Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Aseptic sampling”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 631 records · Page 35Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

The Coventry Award. Polymerase chain reaction detection of bacterial infection in total knee arthroplasty.

Synovial fluid aspirates from 50 patients with symptoms after total knee arthroplasty were analyzed by means of the polymerase chain reaction for the presence of bacterial deoxyribonucleic acid indicative of infection. Synovial fluid specimens were processed using a rapid bacterial lysis and extraction protocol, subjected to polymerase chain reaction amplification using universal bacterial primers, and polymerase chain reaction products analyzed by deoxyribonucleic acid hybridization methodology. Polymerase chain reaction testing on preoperative aspirates yielded 32 specimens positive for bacterial infection. Standard microbiologic culturing assays performed on the same samples gave 6 positive bacterial infection tests; intraoperative culturing identified 9 additional infected specimens. All culture positive specimens were polymerase chain reaction positive; in contrast, there were no false polymerase chain reaction positives in 21 negative control specimens obtained from aseptic joints. The synovial fluid processing protocol and polymerase chain reaction analysis can be performed with a minimum of time and may provide greater sensitivity than standard diagnostic tests. In view of the high incidence of false negative test results from standard microbiologic assays of synovial fluid specimens, the use of molecular biology based bacterial detection methodology should provide an additional, or alternative, assay to identify infected patient specimens.

Awards and Prizes↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The stability of amikacin, gentamicin, and tobramycin in total nutrient admixtures.

Amikacin (A), gentamicin (G), and tobramycin (T) were added to eight different total nutrient admixtures (TNA) with varying concentrations of dextrose, amino acid, and fat emulsion to determine drug and emulsion stability. All TNA were prepared aseptically and stored at room temperature under normal room lighting for 12 hr before drug addition. One volume of each drug was added to an equal volume of each of the eight TNAs to simulate 1:1 piggyback contact volumes. Samples were left at room temperature for 6 hr. Drug concentrations were analyzed by fluorescence polarization immunoassay. TNA/drug admixtures were pH tested and visually inspected before and after centrifugation in microhematocrit tubes, noting signs of emulsion stability at 1 and 6 hr. Emulsion particle size was determined at 1 and 6 hr using interference contrast microscopy. All three drugs retained their immunoreactivity in all TNAs for at least 6 hr. G and T were stable in all eight TNAs for at least 6 hr with no significant effect on emulsion particle size or stability after centrifugation. A was incompatible with all eight TNAs, resulting in visual breaking of all emulsions within 1 hr. Therefore, G and T, but not A, can be administered via piggyback method with the eight TNAs tested if the infusion is completed within 6 hr.

Amikacin↗
PubMed1997

The production of IL-8 in cerebrospinal fluid in aseptic meningitis of children.

Neutrophils accumulate initially in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of aseptic meningitis, perhaps because of increased levels of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha (MIP-1alpha), and IL-8 in the subarachnoid space. We studied levels of these cytokines in children with aseptic meningitis using ELISA. When meningeal symptoms existed, IL-8 levels (1399 +/- 1600 ng/l, n = 32) in the CSF were significantly higher than those either after meningeal symptoms disappeared (61 +/- 56 ng/l, n = 18) or in controls (44 +/- 63 ng/l, n = 27) (P < 0.0001). High levels of IL-8 on admission dropped sequentially. Significant correlations were found between IL-8 levels and either neutrophil counts (r = 0.612), G-CSF levels (r = 0.873) or MIP-1alpha levels (r = 0.623) in the CSF of the affected patients (P < 0.0001). IL-8 values in serum were lower than in the corresponding CSF samples from all individuals with meningeal symptoms. The IL-8 mRNA was detectable by reverse-transcribed polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-assisted amplification in fresh leucocytes from the CSF, but not from the peripheral blood of a healthy volunteer. The culture of CSF mononuclear cells produced high levels of IL-8 (approximately 2750 ng/l). These data indicate that IL-8 levels rise transiently at the initial stage of aseptic meningitis, and that mononuclear cells that migrate into the CSF are a cellular source of this chemokine. We suppose that IL-8, in addition to G-CSF and MIP-1alpha, contribute to the localized neutrophil accumulation during the disease.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Fast duplex one-step RT-PCR for rapid differential diagnosis of entero- or toscana virus meningitis.

