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PubMed1991

Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) accessibility guidelines for buildings and facilities. Architectural and Transportation Barriers Compliance Board. Final guidelines.

The Architectural and Transportation Barriers Compliance Board is issuing final guidelines to assist the Department of Justice to establish accessibility standards for new construction and alterations in places of public accommodation and commercial facilities, as required by title III the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) of 1990. The guidelines will ensure that newly constructed and altered portions of buildings and facilities covered by title III of the ADA are readily accessible to and usable by individuals with disabilities in terms of architecture and design, and communication. The Department of Justice has proposed to adopt the guidelines as the accessibility standards for new construction and alterations in places of public accommodation and commercial facilities for purposes of title III of the ADA.

Architectural Accessibility↗
PubMed1982

Minimum guidelines and requirements for accessible design--Architectural and Transportation Barriers Compliance Board. Final rule.

The Architectural and Transportation Barriers Compliance Board hereby revises its "Minimum Guidelines and Requirements for Accessible Design" (guidelines and requirements). These revisions respond to concerns registered by certain Board members and to issues raised in comments submitted during the rulemaking process. The purpose of the revisions is to make the guidelines and requirements more cost effective and consistent with Federal and nationally recognized standards while still providing ready access and use. The guidelines and requirements, as revised, will provide a basis for consistent and improved accessibility standards to be issued under the Architectural Barriers Act by the General Services Administration, the Department of Housing and Urban Development, the Department of Defense, and the United States Postal Service. For clarity, the guidelines and requirements are published in their entirety with the revisions incorporated.

Architectural Accessibility↗
PubMed1987

The future of health care architecture.

The author reviews changes in society, the health care industry and the design and construction industry that may effect the future of health care architecture as a professional practice and as a building type. He reviews futurists' scenarios for health care and suggests potential models for the practice of architecture (and the construction industry) in serving health care in the future. He also describes possible changes in the buildings of health care. The author promotes architects having a responsibility for shaping the direction of change.

Architecture↗
PubMed2001

Future space. A new blueprint for business architecture.

Although the Internet is an essential conduit for many business activities, it isn't rendering the physical world any less important, as the failures of many Web merchants demonstrate. People need social and sensual contact. The companies that succeed will be those best able to integrate the physical and the virtual. But that requires a new kind of business architecture--a new approach to designing stores, offices, factories, and other spaces where business is conducted. The author, a faculty member at Harvard Graduate School of Design, provides practical guidelines to help managers and entrepreneurs think creatively about the structures in which their businesses operate. He outlines four challenges facing designers of such "convergent" structures, so-called because they function in both physical and virtual space: matching form to function, allowing visitors to visualize the presence of others, personalizing spaces, and choreographing connectivity. Using numerous examples, from a fashion retailer that wants to sell in stores as well as through a Web site to a radically new kind of consulate, the author shows how businesses can meet each challenge. For instance, allowing customers to visualize the presence of others means that visitors to a Web site should be given a sense of other site visitors. Personalizing physical and virtual spaces involves using databases to enable those spaces to adapt quickly to user preferences. The success of companies attempting to merge on-line and traditional operations will depend on many factors. But without a well-designed convergent architecture, no company will fully reap the synergies of physical space and Internet technology.

Architecture↗
PubMed1981

[Architecture and epidemiology in gynaecology and obstetrics (author's transl)].

The authors, who are doctors, architects and hospital engineers, made every effort to work out the architectural rules that were imposed on them at one and the same time by the epidemiology, the humanization of the work and spread in a specialty that is becoming more and more specialised and most attractive; having consultations between the disciplines take place, as they have done when a new isolated building for the department of gynaecology and obstetrics was being planned. An original study was carried out using information about the flow rates of people and the coefficients of interest in the siting of the various departments on small models, and this allowed a spatial tridimensional programme to be worked out so that the structure could become something like an ideal building in which the different needs of the functional element, the human element, the preventive epidemiological element and also the economic and budgetary possibilities could come together. The thoughts and suggestions of the authors concerned with this building should help to develop new concepts in hospital architecture which are of interest for gynaecologists and obstetricians.

Architecture↗
PubMed1998

[Therapy through architecture].

The paper contains in its introductory part a short analysis of the problem of disability giving the proposal of the strategy for solving the problem of opening the built environment to the disabled people in Poland in the light of experiences of the countries with accessibility legislation. Promoting the idea that all people have only one thing in common--that they are different. To the present time, in the world and in Poland, the amenities provided to disabled persons could be regarded as being minimal in nature, satisfying basic needs. The necessity of disabled persons on the dependence on others, and the lack of independence has created a problem, whereby the disabled persons is unable to fully participate in social and public life, as well as partake of cultural amenities. Universal design is the architectural design philosophy in which the needs of all environment users irrespective of their physical abilities, are recognized in the natural way. At the end of this paper some interesting examples of the German designs for disabled people are presented. The main focus of the E. Feddersen & W. Herder Office is on the social aspect of architecture, especially on the designing of tenements, schools, kindergartens, hospitals and homes for the disabled, retarded and elderly people.

Aged↗
PubMed1998

Psychological understanding of anthropomorphism in theatre architecture.

