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PubMed1997

[Relationship between the iron status of the pregnant woman and her body size and body composition before and during pregnancy].

For the analysis the relationship of the iron status of 86 pregnant women and size and composition body factors before and during pregnancy were made anthropometric, hematological and iron status indices. There were significant relations between pregestational body weight, height, body mass index and body weight, body composition in pregnancy and the values of iron status indicators in blood throughout gestation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Accuracy of the clinical diagnoses of Lewy body disease, Parkinson disease, and dementia with Lewy bodies: a clinicopathologic study.

BACKGROUND: Whether Parkinson disease (PD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) represent 2 distinct nosologic entities or are diverse phenotypes of Lewy body disease is subject to debate. OBJECTIVES: To determine the accuracy of the diagnoses of Lewy body disease, PD, and DLB by validating the clinical diagnoses of 6 neurologists with the neuropathologic findings and to identify early predictors of the diagnoses. METHODS: Six raters who were unaware of the neuropathologic diagnoses analyzed 105 clinical vignettes corresponding to 29 cases of Lewy body disease (post hoc analysis of 15 patients with PD and 14 with DLB) and 76 patients without PD or DLB whose cases were confirmed through autopsy findings. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Sensitivity and positive predictive value (PPV) were chosen as validity measures and the K statistic as a reliability measure. RESULTS: Interrater reliability for the diagnoses of Lewy body disease and PD was moderate for the first visit and substantial for the last, whereas agreement for diagnosis of DLB was fair for the first visit and slight for the last. Median sensitivity for diagnosis of Lewy body disease was 56.9% for the first visit and 67.2% for the last; median PPV was 60.0% and 77.4%, respectively. Median sensitivity for the diagnosis of PD was 73.3% for the first visit and 80.0% for the last; median PPV was 45.9% and 64.1%, respectively. Median sensitivity for the diagnosis of DLB was 17.8% for the first visit and 28.6% for the last; median PPV was 75.0% for the first visit and 55.8% for the last. The raters' results were similar to those of the primary neurologists. Several features differentiated PD from DLB, predicted each disorder, and could be used as clinical pointers. CONCLUSIONS: The low PPV with relatively high sensitivity for the diagnosis of PD suggests overdiagnosis. Conversely, the extremely low sensitivity for the diagnosis of DLB suggests underdiagnosis. Although the case mix included in the study may not reflect the frequency of these disorders in practice, limiting the clinical applicability of the validity measures, the raters' results were similar to those of the primary neurologists who were not exposed to such limitations. Overall, our study confirms features suggested to predict these disorders, except for the early presence of postural imbalance, which is not indicative of either disorder.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Android obesity at diagnosis and breast carcinoma survival: Evaluation of the effects of anthropometric variables at diagnosis, including body composition and body fat distribution and weight gain during life span,and survival from breast carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Although a large body of research exists concerning pathologic prognostic indicators of the rate of incidence and survival from breast carcinoma, to the authors' knowledge very few studies have examined the effects of anthropometric variables such as height, obesity, weight gain in adulthood, timing of weight gain, and body composition to survival, although these variables are related to the incidence rate. METHODS: The survival status of 166 patients diagnosed with primary breast carcinoma and followed for at least 10 years was obtained from the Cancer Center's registry, and significant anthropometric and other known prognostic indicators regarding survival after diagnosis were determined by Cox proportional hazards analysis. RESULTS: Eighty-three of 166 breast carcinoma patients (50%) with up to 10 years of follow-up died of disease. Android body fat distribution, as indicated by a higher suprailiac:thigh ratio, was a statistically significant (P < 0.0001) prognostic indicator for survival after controlling for stage of disease, with a hazards ratio of 2.6 (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.63-4.17). Adult weight gain, as indicated specifically by weight at age 30 years, was a statistically significant (P < 0.05) prognostic indicator for survival with a hazards ratio of 1.15 (95% CI, 1.0-1.28). In addition, the authors observed the Quatelet Index, a negatively significant (P < 0.01) prognostic indicator for survival with a hazards ratio of 0.92 (95% CI, 0.87-0.98). Other markers of general obesity such as weight at diagnosis, percent body fat, and body surface area were not significant markers influencing survival. Similarly, height; triceps, biceps; subscapular, suprailiac, abdominal, and thigh skinfolds; waist and hip circumferences; family history; and reproductive and hormonal variables at the time of diagnosis showed no apparent significant relation to survival. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the current study provide some evidence that android body fat distribution at diagnosis and increased weight at age 30 years increases a woman's risk of dying of breast carcinoma.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Large radiolucent tracheal foreign body found by CT scan caused dyspnea: an admonition on flexible fiberscopic foreign body removal.