Acute meningitis is the most common neurologic disease that involves the central nervous system. The spectrum of infectious agents that cause neurologic infection is remarkably broad and numerous viruses are the most frequent cause of the aseptic meningitis syndrome. We applied a multiplex one-step method for the rapid detection of the genomic RNA of different neurotropic viruses: particles in the genus Enterovirus and Toscana virus, which are the most representative aetiologic agents in our country during the spring-summer period. We have evaluated the sensitivity and the specificity of the multiplex one-step test on positive controls and on RNA extracted from clinical samples harvested from 475 patients with meningitis hospitalized during the 1996-2001 period. The multiplex one-step RT-nPCR protocol allows for the detection of enterovirus and Toscana virus RNA in a single sample, by using, at the same time, a very small clinical sample volume. In our study we were able to diagnose 192 cases of meningitis by Toscana virus and 31 cases by enteroviruses out of 475 cases of meningitis utilizing the described one-step multiplex method.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

A novel technique for the detailed size characterization of wear debris.

The accurate and detailed characterization of artificial joint wear debris is important in determining both the wear rate of prostheses and understanding the role that the debris plays in the development and progression of aseptic loosening. The novel application of low angle laser light scattering (LALLS) to the particle size characterization of ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) wear debris is described. The results demonstrate that both ex vivo and in vitro origin wear debris samples, at concentrations typical of those produced via an alkali-digestion retrieval route, can be reproducibly analyzed via LALLS. Because the LALLS route enables particle size analysis of the entire debris sample to be acquired non-destructively and whilst in suspension, artefacts associated with filtering, drying and agglomeration of debris are avoided, in contrast to currently used techniques such as filtration and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1985

Reversal of chlorsulfuron-induced inhibition of mitotic entry by isoleucine and valine.

Pea (Pisum sativum L. cv Alaska) root tips were excised and cultured aseptically in White's medium. Cultures were treated immediately or after a 24 hour equilibration time with 28 nanomolar chlorsulfuron plus isoleucine and valine (each 0.1 millimolar), isoleucine and valine, or untreated. The percentage of mitotic figures in untreated control roots sampled immediately after excision showed a transitory drop and recovery within 24 hours (an excision effect). In chlorsulfuron-treated roots, the percentage of mitotic figures did not recover. In roots treated with chlorsulfuron plus isoleucine and valine, a complete recovery did occur. If roots were treated with chlorsulfuron 24 hours after excision, the percentage of mitotic figures was reduced to near 0 by 8 hours. In roots treated with chlorsulfuron plus isoleucine and valine, no reduction in mitotic figures occurred. The complete reversal of chlorsulfuron-inhibited mitotic entry by isoleucine and valine implicates these amino acids, in some manner, with the control of cell cycles progression.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Neurologic involvement in an outbreak of enterovirus 71 infection: a hospital-based study.

Enterovirus (EV) can cause varied clinical manifestations. Involvement of the central nervous system (CNS) with the nonpolio EVs are common and important causes of morbidity in children. To investigate the manifestations of nonpolio enteroviral infections with CNS involvement during the EV outbreak, from February 1998 to January 1999, we collected 153 hospitalized patients in our pediatric ward caused by nonpolio EV infections which were diagnosed by history, clinical features, or detected from viral cultures. Fourteen patients (9.2%) had CNS presentations, 13 males and one female. The ages ranged from one month to 10.3 years. The spectrum of CNS presentations included aseptic meningitis (4 cases, 28.6%), encephalitis (5 case, 35.7%), encephalomyelitis (3 cases, 21.4%), and poliomyelitis-like syndrome (2 cases, 14.3%). Among these patients, 8 cases (57.1%) were isolated with EV71 from at least one site of rectal or throat swab sampling. Two fatal cases were presented as encephalitis and complicated with pulmonary edema. Generally, enteroviral infections are considered as a benign infectious disease in children. However, pediatricians should keep in mind that EV71 has caused several endemic outbreaks and continues to be an occasional cause of severe CNS disease. Early evaluation and appropriate treatment of CNS enteroviral infections may minimize the neurologic sequelae.