Traces of collective projective mechanisms in architecture in general are sedimenting for millenniums. Such case is also with theatre, an old institution of a great social importance. This paper discovers anthropomorphic elements of theatrical architecture. They have been transformed through history into patterns outlined and explained by the author.

Architecture↗
PubMed2004

The effects of age, sex, ethnicity, and sleep-disordered breathing on sleep architecture.

BACKGROUND: Polysomnography is used to assess sleep quality and to gauge the functional effect of sleep disorders. Few population-based data are available to estimate the variation in sleep architecture across the population and the extent to which sleep-disordered breathing (SDB), a common health condition, contributes to poor sleep independent of other factors. The objective of this study was to describe the population variability in sleep quality and to quantify the independent associations with SDB. METHODS: Cross-sectional analyses were performed on data from 2685 participants, aged 37 to 92 years, in a community-based multicenter cohort study. Dependent measures included the percentage time in each sleep stage, the arousal index, and sleep efficiency. Independent measures were age, sex, ethnicity, comorbidity status, and the respiratory disturbance index. RESULTS: Lighter sleep was found in men relative to women and in American Indians and blacks relative to other ethnic groups. Increasing age was associated with impaired sleep in men, with less consistent associations in women. Notably, women had, on average, 106% more slow wave sleep. Sleep-disordered breathing was associated with poorer sleep; however, these associations were generally smaller than associations with sex, ethnicity, and age. Current smokers had lighter sleep than ex-smokers or never smokers. Obesity had little effect on sleep. CONCLUSIONS: Sleep architecture varies with sex, age, ethnicity, and SDB. Individual assessment of the effect of SDB on sleep quality needs to account for other host characteristics. Men, but not women, show evidence of poorer sleep with aging, suggesting important sex differences in sleep physiology.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Effect of snoring and obstructive respiratory events on sleep architecture in adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of snoring and obstructive respiratory events on the distribution of sleep stages and arousals in a nonselected group of adolescents from the general population. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Randomly selected secondary schools in Seville, Spain. Patients A general population sample of 43 adolescents (mean [SD] age, 13.6 [1.77] years). INTERVENTIONS: A questionnaire for the investigation of sleep-related breathing disorders was administered. Symptoms were evaluated according to a 4-point frequency scale. Snorers answered "sometimes" or "often" to the question about snoring, and nonsnorers answered "never" or "rarely." All subjects underwent standard polysomnography at the sleep laboratory. RESULTS: Twenty-eight subjects were snorers; 15 were nonsnorers. No statistically significant differences were noted between both groups in the percentages of sleep stages, arousal index, awakenings, or wakefulness during sleep. Snorers showed a significantly higher number of respiratory arousals than nonsnorers (mean [SD], 1.14 [1.5] vs 0.33 [0.6], P<.05). However, neither the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) nor the oxygen desaturation index correlated with the arousal index. Twelve snorers (27.5%) had an AHI of 2 or more; 13 nonsnorers (30.2%) had an AHI of less than 2. Snorers with some obstructive respiratory events had a significantly higher number of awakenings, a lower percentage of stage 4 sleep, and a higher number of respiratory events compared with nonsnorers. However, the total number of arousals and the arousal index were similar for both groups. Wakefulness during sleep tended to be longer in snorers than in nonsnorers although differences were not significant. The percentage of respiratory events that terminated with an arousal was greater in snorers who had an AHI of 2 or more than in nonsnorers who had an AHI of less than 2 (mean [SD], 8.4% [9.5%] vs 4.9% [11.53%], P<.05). CONCLUSIONS: These data indicate normal sleep architecture in the adolescents. Although snorers as well as adolescents with some polysomnographic abnormality showed a higher number of respiratory arousals than control subjects, most obstructive events did not terminate with a cortical arousal, which may suggest that adolescents share with younger children this mechanism for preserving sleep architecture.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Neuronal architecture of the dorsal nucleus (cochlear nucleus) of the frog, Rana pipiens pipiens.

The neuronal architecture of the dorsal nucleus of the Northern leopard frog (Rana pipiens pipiens), which is a homolog of the cochlear nucleus of mammals and birds, was investigated. Our study showed that the frog dorsal nucleus contains a number of morphologically distinct cell types that are discernible in terms of the cellular architecture as derived from Nissl-stained material and in terms of the dendritic profile as revealed by horseradish peroxidase-filled single neurons. These cell types are bushy cells, bipolar (or fusiform) cells, octopus cells, stellate cells, giant cells, radiate (or round) cells, and a variety of small cells. The different cell types occupy different regions of the nucleus. Therefore, our results suggest that the dorsal nucleus should no longer be considered to be a uniform nucleus containing a homogeneous population of neurons. Homologies of these cell types with those described in other vertebrate species, including mammals, are proposed.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

A regional ultrastructural analysis of the cellular and synaptic architecture in the chinchilla cristae ampullares.

