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PubMed2003

Can advertising increase awareness of problem gambling? A statewide survey of impact.

With the rapid rise of state-sponsored gambling during the 1990s, the number of problem gamblers increased as well. In this study, 800 Indiana adult residents were randomly surveyed to evaluate the impact of a statewide advertising campaign designed to increase awareness of problem gambling. The pre- to postcampaign telephone survey (with 400 independent respondents at each time point) targeted (a). the impact of the advertising campaign and (b). general awareness of problem gambling issues. Results indicated, overall, little impact of the ad campaign and a low rate of exposure to it (8%). Billboards and slogans appeared to be the methods with strongest impact. The sample had a positive view of problem gambling awareness campaigns and appeared quite knowledgeable about problem gambling in general. Awareness of state resources to aid problem gamblers was lower. Results are discussed in relation to the study methodology, and suggestions to improve future advertising efforts are offered.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Ethnic self-awareness as a function of ethnic group status, group composition, and ethnic identity orientation.

This study found that ethnic self-awareness (i.e., the extent to which people are consciously aware of their ethnicity at any given moment) has different meanings for European Americans and Asian Americans and for Asian Americans with different ethnic identity orientations. The authors found main effects of ethnic group status and ethnic composition on ethnic self-awareness when comparing Asian Americans and European Americans. There was also an interaction effect between ethnic composition and ethnic identity orientation for Asian Americans when examining ethnic self-awareness. Findings are discussed in relation to theories that predict salience of ethnicity and to educators and practitioners who deal with ethnic minority group members.

Acculturation↗
PubMed2003

Primary visual cortex and visual awareness.

The primary visual cortex (V1) is probably the best characterized area of primate cortex, but whether this region contributes directly to conscious visual experience is controversial. Early neurophysiological and neuroimaging studies found that visual awareness was best correlated with neural activity in extrastriate visual areas, but recent studies have found similarly powerful effects in V1. Lesion and inactivation studies have provided further evidence that V1 might be necessary for conscious perception. Whereas hierarchical models propose that damage to V1 simply disrupts the flow of information to extrastriate areas that are crucial for awareness, interactive models propose that recurrent connections between V1 and higher areas form functional circuits that support awareness. Further investigation into V1 and its interactions with higher areas might uncover fundamental aspects of the neural basis of visual awareness.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Computer-supported phonological awareness intervention for kindergarten children with specific language impairment.

PURPOSE: The purpose of the present study was to determine whether kindergarten children with specific language impairment (SLI) could develop phonological awareness skills through computer intervention and whether speech manipulation (i.e., slowing speech rate and enhancing transitions) in instruction produced additional learning. METHOD: The effects of a computer-supported phonological awareness program on a variety of items, including word analysis, syllable analysis, rhyme, phoneme analysis, syllable synthesis, and phoneme synthesis, were tested following a pretest-posttest 1-posttest 2 design. Twenty-four kindergarten children with SLI in the Netherlands received 3.5 hr of phonological awareness intervention via a computer program using either normal speech (12 children) or manipulated speech (12 children). A control group of 12 kindergarten children with SLI played computer vocabulary games. RESULTS: The results showed positive effects of the intervention for the normal speech group. Eighteen weeks later, the effect size was still substantial; however, no additional effects of speech manipulation were found. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: The results suggest that kindergarten children with SLI benefit from computer intervention for phonological awareness skills.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2005

An examination of phonological awareness treatment outcomes for seventh-grade poor readers from a bilingual community.

PURPOSE: The goal of this study was to examine posttreatment outcomes following direct, systematic phonological awareness instruction for seventh-grade poor readers, most of whom had English as their second language. METHOD: The treatment group (n = 35) participated in small-group instruction sessions that emphasized phonological awareness at the phoneme level and incorporated explicit linkages to literacy. The treatment, which was administered in the participants' school setting over a 12-week period, involved approximately 45 hr of contact with a trained instructor. Postintervention performance of the treatment group was compared to performance of students from the same school and grade level who were waiting to receive phonological awareness treatment (nontreatment group, n= 33). RESULTS: ANCOVA results for total reading scores and MANCOVA results for Phonological Awarenes, Word Attack, Word Identification, Word Comprehension, and Passage Comprehension subtests indicated that group differences were significant. The posttreatment scores of the treatment group were higher for all measures. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Seventh-grade poor readers, including bilingual students who have English as their second language, can benefit from direct, systematic instruction that emphasizes phonological awareness and is linked to literacy.