Central Nervous System Viral Diseases↗
PubMed1981

[Nosocomial infective agents in a surgical intensive care unit. II. Occurrence of Staphylococcus aureus (author's transl)].

Over a period of 16 weeks we investigated nursing and medical staff, patients, their inanimate environment and air of surgical intensive care unit on the occurrence of Staphylococcus aureus. On this occasion Staph. aureus could be proved most frequently with the patients (11.0%). In the frequency of evidence the "aseptic" patients come to the fore with 13.1% followed by the "septic" (11.1%) and the "uncertain" patients (7.7%). From the inanimate environment of the "septic" patients Staph. aureus could be isolated in 7.4%, while the environment of the "uncertain" and "aseptic" patients showed nearly the same ratio (2.8, respectively 2.0%). In all the contamination of the inanimate environment is of secondary importance in comparison with the patient himself (5.6%). In only 5.0% of all cases Staph. aureus could be found in samples taken from the staff.

Air Microbiology↗
PubMed1994

Nested PCR for specific detection and rapid identification of human picornaviruses.

A nested PCR for the detection and rapid identification of human picornaviruses is described. Enteroviruses and rhinoviruses were amplified with the same set of four primers from the 5'-noncoding region. The nested primers allowed the detection of far less than 1 PFU in diluted virus stocks without Southern blot hybridization. In patients with neurological disorders (mainly aseptic meningitis), 43% of 37 specimens (11 of 21 cerebrospinal fluid specimens, 2 of 10 serum specimens, and 3 of 6 stool specimens) were positive by PCR. A total of 21% (10 of 47 specimens) of heart biopsy specimens from patients with dilative cardiomyopathy were PCR positive, whereas 3% (2 of 70 specimens) of control biopsy specimens from patients with coronary artery disease were PCR positive. PCR-amplified fragments from 27 of 29 clinical isolates and 14 of 28 patient samples were successfully serotyped by restriction enzyme digestion. Two specimens were further investigated by direct sequencing of PCR products, leading to the identification of a poliovirus type 3 isolate with a sequence that was highly divergent from previously published sequences.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed2002

Variation in numbers of bacteria on paired chicken carcass halves.

Bacterial counts from paired broiler carcass halves were examined for relationships between numbers and kinds of bacteria that might indicate fecal contamination. Broiler carcasses removed from a commercial processing plant just before chilling were split aseptically along the midline, and each side was rinsed in 400 mL of phosphate buffered saline for 1 min with either mechanical or hand shaking. Both halves of six carcasses were rinsed on four different days for a total of 24 carcasses sampled with each shaking method. Aerobic bacteria, coliforms, Escherichia coli, and Campylobacter jejuni were enumerated and summed to obtain whole carcass counts. There were no significant (P < 0.05) differences in numbers of bacteria recovered by the two rinse methods. In left-right comparisons, only E. coli was significantly different (P = 0.04), with the right side having higher counts (least-square means of 1.09 vs. 0.97). For aerobic plate count (APC), coliforms, E. coli, and Campylobacter, correlations between paired left and right side counts were between 0.78 and 0.86. The correlation between whole carcass counts and absolute left-right differences was significant for APC (0.43), but was not significant for coliforms, E. coli, and Campylobacter, so higher whole carcass counts were not associated with higher counts on one side of the carcass. Correlations between different bacteria on whole carcasses were significant for E. coli-APC (0.39), E. coli-coliforms (0.67), and APC-coliforms (0.71), but other combinations had non-significant correlations. The correlation was not significant between E. coli and Campylobacter, a relatively fragile organism whose presence can be interpreted to indicate fairly recent fecal contamination. There were no indications that high E. coli counts on inspection-passed, prechill carcasses indicated recent fecal contamination.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Bacterial populations on silicone hydrogel and hydrogel contact lenses after swimming in a chlorinated pool.

