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PubMed1997

Defensive hostility and anger expression: relationship to additional heart rate reactivity during active coping.

The main purpose of the present study was twofold: (a) to assess the relationship between defensive hostility (high hostility/high defensiveness) and additional heart rate reactivity during active coping and (b) to determine if the construct of anger-out might lend additional sensitivity to the predictive power of the defensive hostility model. Forty individuals were randomly assigned to complete a mental arithmetic task with or without the threat of shock. Participants also completed the Cook-Medley Hostility Inventory (Ho), the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale (MC), and the Spielberger Anger Expression Scale. Defensive hostile subjects (high Ho/high MC) were significantly more reactive than any other subgroup. In addition, the combination of low Ho/high anger-out scores yielded a subgroup significantly less reactive than any other subgroup. These findings clarify the complex relationship of hostility and cardiovascular reactivity.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Anxiety and anger in patients with ventricular tachyarrhythmias. Responses after automatic internal cardioverter defibrillator implantation.

In order to assess the psychological profile of patients with malignant ventricular tachyarrhythmias, eight patients who underwent implantation of the automatic internal cardioverter defibrillator for refractory arrhythmias were evaluated. Six men and two women with a mean age of 53 years were examined with the Symptom Checklist-90, the State Trait Personality Inventory and a specifically designed questionnaire about the automatic internal cardioverter defibrillator. The group studied manifested high degrees of both anger and anxiety compared to normal controls or to other medically ill populations. The trait scores remained essentially unchanged before and after the AICD implantation. The state of anxiety was markedly reduced by 26 percentage points after implantation (P less than 0.01), while the state of anger remained unchanged. In evaluating the number of AICD discharges, it was observed that the number of discharges in the first 6 months was higher than that observed in the subsequent follow-up period (mean 30 months). The reduction in AICD discharges demonstrated a trend (P = 0.094). Patient acceptance of the automatic internal cardioverter defibrillator was high. They became accustomed to the pulse generator after a mean of 3.6 months. The defibrillator permitted resumption of normal activities. If the device became battery depleted, all patients would insist on replacement. The evaluation of this group of patients with malignant ventricular arrhythmias indicates a high degree of anxiety and anger, which potentially may influence outcome. The reduction in defibrillator discharges after the first 6 months in addition to a reduced state of anxiety is a relationship that merits further investigation.

Anger↗
PubMed2006

The motivation behind serial sexual homicide: is it sex, power, and control, or anger?

Controversy exists in the literature and society regarding what motivates serial sexual killers to commit their crimes. Hypotheses range from the seeking of sexual gratification to the achievement of power and control to the expression of anger. The authors provide theoretical, empirical, evolutionary, and physiological support for the argument that serial sexual murderers above all commit their crimes in pursuit of sadistic pleasure. The seeking of power and control over victims is believed to serve the two secondary purposes of heightening sexual arousal and ensuring victim presence for the crime. Anger is not considered a key component of these offenders' motivation due to its inhibitory physiological effect on sexual functioning. On the contrary, criminal investigations into serial sexual killings consistently reveal erotically charged crimes, with sexual motivation expressed either overtly or symbolically. Although anger may be correlated with serial sexual homicide offenders, as it is with criminal offenders in general, it is not causative. The authors further believe serial sexual murderers should be considered sex offenders. A significant proportion of them appear to have paraphilic disorders within the spectrum of sexual sadism. "sexual sadism, homicidal type" is proposed as a diagnostic subtype of sexual sadism applicable to many of these offenders, and a suggested modification of DSM criteria is presented.

Anger↗
PubMed1985

Characterizing anger in the DSM-III borderline personality disorder.