A 25-year-old male patient with a sharp, large, and radiolucent tracheobronchial foreign body which was inhaled at the time of a traffic accident is reported on. CT scan was quite useful in finding this radiolucent foreign body. The patient had no respiratory disturbance because the foreign body was located in the level between bifurcation and left main bronchus; however, a flexible fiberscopic procedure performed to remove the body caused an airway obstruction and a dyspnea because the foreign body lodged in the subglottis. Remarkable progress has been made in the development of the flexible fiberscope system. Almost all medical facilities in Japan have flexible systems. However, the opportunities for young physicians to learn about rigid systems may now become limited. This case may warn us not to have too much confidence in the ability of flexible fiberscope system to remove this kind of large foreign body and remind us of the need to continue adequate training in the rigid systems.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1975

[The so-called filaments in lafora-bodies, corpora amylacea and Bielschowsky-bodies. Fasciolar substructures in accumulated intraplasmatic material of cellular dysmetabolies (author's transl)].

Both the corpora amylacea and Lafora bodies have been described in the literature as filamentous structures. On electron microscopic examination they are often composed of ribbon-like fasciolar units. The ultrastructural appearance of these structures is discussed on the example of an amylopectin model. These fasciolar substructures are also encountered in Bielschowsky bodies and are then considered to be a sign of intracellular accumulation of dysmetabolic products. The histological and electron microscopical similarity of corpora amylacea, Lafora bodies and Bielschowsky bodies suggest that all these structures are an unspecific, nearly identical endproduct of various intracellular metabolic disturbances. The pathognomonic significance of these structures depends on their regional distribution: the common corpora amylacea occur predominantly in the astroglia, the Lafora bodies typical in the neurons and the Bielschowsky bodies are restricted to the neurons of the exterior pallidum.

Amylopectin↗
PubMed2006

Combined lower body endurance and upper body resistance training improves performance and health parameters in healthy active elderly.

We investigated the effects of combined lower body (LB) endurance and upper body (UB) resistance training on endurance, strength, blood lipid profile and body composition in active older men. Ten healthy still active men (73+/-4 years, V(O2) peak: 36 (31-41) ml min-1 kg-1) were tested before and after 14 weeks of combined training (3 times week-1). Training consisted of 3x12 min of high intensity interval training on a bicycle for endurance interspersed by 3x12 min of UB resistance exercises. V(O2) peak during leg cycling and arm cranking, isokinetic torque of knee extensor and shoulder abductor and the cross-sectional area (CSA) of several muscles from UB and LB were measured. Sagittal abdominal diameter (SAD) and abdominal fat area were measured on MRI scans. Total body composition was assessed by hydrostatic weighing (HW) and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). Blood lipid profile was assessed before and after training. By the end of the training period, V(O2) peak (l min-1) increased significantly by 9 and 16% in leg cycling and arm cranking tests, respectively. Maximal isokinetic torque increased both for the knee extensor and shoulder abductor muscle groups. CSA increased significantly in deltoid muscle. Percentage of body fat decreased by 1.3% (P<0.05) and abdominal fat and SAD decreased by 12 and 6%, respectively (P<0.01). There was also a significant decrease in total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein. Thus, combined LB endurance and UB resistance training can improve endurance, strength, body composition and blood lipid profile even in healthy active elderly.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

Human body surface area: measurement and prediction using three dimensional body scans.

The development of three dimensional laser scanning technology and sophisticated graphics editing software have allowed an alternative and potentially more accurate determination of body surface area (BSA). Raw whole-body scans of 641 adults (395 men and 246 women) were obtained from the anthropometric data base of the Civilian American and European Surface Anthropometry Resource project. Following surface restoration of the scans (i.e. patching and smoothing), BSA was calculated. A representative subset of the entire sample population involving 12 men and 12 women (G24) was selected for detailed measurements of hand surface area (SAhand) and ratios of surface area to volume (SA/VOL) of various body segments. Regression equations involving wrist circumference and arm length were used to predict SAhand of the remaining population. The overall [mean (SD)] of BSA were 2.03 (0.19) and 1.73 (0.19) m2 for men and women, respectively. Various prediction equations were tested and although most predicted the measured BSA reasonably closely, residual analysis revealed an overprediction with increasing body size in most cases. Separate non-linear regressions for each sex yielded the following best-fit equations (with root mean square errors of about 1.3%): BSA (cm2) = 128.1 x m0.44 x h0.60 for men and BSA = 147.4 x m0.47 x h0.55 for women, where m, body mass, is in kilograms and h, height, is in centimetres. The SA/VOL ratios of the various body segments were higher for the women compared to the men of G24, significantly for the head plus neck (by 7%), torso (19%), upper arms (15%), forearms (20%), hands (18%), and feet (11%). The SA/VOL for both sexes ranged from approximately 12.m-1 for the pelvic region to 104-123.m-1 for the hands, and shape differences were a factor for the torso and lower leg.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Body composition of sedentary and physically active spinal cord injured individuals estimated from total body electrical conductivity.