PURPOSE: A number of reports have indicated an association between swimming with contact lenses and subsequent eye infection. This study tests whether a hydrophilic contact lens worn while swimming accumulates bacteria present in the water. It was of interest to determine whether lens type (silicone hydrogel vs. hydrogel) affected the result. METHODS: Fifteen healthy noncontact lens wearers swam for 30 minutes with a silicone hydrogel lens (PureVision, Bausch & Lomb, Rochester, NY) on one eye and a hydrogel lens (Acuvue 2, Vistakon Inc., Jacksonville, FL) on the other. Lenses were removed aseptically and placed in sterile vials 10 minutes after the subjects left the water. Microbial growth was enumerated for total numbers of colonies and categorized by species present. Numbers of colonies were compared between the two lens groups and with a water sample taken from the pool at the time of the experiment. Eight of the subjects returned on a different day and wore new lenses for 50 minutes in normal room conditions. RESULTS: Two lenses were lost while swimming. Twenty-seven of the remaining 28 lenses worn while swimming showed colonization, principally with Staphylococcus epidermidis, which was also by far the most common species identified from the water itself. Small numbers of Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus salivarius were also present in the water and on the lenses. Numbers of colonies varied among subjects (range, 0 to 230), but no differences were observed between the two lens groups. Lenses removed after 30 minutes of wear without swimming were mostly sterile, with 3 of 16 lenses showing just two colonies each. CONCLUSION: It appears that wearing a hydrophilic lens while swimming allows accumulation of microbial organisms on or in the lens, regardless of lens material. Swimmers should be advised to wear tight-fitting goggles if lenses are worn while swimming, and thorough disinfection of the lenses before overnight wear seems prudent.

Bacteria↗
PubMed2006

Stability of moxifloxacin injection in peritoneal dialysis solution bags (Dianeal PD1 1.36% and Dianeal PD1 3.86%).

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Moxifloxacin is a new fluorquinolone with broad-spectrum activity. It is suitable for treating peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients. The objective of this study was to test stability of moxifloxacin in PD solutions stored at different temperatures. METHODS: Dialysis solution bags were used at two glucose concentrations; Dianeal PD1 1.36% and Dianeal PD1 3.86%. Moxifloxacin solution (2%) was injected into nine 2-L bags of Dianeal PD1 1.36% and nine bags of Dianeal PD1 3.86% under aseptic conditions to achieve a nominal concentration of 25 mg/L. Three bags of Dianeal PD1 1.36% and three bags of Dianeal PD1 3.86% were stored at each of three temperatures (4, 25 and 37 degrees C) and the same way for. Duplicate samples (2 mL) were taken at different times and precipitation, cloudiness, colour and pH was analysed. Moxifloxacin concentrations were measured using a modified HPLC method. RESULTS: The mean moxifloxacin concentration in the Dianeal PD1 1.36% solution remained > or =90% of the initial concentration for 14 days at 4 degrees C, 7 days at 25 degrees C and 3 days at 37 degrees C. For Dianeal PD1 3.86% moxifloxacin concentrations remained > or =90% for 14 days at 4 degrees C, 3 days at 25 degrees C and 12 h at 37 degrees C. CONCLUSIONS: Moxifloxacin shows sufficient stability in both PD bags for use in PD patients.

Anti-Infective Agents↗
PubMed1999

Autonomic neuropeptides in the interface membrane of aseptic loose hip prostheses.