Awareness↗
PubMed2003

Phonological awareness and phonemic perception in 4-year-old children with delayed expressive phonology skills.

The purpose of this study was to compare the phonological awareness abilities of 2 groups of 4-year-old children: one with normally developing speech and language skills and the other with moderately or severely delayed expressive phonological skills but age-appropriate receptive vocabulary skills. Each group received tests of articulation, receptive vocabulary, phonemic perception, early literacy, and phonological awareness skills. The groups were matched for receptive language skills, age, socioeconomic status, and emergent literacy knowledge. The children with expressive phonological delays demonstrated significantly poorer phonemic perception and phonological awareness skills than their normally developing peers. The results suggest that preschool children with delayed expressive phonological abilities should be screened for their phonological awareness skills even when their language skills are otherwise normally developing.

Awareness↗
PubMed2001

The young child's awareness of stuttering-like disfluency.

The emergence of awareness of stuttering has been an important factor in theoretical and clinical considerations for early childhood stuttering. The present research program is aimed at studying the development of awareness of stuttering-like disfluency in normally fluent preschool and first-grade children using responses to video speech samples. A total of 79 children in five different age groups were asked to discriminate between the speech (fluent and disfluent) of two puppets, identify with the one who speaks like them, and evaluate the disfluent and fluent speech of the puppets. It was found that from age 3, children show evidence of awareness of the disfluency used in the study, but most children reached full awareness at age 5. Also, negative evaluation of disfluent speech is observed from age 4. Theoretical and clinical implications are discussed.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed1985

Word, syllable, and sound awareness in language-disordered children.

The present investigation evaluated language-disordered children's metalinguistic awareness of words, syllables, and sounds. Subjects were 15 language-disordered children matched for mental age to 15 normally developing children and for language age to another 15 normally developing children. In the first task, children were asked to divide sentences, bisyllabic words, and monosyllabic words into smaller units. In the second task, children were asked several questions designed to assess their word awareness. The language-disordered children performed significantly poorer than both groups of normally developing children in dividing sentences and words. The language-disordered children also did not show the same level of responses to the word-awareness questions as the normally developing children. These findings indicate that language-disordered children's metalinguistic deficit is not limited to difficulty making grammatical judgments. Importantly, these disordered children's lack of word, syllable, and sound awareness places them significantly at risk for future academic difficulties, in particular, learning how to read.

Awareness↗
PubMed1999

The self in self-awareness.

The concepts of 'self' and 'person' are central to educational and therapeutic endeavours. This paper examines the emergence of 'self-awareness' as an explicit concern in the education of preregistration nurses. In particular, it questions the claims that specific experiential learning strategies are the most appropriate for promoting self-awareness in students, and that these strategies produce greater understanding of theory in students and give greater depth of meaning to theory for students. It argues that the long and complex history associated with the concepts of self, self-awareness and 'person' makes the unproblematic stance adopted towards them in the nursing literature untenable, and calls for a more rigorous and critical appraisal of experiential learning strategies commonly used to promote self-awareness.

Awareness↗
PubMed2003

Swedish nursing students' attitudes to and awareness of research and development within nursing.

BACKGROUND: Nurses' attitudes towards research have been illuminated in many studies. However, there is still a need for more knowledge about the attitudes and awareness of undergraduate nursing students. AIMS: To investigate Swedish undergraduate nursing students' attitudes towards and awareness of research and development within nursing, and to illuminate factors that may have an impact on their attitudes and awareness. METHODS: A questionnaire consisting of three parts: demographic data, attitude scale, and research awareness was used. Parametric and nonparametric statistics were used. Two hundred and one students participated in the study and the response rate was 77%. Cronbach's alpha test on the seven factors was between 0.52 and 0.80. RESULTS: Most of the students had positive attitudes towards nursing research. More than half (60%) of the students expected to make use of nursing research sometime in the future and about 25% had never read any of the scientific nursing journals. The majority (77%) of the students were acquainted with at least one Swedish researcher, but few had attended a doctoral dissertation. Students with an interest in some particular development or research area in nursing were significantly more positive and expected to make use of nursing research more frequently. Other variables that were found to have some impact upon attitudes were gender, age and additional academic studies. CONCLUSIONS: Nursing students had an overall positive attitude towards nursing research and their interest in a particular development or research area was the most important variable for their attitudes and expected use of nursing research in the future. Therefore, it would seem to be important to encourage the students' interest in specific development/research areas of nursing during their education. In spite of the nursing students' positive attitudes to nursing research, the study demonstrates the theory-practice gap is still present to some degree.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Evaluation of awareness and utilization of an autologous blood transfusion programme.