Anger has traditionally been described as the most intense and prevalent affect in the borderline patient. This study was designed to characterize anger in the borderline patient in an in-depth analysis by determining whether inpatients with DSM-III borderline personality disorder differed from controls with dysthymic disorder. Standardized rating instruments including subscales of the Profile of Mood States, Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, and Minnosota Multiphasic Personality Inventory were utilized. Results generally indicated that borderline patients manifested more severe anger than dysthymic controls. The findings are discussed in light of previous psychodynamic, empirical, and research literature.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Anger management using cognitive group therapy.

Cognitive therapy has been applied to the treatment of various psychosocial phenomena, including anger. Yet, the literature contains no reference to applying these concepts within a group setting. Using the basic premises of cognitive and group therapies, the author discusses anger arousal and anger management using a cognitive model in a group therapy setting.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

School-based adolescent mental health project survey of depression, suicidal ideation, and anger.

This study on adolescent mental health was conducted in a school setting. Sixty-nine subjects, aged 16-18 years, were surveyed to provide data on anger, depression, and suicide ideation. Suicide ideation was present in 15.9% of subjects and depression in 14.1%. Subjects with suicidal ideation demonstrated greater levels of anger and pooer anger control. Recommendations are made for psychiatric nurses to collaborate with school administrators to develop programs with specific evaluation criteria to promote adolescent mental health in the schools.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

From frustration to red fury: a description of work-related anger in male registered nurses.

This article is Part II of a three part article. Part I described work-related anger experiences of female registered nurses, and in this article findings from a companion study of male RNs are presented. In phenomenological interviews, male nurses describe their work environment as hostile, causing them to be on the defensive and less productive. Sources of angle included attacks from physicians, coworkers, and managers; lack of assistance and support from peers; and differential treatment based on gender. The men stated they were called upon for physical tasks rather than for their nursing knowledge. Severed relationships and feelings of guilt, powerlessness, isolation, humiliation, and incompetence were concomitant with, or consequences of, anger. Part III provides recommendations for channeling anger constructively.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Dropout from brief psychotherapy within a combination treatment in bulimia nervosa: role of personality and anger.

BACKGROUND: To explore the personality, psychopathology, and clinical features of bulimic patients who do not complete psychotherapy, within a combined treatment. METHODS: 86 patients with bulimia nervosa (BN; DSM-IV) were evaluated before beginning treatment. The Eating Disorder Inventory II (EDI-II), State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI), and the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) were administered to all patients. RESULTS: 3 subjects failed to engage in psychotherapy. Comparing patients who dropped out (n = 28) with those who did not drop out from psychotherapy (n = 55), significant differences were found in some psychopathologic (EDI-II, STAXI) and personality (TCI) variables. In particular, patients who dropped out from the treatment were more impulsive and more likely to feel anger; they were also less cooperative and less self-directive. No significant differences in sociodemographic, clinical variables and in response to fluoxetine were found between the two groups (dropout and completers). CONCLUSIONS: We found a characteristic profile in the bulimic patients who dropped out from brief psychotherapy, i.e., they are less cooperative and more predisposed to anger. These data suggest that dropping out in a subgroup of BN patients could be related to borderline personality traits and to difficulties in making and maintaining a therapeutic relationship. Implications for treatment are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Anger attacks in depression--evidence for a male depressive syndrome.

BACKGROUND: It has been proposed that aggression and especially anger attacks play an important role in the symptomatology of depression. Furthermore, it has been hypothesized that these symptoms are more prevalent in males than in females. METHODS: We conducted a study in 217 depressed patients (104 females, 113 males) without psychiatric comorbidity using questionnaires. Study subjects had previously been treated as inpatients and were contacted after discharge from hospital by mail or phone. Overall response rate was 69.6%. Patients were asked to retrospectively rate their state during their last depression. RESULTS: Males obtained higher scores on irritability (p = 0.010) and showed a tendency to overreact (p = 0.018) during their last depressive episode. They had suffered significantly more often from anger attacks than female patients (4.3 +/- 7.52 versus 1.2 +/- 2.97 anger attacks per month; p = 0.001). Further multivariate analyses displayed that men had significantly lower impulse control and more frequently showed symptomatic substance intake and hyperactive behavior during their depression, whereas women suffered more often from hypersomnia and heaviness in limbs (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: Our findings are indicative of gender differences in symptoms related to lowered impulse control in depressed patients. Further study is required to replicate and extend our results and to assess the significance of aggression as a gender-specific diagnostic criterion for depression.