We analyzed the presence of autonomic nerve fibers in the interface membranes (n = 9) surrounding aseptic loosened hip prostheses by immunohistochemistry. The study focused on the autonomic messengers neuropeptide Y (NPY), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of noradrenaline (NA), and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP). Protein gene product (PGP) 9.5, a general marker of peripheral nerve fibers, was also analyzed to establish the neuronal character of the immunoreactive structures. PGP 9.5-positive and NPY-positive nerve fibers were identified in all 9 samples, and VIP-immunoreactive and TH-immunoreactive fibers were found in 7. There was a difference in the distribution of nerve fibers both between and within the samples. Among the neuropeptides analyzed, NPY was most abundant. NPY-positive and TH-positive fibers were predominantly found around the blood vessel walls forming varicose nerve terminals. VIP-positive fibers were mainly observed as thin varicose nerve terminals with no relationship to blood vessels. Autonomic neuropeptides exert not only vasoactive and immunoregulatory effects, but also have been found to have direct effects on bone tissue. Moreover, the autonomic nervous system has been strongly implicated in nociception and inflammation. Neuronal NPY, TH, and VIP in the interface membrane may prove to contribute to the pathologic mechanisms leading to aseptic loosening of hip prostheses.

Aged↗
PubMed1984

Study of IgA in the cerebrospinal fluid of neurological patients with special reference to size, subclass and local production.

IgA was assayed by particle counting immunoassay in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from non-neurological and neurological patients. Reference values had a logarithmic normal distribution with a mean of 1.54 mg/l and an upper limit of 5 mg/l. To estimate the possible intra-blood-brain barrier (BBB) production of IgA we have calculated an IgA index: CSF-IgA/serum-IgA: CSF-albumin/serum-albumin. Values higher than the upper reference limit of 0.41 were found in 12 out of 67 patients with multiple sclerosis (18%), in 5 out of 11 with aseptic meningitis, in 7 out of 8 with herpetic encephalitis, in 1 out of 8 with Guillain-Barré syndrome and in 2 cases of tuberculous meningitis. However, this index does not take into account the relative proportions of monomeric and polymeric IgA in CSF and serum. We therefore ultracentrifuged 17 paired CSF and serum samples and determined the relative proportions of monomeric and dimeric IgA and calculated the indices for monomeric and dimeric IgA. In controls the proportion of dimeric IgA in CSF was below 5% of total IgA whereas this proportion was increased up to 53.9% in the case of intra-BBB production of IgA, which is thus characterized by a very high dimeric IgA index. In all cases IgA1 remained the predominant subclass. These results had to be compared with those observed in cultures of peripheral blood lymphocytes, which secrete about equal proportions of monomeric and polymeric IgA pertaining to the IgA1 subclass.

Herpesviridae Infections↗
PubMed1995

Congener production in blood samples during preparation and storage.

The possibility of congener production in blood during storage was studied. The material consisted of 216 blood specimens in which ethanol was not detected. We divided the specimens into two groups, A and B. Group A: 97 specimens were stored at 4 degrees C until alcohol analysis, and only exposed shortly to room temperature during the aseptic preparation for analysis. Group B: 119 specimens were stored at 17 degrees C until alcohol analysis were performed, and the handling during preparation was not aseptic. All specimens were subsequently stored at 4 degrees C. After three to twelve months of storage the blood specimens were analyzed for congeners. None of the forensic important congeners (n-propanol, isobutanol, or butanol-2) were detected in Group A, whereas in Group B n-propanol was detected in fourteen of the specimens, isobutanol in sixteen, and butanol-2 in two specimens.

Acetone↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Intravascular site care: are critical care nurses practicing according to written protocols?