Reliability and evidence of construct validity of Total Body Electrical Conductivity (TOBEC) for estimating body composition in spinal cord injured subjects was evaluated using 17 males with C6-L2 spinal cord transections. Subjects reporting regular exercise were categorized as active (n = 12); nonexercisers were considered sedentary (n = 5). Measures included body weight, length, circumferences, skinfolds, and three TOBEC readings. Reliability for percent fat of both single and multiple TOBEC trials (t = 3) ranged from .994 to .999. Average percent fat values were significantly (p < .009) higher in sedentary subjects. Sum of seven skinfolds was significantly correlated (r[15] = 0.73, p < .01) with percent fat measured by TOBEC. Results suggest TOBEC is reliable (rtt > 0.99) in estimating body composition in spinal cord injured individuals. High reliability estimates for single and multiple trials indicate use of a single trial will provide reliable body fat estimates. Construct validity evidence infers that TOBEC measured body composition discriminates between active and sedentary paraplegics.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Body image, body dysphoria, and dietary restraint: factor structure in nonclinical subjects.

The principal aim of this study was to examine the factor structure of several assessment methods used to measure dietary restraint, body dissatisfaction, and body image. Factor analysis was employed to identify and confirm the primary constructs measured by these assessment methods. A total of 206 undergraduate women were recruited as subjects. This sample was divided into two subsets of 100 and 106 subjects. On the first subset, principle components analysis identified three factors: body dysphoria, dietary restraint, and body image. With the second subset of subjects, confirmatory factor analysis cross-validated this factor structure. A two factor solution, body dysphoria and dietary restraint, was identified and confirmed when the body image measure was converted to a self-minus-ideal discrepancy score. These findings are discussed in relation to the definition of control groups to be used in studies of anorexia and bulimia nervosa. Guidelines for the selection of measures for each of the three factors also are presented.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Monitoring the production of inclusion bodies during fermentation and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay analysis of intact inclusion bodies using cryogel minicolumn plates.

A novel minicolumn chromatographic method to monitor the production of inclusion bodies during fermentation and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) system allowing direct analysis of the particles with surface-displayed antigens are described. A 33-kDa protein containing 306 amino acids with three sulfur bridges produced as inclusion bodies was labeled with polyclonal antibodies against 15 amino acid (anti-A15) and 17 amino acid (anti-B17) residues at the N- and C-terminal ends of the protein, respectively. Labeled particles were bound to macroporous monolithic protein A-cryogel adsorbents inserted into the open-ended wells of a 96-well plate (referred to as protein A-cryogel minicolumn plate). The concept behind this application is that the binding degree of inclusion bodies from lysed fermentation broth to the cryogel minicolumns increases with an increase in their concentration during fermentation. The technique allowed us to monitor the increase in the production levels of the inclusion bodies as the fermentation process progressed. The system also has a built-in quality parameter to ensure that the target protein has been fully expressed. Alternatively, inclusion bodies immobilized on phenyl-cryogel minicolumn plate were used in indirect ELISA based on anti-A15 and anti-B17 antibodies against terminal amino acid residues displayed on the surface of inclusion bodies. Drainage-protected properties of the cryogel minicolumns allow performance of successive reactions with tested immunoglobulin G (IgG) samples and enzyme-conjugated secondary IgG and of enzymatic reaction within the adsorbent.