Aggression↗
PubMed1985

The role of anger in hypertension.

We report a study about the administration of two Dutch questionnaires (the State-Trait Anger Scale and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory) to a sample of patients with essential hypertension and to a matched control group. Analyses of the test results demonstrated that some significant differences could be observed in the levels of anxiety and anger. Special attention was paid to certain test-item answers, showing that hypertensives, although feeling irritated and angry, retreat to some extent from showing their anger.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Anxiety, depression and anger in Dutch Resistance veterans from World War II.

In this study, 147 Dutch Resistance veterans from WW II are evaluated on psychometric instruments for anxiety, depression and anger. Resistance veterans appeared to be more anxious, depressive and angry on these instruments compared to controls from the validation studies of the respective instruments. Veterans currently suffering from PTSD (56%) were significantly more anxious, depressed, and angry than veterans without PTSD. With respect to staying in Nazi concentration camps, which is an extremely severe stressor, and in which half of the veterans were imprisoned, no difference on the three instruments was found. Anxiety, depression and anger were observed to be highly interrelated in PTSD. The close interrelationship between anxiety and depression, anxiety and danger, and depression and anger mediated by way of anxiety is, however, not unique for traumatized subjects. It is argued that for Resistance veterans only the intrusive reminiscences of the stressful events discriminate this constellation of symptoms from subjects with an anxious-depressive symptomatology.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Anxiety, anger, and neurogenic tone at rest and in stress in patients with primary hypertension.

To determine whether basal blood pressure or pressor responses to stress are related to sympathetic nerve tone or to psychological factors in hypertensives, 15 hypertensives and 13 normotensives were studied by mean of a self-administered questionnaire, isometric handgrip exercise (IHE), and the mental stress of serial subtraction. Plasma norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine (E), blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) were measured before and at the end of IHE and mental stress. A greater number of hypertensives had suppressed anger (p less than 0.01) and scored higher on anxiety trait (p less than 0.01) and depression (p less than 0.05). Prestress (IHE and mental) BP and NE values were significantly greater in hypertensives (all p less than 0.01). During IHE, both groups had a significant increase of BP, HR, and NE (all p less than 0.01) but E rose in hypertensives only (p less than 0.05). The percentage change of BP, HR, NE, and E during IHE was similar in both groups. The changes of BP and HR were not related to NE or E. During mental stress, HR (p less than 0.01) and E (p less than 0.05) increased in both groups. However, BP (systolic and diastolic) increased in normotensives only (p less than 0.01). Plasma NE contents were unchanged in both groups. There were significant positive correlations of anxiety trait with systolic BP (p less than 0.05), diastolic BP (p less than 0.05), and NE (p less than 0.05) and E (p less than 0.05). Although hypertensives had increased neurogenic tone related perhaps to inward anger and anxiety, the percentage responses of neurogenic tone and BP to IHE were equivalent to those of normotensives. The challenge of serial subtraction did not elicit further noradrenergic or pressor responses in hypertensives. Suppressed anger and anxiety, via increased basal neurogenic tone, may be pathogenic factors in some patients with primary hypertension.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Anger and fear.

The author proposes that fear and anger are innate defensive mechanisms mobilized by preceived threats to the individual. Both mechanisms are accompanied by anxiety and an urge to escape or attack. The individual's lifestyle, which is the result of interaction between his innate qualities and life experiences, determines whether he will attempt to deal with threats, his fear and/or anger, and the resulting anxiety in an objective or pathological manner. This formulation underscores the need to learn methods of coping with anger and fear from early childhood, so that they do not develop into pathological behavior patterns.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1977

Rape: power, anger, and sexuality.

