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[Auscultation of pulmonary rales, from Laënnec to phonopneumography].

The invention in 1819 of the stethoscope by Laënnec was followed by the first classification of pulmonary adventitial sounds. A number of new nomenclatures based upon acoustic principles have subsequently been suggested. Phonopneumography consists of the recording of respiratory sounds and their breakdown into different harmonics by frequential analysis. Broadly speaking, a distinction is drawn between continuous sounds, including sibilants and rhonchi, and discontinuous sounds, covering crepitations and coarse rales.

Auscultation↗

[Percussion auscultation of transient ischemic attacks. Role of cerebral evoked potentials].

The auscultatory percussion signs present during so called transitory ischaemic attacks are described. Long experience has revealed the identification of cerebral evoked potentials to be particularly valuable, both in confirming diagnosis and monitoring treatment. "Bed-side" identification of cerebral evoked potentials is an extension of physical symptomatology as applied to diseases of the nervous system. Finally, differential diagnosis with cerebral tumours often associated with enigmatic phenomena is discussed.

Apnea↗