal relations among adolescents' family relationships, peer relationships, and problem behavior. Participants were 1,357 African American and European American adolescents who were interviewed at 3 time points: 7th grade (mean age = 12.7 years), the summer after 8th grade (mean age = 14.2 years), and 11th grade (mean age = 17.1 years). For all racial and gender groups, 7th-grade family characteristics (youth perceptions of autonomy and warmth) predicted a risky peer context during 8th grade, which in turn predicted problem behavior during 11th grade. Additionally, problem behavior in the 7th grade predicted 11th-grade problem behavior, directly as well as indirectly through the peer context. Racial and gender differences are discussed, as are implications for future research.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Rhythmometric analyses of circadian variations of grooming behavior in the mouse: research perspectives in behavioral chronobiology.

A circadian biologic time structure of grooming behavior may be detected on the basis of chronobiologic procedures. Results are presented and discussed in the broader scope of a series of behavioral chronobiologic studies with comparison of standard biometric and rhythmometric analyses. Moreover, such experiments provide a quantitative approach for a better functional understanding of psychophysiological mechanisms regulating the stress-related grooming behavior. Such circadian studies show also that chronobiology raises some working hypotheses in experimental psychology and permits the development of new heuristic concepts in the field of behavioral neuroscience.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1993

Behavioral Intensive Care Unit (BICU): a new concept in the management of acute agitated behavior in elderly demented patients.

Intensive care units were developed in response to the perceived need for increased monitoring in critically ill medical patients. The same principle applies to elderly patients with severe agitated behaviors. These patients can be served by the Geriatric Behavioral Intensive Care Unit (BICU). The uniqueness of the program results from the application of a behavioral and environmental approach to the treatment of agitated behavior. The underlying strategy in the treatment process is to enhance the patient's ability to adapt to his or her home environment. Preliminary results have been encouraging, showing positive outcomes in diverse areas such as low level of institutional placement, patient quality of life, and caregiver symptoms of burden and depression.

Aged↗
PubMed1995

Elders' acceptability ratings of behavioral treatments and pharmacotherapy for the management of geriatric behavioral disturbances.

The management of geriatric behavioral disturbances presents a challenge for both caregivers and care receivers. Previously, we have investigated caregivers' and health care professionals' perceptions of the acceptability of behavioral treatments and pharmacotherapy. However, the perceptions of the potential or actual recipients of these interventions are equally important. In this study, vignette methodology assessed elderly individuals' acceptance of two behavioral treatments and one pharmacologic intervention using Kazdin's Treatment Evaluation Inventory. Respondents assigned the highest treatment acceptability ratings to behavioral treatments and the lowest to drug therapy. The place of patient residence described in the vignettes (community or nursing home) mediated treatment acceptability ratings.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

The Stamp-in-Safety program: a behavioral intervention to reduce behaviors that can lead to unintentional playground injury in a preschool setting.

OBJECTIVE: To introduce and evaluate the Stamp-in-Safety program, a behavioral intervention designed to increase the quality of supervision by teachers on preschool playgrounds and to reduce the risk of unintentional child playground injury. METHODS: A quasi-experimental time series design was used, with observational techniques, to evaluate behavior on the playground before, during, and after the intervention as well as during a 6-month post-intervention assessment. RESULTS: Both applied behavior analysis techniques and inferential statistics suggest that the Stamp-in-Safety program resulted in behavioral changes likely to reduce the risk of child injury on the playgrounds of childcare centers. CONCLUSION: Results indicate promise for the Stamp-in-Safety program as a low-cost, easily implemented intervention to reduce pediatric playground injury risk at childcare centers. Suggestions for future research are offered.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Behavioral and physiological features of chickens diversely selected for resistance to Avian Disease. 1. Selected inbred lines differ in behavioral and physical responses to social stress.