Autologous blood transfusion (ABT) has an important role in transfusion practice in the developing world due to increasing incidence of HIV and hepatitis C virus infection. Our study was done to evaluate the level of awareness and utilization of an autologous blood transfusion programme in a teaching hospital in Delhi. We assessed the level of awareness of preoperative ABT amongst treating physicians from different specialties in a teaching hospital through an anonymous questionnaire. The utilization of this methodology in transfusion practice was estimated from records of the Blood Transfusion Service. Of the 150 doctors contacted 96 (64%) responded. Although 67.7% of them were aware of the technique and its advantages, only 21.8% used it for the patients under their care. In the preceding 24 months 133 (1.1%) of 12,090 blood collections in the transfusion service were from autologous donor-patients. Only one unit of blood was collected from each patient, although 41.8% of them received > or = 2 units of blood. Of the 11,123 patients transfused, 55 (0.49%) received the ABT. Thus only 55 (41.3%) of 133 total ABT collections were utilized. The study highlights that there is a general lack of awareness about ABT amongst physicians. This transfusion practice is rarely and inadequately used. The study was repeated the following year after an intensive intervention strategy was adopted. The results show a trend towards improvement in the practice of ABT. This study emphasizes the need for proper organization, planning and communication between clinicians and blood transfusion personnel for effective implementation of an ABT programme, especially in countries with a high incidence of transfusion-transmitted infections and acute shortages of blood for transfusion.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Lack of awareness of public health promotion messages among a group of adult New Zealanders who meet national guidelines for food intake and physical activity.

The aim of this study was to assess the awareness of national health promotion messages in a group of self-selected New Zealanders. This study involved 104 self-selected New Zealanders (41 men and 63 women) over the age of 40. Awareness of national health promotion messages was assessed using a mailed out questionnaire, and 69 of these were returned. Basic anthropometric measurements were made (height, weight, hip and waist circumference) and habitual physical activity was defined using a questionnaire. Food intake was estimated by 24-h dietary recall. Overall, this group of people met the New Zealand national guidelines for exercise, physical activity and food intake. There was good awareness of the public health organisations in New Zealand, but only half the people that we sampled had a general idea about the content of the health messages of these organisations. This group of New Zealand adults had a healthy lifestyle that was not associated with a high awareness of public health messages, suggesting that other sources of health information are used.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Prevalence and awareness of diabetes and mean fasting glucose by age, sex, and region: results from the Nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan, 1993-1996.

AIMS: The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and awareness of diabetes mellitus (DM) in Taiwan. METHODS: The Nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan for people aged > or = 4 years was conducted between 1993 and 1996, using a multistaged, stratified, and clustered sampling scheme. RESULTS: The prevalence of DM, defined by fasting whole blood glucose > or = 6.1 mmol/l or diagnosed DM subjects taking hypoglycaemic drugs, was 3.7% in men > or = 19 years and 6.3% in women. Corresponding to age groups 19-44, 45-64 and > or = 65 years, the prevalence was 1.5%, 7.9% and 7.8% in men and 0.5%, 12.3% and 19.6% in women, respectively. People in mountainous areas and in Peng-Hu islands had the highest prevalence, but the lowest awareness rates among seven survey strata (regions). Women from metropolitan cities had the lowest DM prevalence and body mass index (BMI) values, but the highest rate of DM awareness among all strata. This phenomenon was not apparent in men. The age, sex, and regional patterns of DM prevalence were consistent with those of BMI. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of DM in Taiwan in 1993-1996 was relatively high, given a mean BMI of 23 kg/m2 in adults. Gender and regional differences were apparent in DM prevalence and awareness and in mean BMI.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Chronic open angle glaucoma: patient awareness of the nature of the disease, topical medication, compliance and the prevalence of systemic symptoms.