Adsorption↗
PubMed2002

The cytosolic inclusion bodies that consist of splice variants that lack exon 5 of the presenilin-2 gene differ obviously from Hirano bodies observed in the brain from sporadic cases of Alzheimer's disease patients.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder having several pathological characteristics, namely senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Further, Hirano bodies (HBs), which are stained by hematoxylin-eosin, are also observed in the AD brain. Recently, we reported that an alternative splice variant that lacked exon 5 of the presenilin-2 (PS2) gene (PS2V) was expressed in sporadic AD (SAD) brains, and the PS2V-encoding proteins actually existed in these brains. Furthermore, electron microscopic experiments demonstrated that the PS2V proteins form cytosolic inclusion bodies in the pyramidal cells. In this report, we found that the PS2V-composed inclusion bodies differed obviously from the HBs. This observation suggests the possibility that PS2V-composed inclusions are a novel inclusion body, compared with other pathological characteristics previously reported in the SAD brain. We named this inclusion body the 'PS2V body'.

Alternative Splicing↗
PubMed1995

Cognitive-behavioral body image therapy for body dysmorphic disorder.

Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is a distressing body image disorder that involves excessive preoccupation with physical appearance in a normal appearing person. Prior case reports of behavior therapy were encouraging, but no controlled evaluation of behavior therapy or any other type of treatment had been conducted. In the present study, 54 BDD subjects were randomly assigned to cognitive behavior therapy or no treatment. Patients were treated in small groups for eight 2-hour sessions. Therapy involved modification of intrusive thoughts of body dissatisfaction and overvalued beliefs about physical appearance, exposure to avoided body image situations, and elimination of body checking. Body dysmorphic disorder symptoms were significantly decreased in therapy subjects and the disorder was eliminated in 82% of cases at posttreatment and 77% at follow-up. Overall psychological symptoms and self-esteem also improved in therapy subjects.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

The body as a source of self-esteem: the effect of mortality salience on identification with one's body, interest in sex, and appearance monitoring.

The present research investigated the role of the physical body as a source of self-esteem and tested the hypothesis derived from terror management theory that reminding people of their mortality increases self-esteem striving in the form of identification with one's body, interest in sex, and appearance monitoring. The results revealed that individuals high in body esteem responded to mortality salience manipulations with increased identification with their physical bodies in Study 1 and with increased interest in sex in Study 2. Study 3 showed that reminders of death led to decreased appearance monitoring among appearance-oriented participants who were low in body esteem. These findings provide insight into why people often go to extreme lengths to meet cultural standards for the body and its appearance.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Effect of energy source and xylanase addition on energy metabolism, performance, chemical body composition and total body electrical conductivity (TOBEC) of broilers.

Three diets containing either no supplemented fat (LF), 12% soybean oil (SO) or 12% coconut oil (CO) were fed to broilers to examine energy utilization in two experiments. Heat production and energy retained as fat and protein were measured in the first experiment using a respiration technique in combination with C- and N-balance and controlled (pair-fed) feeding conditions. Growth performance, carcass composition, chemical body composition and total body electrical conductivity (TOBEC) were evaluated in a second experiment under ad libitum feeding conditions (from hatching to day 35). Moreover, each of the three diet types was tested with or without the addition of a xylanase-containing enzyme preparation in the growth experiment. Energy utilization (experiment 1), expressed as the ratio between total retained energy and metabolizable energy intake, amounted to 0.33, 0.36 and 0.39 in LF-, SO- and CO-fed groups, respectively. Applying ad libitum feeding conditions in the second experiment caused a significant reduction in feed intake and weight gain in broilers fed the CO-diet. The feed-to-gain ratio was significantly lower in birds given the fat-supplemented diets. The highest degree of fatness as indicated by the highest percentage of abdominal and visceral fat and by highest total fat content was found in birds fed the CO-diet. The higher the body protein content and the lower the body fat content, the higher the TOBEC value should be. This was confirmed when LF-fed broilers were compared to their CO-fed counterparts. However, fat type seemed to be related to TOBEC values since SO-fed broilers had similar TOBEC values as CO-fed birds, whereas chemical body composition was comparable to LF-fed broilers. Xylanase addition significantly increased weight gain up to 21 days of age and decreased the feed-to-gain ratio slightly, whereas none of the other parameters were influenced by this treatment. An interaction between energy source and enzyme supplementation was not observed. It is concluded that feeding of coconut oil was most effective in terms of energy retention, but failed to induce an adequate performance under ad libitum feeding conditions due to a reduced voluntary feed intake. TOBEC measurements in relation to chemical body composition were rather inconclusive.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

[Detection of orbital foreign bodies by CT: are plain radiographs of foreign bodies still useful?].