To test the hypothesis that genetic variations in response to social stress modulate susceptibility to disease in poultry, aggressive behaviors induced by social stress were measured in chickens of different inbred lines selected for disease resistance (line 63) or susceptibility (lines 72 and 15I5), as well as 2 recombinant congenic strains (B and X). At 15 wk of age, roosters from each genetic line or strain were randomly assigned to pairs for intraline male-male aggression tests (n = 8 per line). Based on the results of the intraline aggression tests, the roosters were divided into 2 groups, winners and losers. At 16 wk of age, the roosters were randomly paired as winners vs. winners and losers vs. losers for interline aggression tests, i.e., line 63 vs. 72 and 15I5; line 73 vs. line 15I5; and strain X vs. strain B. Similarly, at 17 wk of age, line 63 vs. strains X and B, and line 72 vs. strains X and B were tested. The tests were conducted in a novel cage that was similar to their home cages, to provide a neutral space for both roosters being tested. Each pair was videotaped for 15 min. Male-male interaction-induced aggressive behaviors were markedly different among the genetic lines. Compared with roosters of lines 15I5 and 72, line 63 roosters generally showed fewer aggressive behaviors, including aggressive pecks and fights, as well as durations (P < 0.05). Roosters of the recombinant congenic strains X and B, each possessing a unique random 87.5% genome of line 63, exhibited low aggressive behaviors, which were similar or equal to the level of line 63 in both intraline and interline aggression tests (P = 0.05). These results may indicate that some of the gene(s) commonly carried between strains X and B as well as line 63 likely played an important role in governing their lower levels of aggression. The present chicken lines may be used as animal models for investigation of the cellular mechanisms of genetic-environmental interactions on disease resistance and stress responses.

Aggression↗
PubMed2000

Behavioral and biologic evidence of persistent high-risk behavior in an HIV primary care population.

OBJECTIVE: To define the prevalence of gonorrhea, chlamydial infection, and high-risk sexual behavior in an HIV primary care clinic. DESIGN: Subjects enrolling in this cross-sectional study answered a brief interviewer-administered questionnaire and provided a urine sample for gonorrhea and chlamydia testing. SETTING: A large urban HIV primary care clinic. PARTICIPANTS: HIV-infected patients presenting for a scheduled medical visit from June 1997 to April 1998. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Prevalence of self-reported high-risk sexual behavior and gonorrhea and chlamydial infection. RESULTS: Of 691 patients consenting to the study over a 10-month period, 58% reported sexual activity in the past 90 days, 7.4% reported multiple sexual partners in the past month, and 34.6% did not use a condom at last sexual encounter. Overall, 4.6% reported a history of either gonorrhea or a chlamydial infection in the past year. Of 637 giving a urine sample for testing, the prevalence of chlamydial infection was 2.4%; the prevalence of gonorrhea was 1.6%. Overall, 7.5% of those screened had either current or recent (within 1 year) gonorrhea or chlamydial infection. Current or recent gonorrhea or chlamydial infection was not associated with age, gender, HIV transmission risk, CD4 cell count, HIV viral load, symptoms, or self-reported risk behavior. CONCLUSION: High-risk sexual behavior and unrecognized sexually transmitted diseases (STD) are common among HIV-infected persons followed in primary medical care. Enhanced detection of treatable STD among this population coupled with improved risk-reduction counselling may be important clinical practice measures that can curb the spread of HIV.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

A comparison of behavioral group therapy and individual behavior therapy in treating obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Outpatients with a primary DSM-III axis I diagnosis of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD: N = 93) were randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups: One group (N = 30) received 24 sessions of behavioral group therapy over a 12-week period; a second group (N = 31) received 24 individual behavior therapy sessions over the same treatment interval; and members of a control group (N = 32) received 24 individual sessions of progressive muscle relaxation. The Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale was administered before treatment at 2-week intervals during treatment, and at 6-month follow-up to measure changes in distress caused by OCD symptoms. The Beck Depression Inventory and the Self-Rating Anxiety Scale were also administered at pretreatment, posttreatment, and 6-month follow-up. Both individual and group interventions proved to be equally effective at reducing distress caused by OCD symptoms, general depression, and anxiety by the end of treatment, although patients in the individual behavior therapy condition demonstrated faster reductions in OCD symptom severity. Patients in the group and individual behavioral interventions were able to maintain their gains at 6-month follow-up. Implications of these findings for outpatient treatment are discussed.

Adult↗