PURPOSE: To study the awareness of the nature of the disease, compliance with treatment, and prevalence of systemic symptoms in a group of patients with chronic open angle glaucoma (COAG). METHOD: A structured questionnaire was designed and given to 260 consecutive COAG patients attending a general ophthalmology clinic. Questions related to the increased risk of COAG amongst family members, screening of family members, nature of field defects, variation in IOP, topical treatment and availability of a free eye test for a COAG patient in the UK were asked. Compliance and systemic symptoms were also assessed. RESULTS: Forty-one per cent (107 of 260) of patients in the study group were aware of the increased risk of COAG in family members and 45.5% (118 of 260) of patient's family members had undergone screening for COAG. Seventy-three per cent (191 of 260) of the patients were aware of their own and their family members' entitlement to a free eye test. Seventy-seven per cent of patients claimed full compliance. Thirty per cent of patients were noted to have systemic symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: The awareness of the nature of COAG in this population was low and incidence of perceived drug related systemic symptoms very high. Both of these may contribute to poor compliance.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed2003

Expression of conditional fear with and without awareness.

Conditional responding during simple Pavlovian conditioning is often characterized as a form of implicit memory. The extent to which this type of associative learning is independent of awareness is an issue of continuing debate. Previous studies have demonstrated conditioning in the absence of awareness. However, their results have been questioned based on methodological concerns with postexperimental questionnaires. In the present study, skin conductance response (SCR) and unconditioned stimulus (UCS) expectancy were measured concurrently as participants were exposed to a differential delay fear conditioning procedure in which one tone (CS+) predicted a loud white noise, whereas a second tone (CS-) was presented alone. UCS predictability was varied on a trial-by-trial basis by presenting conditioned stimuli (CSs) at volumes just above or below the perceptual threshold. Differential UCS expectancy (awareness) was observed only on perceived trials, whereas differential SCR developed on both perceived and unperceived trials. Although perceived stimuli elicited larger SCRs, the magnitude of conditioning, indexed by differential conditioned response expression (conditioned SCR to CS+ minus the SCR to CS-), was not influenced by stimulus perception. These data indicate that conditional fear can be expressed when individuals are unaware of fear-eliciting stimuli and suggest that the degree of conditioning is independent of awareness during differential Pavlovian fear conditioning.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

The role of cognition, depression, and awareness of deficit in predicting geriatric rehabilitation patients' IADL performance.

Fifty consecutive patients aged 60 years or older admitted to an inpatient rehabilitation program were studied to determine whether demographic, cognitive, affective, and awareness of deficit data had predictive value in determining performance-based Instrumental Activity of Daily Living (IADL) capacity. Correlational and hierarchical regression analysis found that cognition, awareness of deficit, and years of education accounted for 70% of IADL variance. Of particular note, cognition contributed unique variance above and beyond that accounted for by demographic variables. Additionally, the Awareness Interview (AI) contributed unique variance above and beyond that accounted for by demographic and cognitive variables. This study provides support for the assessment of cognitive functioning and awareness of deficit in rehabilitation settings to assist in outcome prediction.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2001

The influence of sex, gender, self-discrepancies, and self-awareness on anger and verbal aggressiveness among U.S. college students.

Among a sample of 445 U.S. college students, the authors examined the extent to which individual differences (e.g., sex, gender, self-discrepancies, self-awareness) explained anger tendencies and verbal aggressiveness. Regression analyses showed that (a) the tendency to repress anger (anger-in) was explained by masculinity, desire to be masculine, and public self-awareness, R2 = .19, F(11, 433) = 8.44, p < .001; (b) the tendency to express anger (anger-out) was explained by sex, masculinity, and public self-awareness, R2 = .17, F(11, 433) = 7.38, p < .001; and (c) willingness to be verbally aggressive was explained by sex, femininity, and private self-awareness, R2 = .32, F(11, 433) = 16.94, p < .001. In addition, different types of individual difference variables accounted for anger tendencies and verbal aggressiveness across sex and gender categories, suggesting that anger and verbal aggressiveness may be driven by different psychological processes across types of participants.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

The Gestalt awareness-expression cycle as a model for sex therapy.

Conceptual models and treatment modalities generally used in Gestalt therapy are specifically applicable to sex therapy. Healthy sexual functioning requires self-regulation in which the person becomes aware of the dominant need in the situation and expresses himself to satisfy that need and to complete the Gestalt. The Gestalt awareness-expression cycle is a model for understanding both the processes of sexual functioning and dysfunction and of the therapeutic encounter. The concepts of awareness, excitement, action, and contact as components of the cycle are related conceptually both to modes and points of interruption of self-regulation and to specific treatment modalities and methods. Three major modalities of Gestalt therapy, awareness, experiment, and contactful encounter, and illustrative Gestalt methods are introduced in the context of sex therapy.

Awareness↗