Accounts from both offenders and victims of what occurs during a rape suggest that issues of power, anger, and sexuality are important in understanding the rapist's behavior. All three issues seem to operate in every rape, but the proportion varies and one issue seems to dominate in each instance. The authors ranked accounts from 133 offenders and 92 victims for the dominant issue and found that the offenses could be categorized as power rape (sexuality used primarily to express power) or anger rape (use of sexuality to express anger). There were no rapes in which sex was the dominant issue; sexuality was always in the service of other, nonsexual needs.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

The effects of suspiciousness and anger on suggestibility.

In this paper three criminal cases are presented where a suspicious 'cognitive set' or anger during experimental interrogation appeared to have a dramatic effect on their general tendency towards suggestibility. The subjects were used as their own control, as their susceptibility to suggestions had been tested objectively on two separate occasions; on one occasion they proved very resistant to suggestions, this being clearly associated with temporary suspiciousness or anger; on the other occasion, when no obvious suspiciousness or anger was evident, they proved highly suggestible. The theoretical and forensic implications of the findings are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

How to bite your tongue without blowing your top: implicit evaluation of emotion regulation predicts affective responding to anger provocation.

People frequently have to control their emotions to function in life. However, mounting evidence suggests that deliberate emotion regulation often is costly. This presents a dilemma: Is it better to let emotions go or to pay the price of exerting costly control? In two studies, the authors explore whether emotion regulatory processes associated with implicit positive evaluation of emotion regulation might provide the benefits of successful emotion regulation without the costs. In Study 1, the authors introduce a measure of implicit evaluation of emotion regulation (ER-IAT). Study 2 examined whether this measure is associated with actual emotional responses to an anger provocation. It was found that greater ER-IAT scores were associated with lesser anger experience, fewer negative thoughts, lessened self-reported effortful emotion regulation, and an adaptive pattern of cardiovascular responding. These findings suggest that implicit positive evaluation of emotion regulation is associated with successful, automatic, and physiologically adaptive down-regulation of anger.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2004

Interpersonal rejection sensitivity in childhood sexual abuse survivors: mediator of depressive symptoms and anger suppression.

This study investigated whether interpersonal rejection sensitivity serves a mediating role between childhood sexual abuse (CSA) and three long-term psychological correlates of CSA in adult female survivors: depressive symptoms, anger suppression, and attenuated emotional expression. Interpersonal rejection sensitivity has been shown to be a risk factor for the development of depression and is elevated in CSA survivors. Similarly, attenuated emotional expression, particularly anger, has been related to adjustment difficulties in CSA survivors. Participants in this study were 355 female undergraduates, 34 of whom reported a history of CSA. Results demonstrated that interpersonal rejection sensitivity mediates the relationship between CSA and later depressive symptoms. Interpersonal rejection sensitivity partially mediated the relationship between CSA and anger suppression; however, it did not mediate the relationship between CSA and attenuated emotional expression. These results are examined within the context of the current literature on adult CSA survivors and their implications are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Novaco Anger Scale: reliability and validity within an adult criminal sample.

This study investigated the reliability and validity of the Novaco Anger Scale (NAS; Novaco, 1994) with two groups of correctional offenders, General Admissions and Violent Admissions. Predominantly White male offenders (N = 204), ranging in age from 18 to 69 years, participated in the study. One-month test-retest reliability for the General Admissions group ranged from .78 to .91 using both similar (paper-pencil) and dissimilar (computerized) retesting methods, with lower scores occurring on retest. Significantly lower scores were found for the Violent Admissions group as compared with the General Admissions group. Concurrent validity was examined in the Violent Admissions group using three anger/aggression measures and clinical ratings of eight anger dimensions. Stronger correlations with other similar anger measures than with negative affect indices revealed concurrent and discriminant validity. Implications for clinical use in an offender population are discussed.

Adolescent↗