OBJECTIVE: To observe and describe site care for intravascular devices, to identify internurse variations in site care, and to compare written protocols for site care with actual practice in one geographic area. DESIGN: Observational, descriptive study. SETTING: Adult critical care units in one community, and one university teaching hospital in the Washington, D.C., metropolitan area. SAMPLE: Direct observation of 86 central and 30 peripheral site care episodes. RESULTS: A total of 116 site care episodes were observed on five critical care units. There were wide variations between units from the same hospital in gloving practices and use of aseptic technique. Significant differences across both hospitals, as well as between individual units, were noted for a number of other practices including: time since last site care, use of ointment and skin adhesive, type of dressing used, and duration of care. In both hospitals, compliance with all steps of the written protocol was similar-23.2% and 23.3%. Compliance with documentation requirements ranged from 53.3% to 85.7%, and was significantly different between the two hospitals with regard to recording the dressing change and whether the dressing label and chart agreed. CONCLUSIONS: Intravascular site care varies significantly among critical care units within the same institution, as well as between different hospitals, and varies from written protocol. Standardized, well-defined site care protocols and education of staff, along with quality improvement surveillance systems are needed to ensure consistent quality intravascular site care.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Recovery of Campylobacter from segments of the reproductive tract of broiler breeder hens.

Three groups of >60-wk-old broiler breeder hens were assessed for the presence of Campylobacter within segments of the reproductive tract. In the first group, after stunned, the hens were bled, scalded, and defeathered, the reproductive tracts were aseptically excised from 18 hens, six from each of three adjacent floor pens that were feces positivefor Campylobacter. The reproductive tract segments (infundibulum, magnum-isthmus, shell gland, vagina, and cloaca) were pooled by pen. In the second group, 10 individual hens were sampled from the pens; the reproductive tract was divided into the following segments: magnum, isthmus, shell gland, vagina, and cloaca. For the third group, hens were obtained from two commercial farms that had been determined to be feces positive for Campylobacter, and the reproductive tract was divided into five segments, as described for the second group. Segments of the reproductive tract were placed into sterile plastic bags and suspended 1:3 (w/v) in Bolton enrichment broth, and serial dilutions were plated (0.1 ml) onto Campy-Cefex agar. The agar places were incubated at 42 C for 24 hr in a microaerobic atmosphere. In group 1, the pooled reproductive tract segments for hens from pen A were Campylobacter positive for the shell gland, vagina, and cloaca; hens from pen B were positive for the cloaca only; and hens from pen C were positive for the magnum-isthmus and doaca. In the second group, 9 of 10 cloaca samples were Campylobacter positive. Commercial hens in group 3 had campylobacter-positive cloaca samples (12/12), vagina (10/12), shell gland (7/12), isthmus (2/12), and magnum (4/12). Campylobacter colonization of the reproductive tract of the hen could enable vertical transmission of Campylobacter from the hen to the chick.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Sterility of total parenteral nutrient solutions stored at room temperature for seven days.

The sterility of total parenteral nutrient (TPN) solutions stored at room temperature for up to seven days after preparation was studied. The study was conducted in two parts. In part 1, a positive control phase was conducted to validate that the filter set would capture bacteria or fungi in the TPN solutions. In part 2,300 unused TPN solutions were retrieved from patient-care areas within 24 hours of preparation. These solutions were randomized into three study groups of 24, 72, or 168 hours after preparation. Each TPN solution was filtered aseptically using an inline 0.22-micron filter. The filters were suspended in brain-heart infusion broth and incubated at 35 degrees C. Filters were visually evaluated for turbidity as an indicator of microbial contamination. Microbial growth was reported in 2 of 100 samples filtered 24 hours after preparation (group 1) and in 1 of 100 samples filtered 72 hours after preparation (group 2). No growth was detected in TPN solutions filtered 168 hours after preparation (group 3). Turbid samples were subcultured, and contaminants were identified as coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species and gram-positive bacilli in the group 1 samples and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species in the group 2 samples. The difference in contamination rates among the three groups was not significant. TPN solutions may be stored after preparation at room temperature for an extended time (up to 168 hours) without increasing the risk to patient safety. However, at this institution, expiration dates are extended only to the time that supports practical recycling of standard TPN solutions (72 hours).

Drug Storage↗