PURPOSE: To prove the visualisation of orbital foreign bodies by CT. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In vitro we examined defined small objects of various materials (metal, wood, glass, stone) which are common as orbital foreign bodies, Density and minimum detectable size were studied. The findings of 27 patients with suspected orbital foreign bodies were compared with the results of plain radiographs, Comberg radiographs, sonography, and surgery. RESULTS: For iron, the minimum detectable size was 0.02 mm3. A differentiation of various materials by CT was not always possible, especially in small objects. There were wide differences in density of wood (-600 HU to +130 HU) according to hardness and water content. The CT scans correctly showed number and location of foreign bodies. Other methods were inferior in detection of foreign bodies. CONCLUSION: In diagnosis of foreign body injuries of the orbit, CT is the imaging method of choice.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Genetics of human body size and shape: body proportions and indices.

BACKGROUND: The study of the genetic component in morphological variables such as body height and weight, head and chest circumference, etc. has a rather long history. However, only a few studies investigated body proportions and configuration. AIM: The major aim of the present study was to evaluate the extent of the possible genetic effects on the inter-individual variation of a number of body configuration indices amenable to clear functional interpretation. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Two ethnically different pedigree samples were used in the study: (1) Turkmenians (805 individuals) from Central Asia, and (2) Chuvasha (732 individuals) from the Volga riverside, Russian Federation. To achieve the aim of the present study we proposed three new indices, which were subjected to a statistical-genetic analysis using modified version of "FISHER" software. The proposed indices were: (1) an integral index of torso volume (IND#1), an index reflecting a predisposition of body proportions to maintain a balance in a vertical position (IND#2), and an index of skeletal extremities volume (IND#3). Additionally, the first two principal factors (PF1 and PF2) obtained on 19 measurements of body length and breadth were subjected to genetic analysis. Variance decomposition analysis that simultaneously assess the contribution of gender, age, additive genetic effects and effects of environment shared by the nuclear family members, was applied to fit variation of the above three indices, and PF1 and PF2. RESULTS: The raw familial correlation of all study traits and in both samples showed: (1) all marital correlations did not differ significantly from zero; (2) parent-offspring and sibling correlations were all positive and statistically significant. The parameter estimates obtained in variance analyses showed that from 40% to 75% of inter-individual variation of the studied traits (adjusted for age and sex) were attributable to genetic effects. For PF1 and PF2 in both samples, and for IND#2 (in Chuvasha pedigrees), significant common sib environmental effects were also detectable. CONCLUSION: Genetic factors substantially influence inter-individual differences in body shape and configuration in two studied samples. However, further studies are needed to clarify the extent of pleiotropy and epigenetic effects on various facets of the human physique.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Use of total-body electrical conductivity for the assessment of body composition in middle-aged and elderly individuals.

Body composition was predicted for 114 middle-aged and elderly individuals aged 35-90 y by using total-body electrical conductivity (TOBEC), densitometry, and hydrometry. Highly significant correlations were achieved between the TOBEC Phase value and fat-free mass (FFM) determined by densitometry (FFMd) and hydrometry (FFMdw) with values ranging from 0.713 to 0.981. TOBEC predicted FFM (FFMT) was consistently higher than either FFMd or FFMdw for both men and women in all age groups. A theoretical calculation of percent body fat was performed with a three-component model with body density, total body water, and bone mineral content. The recalculation of fat was used to estimate a new FFM (FFMnew). These calculations resulted in a decrease in fat and an increase in FFMnew. Because the TOBEC signal is unaffected by bone mineralization, FFMT may provide a more accurate estimation of body composition than do FFMd or FFMdw in this group of individuals.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

Body composition characteristics and body fat distribution in lean women with polycystic ovary syndrome.

Body composition, fat distribution and bone mineral density were examined in lean women suffering from polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and compared with body composition and fat distribution characteristics of weight-matched lean controls. Ten women with PCOS and a body mass index (BMI) below 25.00 (kg/m(2)) and 10 healthy women with a BMI below 25.00 (kg/m(2)) matched for age and weight and BMI as controls were enrolled in this study. Body composition and bone density were measured by dual-energy- x-ray-absorptiometry and fat distribution patterns were calculated. Although matched for age, weight and BMI, lean PCOS patients showed a significantly higher amount of body fat and lower amount of lean body mass than the controls. The majority of PCOS patients showed an intermediate or android kind of fat distribution. Only 30% of the lean PCOS patients corresponded to the definition of gynoid fat distribution while this was true of all lean controls.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