The chinchilla crista ampullaris was studied in 10 samples, each containing 32 consecutive ultrathin sections of the entire neuroepithelium. Dissector methods were used to estimate the incidence of various synaptic features, and results were confirmed in completely reconstructed hair cells. There are large regional variations in cellular and synaptic architecture. Type I and type II hair cells are shorter, broader, and less densely packed in the central zone than in the intermediate and peripheral zones. Complex calyx endings are most common centrally. On average, there are 15-20 ribbon synapses and 25-30 calyceal invaginations in each type I hair cell. Synapses and invaginations are most numerous centrally. Central type II hair cells receive considerably fewer afferent boutons than do peripheral type II hair cells, but have similar numbers of ribbon synapses. The numbers are similar because central type II hair cells make more synapses with the outer faces of calyx endings and with individual afferent boutons. Most afferent boutons get one ribbon synapse. Boutons without ribbon synapses were only found peripherally, and boutons getting multiple synapses were most frequent centrally. Throughout the neuroepithelium, there is an average of three to four efferent boutons on each type II hair cell and calyx ending. Reciprocal synapses are rare. Most synaptic ribbons in type I hair cells are spherules; those in type II hair cells can be spherical or elongated and are particularly heterogeneous centrally. Consistent with the proposal that the crista is concentrically organized, the intermediate and peripheral zones are each similar in their cellular and synaptic architecture near the base and near the planum. An especially differentiated subzone may exist in the middle of the central zone.

Afferent Pathways↗
PubMed1997

Architecture, elastic fiber, and collagen in the distal air portion of the lung of the 18-month-old rat.

BACKGROUND: The increase in the distal air spaces which takes place with age is the only sufficiently documented datum for differentiation between the senile and the adult lung. There are other pulmonary components which may be modified as the lung enters the phase of old age, but they have not as yet been sufficiently studied. The purpose of this study is to make a morphometric comparison between the wall thickness of the distal air spaces, elastic fiber, and collagen in lungs of rats of between 5 and 18 months of age. METHODS: The left lung of each rat was histologically processed for light microscopy. The sections were contrasted using methylene blue, resorcinfuchsin and Sirius red. Systematic randomized sampling was used for the selection of the histological fields studied. Morphometric variables were studied, and were systematized into three groups, namely: variables related with the alveolar architecture, variables which quantify elastic fiber, and those which quantify collagen. RESULTS: The old animals exhibited significant differences (p < 0.05) in the following variables: 1. In relation with the alveolar architecture, mean linear intercept, alveolar chord and wall thickness increased, whereas internal alveolar perimeter and tissue density decreased. 2. The relation elastic fiber density/lung tissue density increased. None of the variables which quantify collagen displayed significant differences. CONCLUSION: Our data lead us to consider that the lungs of the old animals displayed, not only an enlargement of the distal air spaces, but also a thickening of the alveolar wall and an increase in elastic fiber in relation to the rest of the lung tissue.

Aging↗
PubMed1999

Microvascular architecture of the human urinary bladder wall: a corrosion casting study.

The vascular system of the urinary bladder wall effectively performs its function in spite of considerable spatial changes due to the filling/voiding cycle. However, only a few studies have dealt with the microvascular architecture of the bladder wall and only two, using old-fashioned techniques, were devoted to the human bladder. This study presents the microvasculature of the human bladder wall visualized by scanning electron microscopy of vascular corrosion casts. Postoperative bladder specimens obtained from patients with advanced bladder tumors were filled with small amount (80 ml) of saline and perfused via at least four largest arteries with anticoagulant-containing saline followed by paraformaldehyde/glutaraldehyde fixative and Mercox resin. After polymerization of the resin, the vascular casts were macerated with potassium hydroxide, cleaned with formic acid and water and freeze dried. Only regions of the bladder wall distant to the tumor were examined in light and scanning electron microscopes. The almost empty state of the bladder was manifested by extensive folding of the mucosa and tortuosity of almost all vessels other than capillaries. The branches of main arteries and veins formed an adventitial/serosal plexus which directly supplied/drained the capillary network of the muscularis and sent long perpendicular vessels to the mucosal plexus. These vessels had straight or coiled course depending on whether they terminated at the top or at the base of the mucosal folds. The rich mucosal plexus followed the folds parallel to their surface and gave off short, straight, mostly perpendicular twigs communicating with the subepithelial capillary network. Apart from very few vascular interconnections between the mucosal plexus and the muscularis, the submucosa was generally avascular. The subepithelial capillary network showed extreme density and uneven contours of the capillaries, only in less folded areas of trigone and urethral orifice the network was looser and capillaries thinner. The capillary system of the muscularis was poorly developed. Due to its architecture, tortuosity, and coiling/uncoiling capabilities, the microvasculature of the human urinary bladder wall seems to efficiently accommodate changes associated with cyclic contraction and stretching. Disturbances in blood flow induced by overdistension of the bladder reported in several studies may be due to pressure of the urine affecting the patency of the vessels rather than to the spatial insufficiency of the vascular system.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Segmentation of tissue architecture by distance graph matching.

BACKGROUND: Characterization of tissues can be based on the topographical relationship between the cells. Such characterization should be insensitive to distortions intrinsic to the acquisition of biological preparation. In this paper, a method for the robust segmentation of tissues based on the spatial distribution of cells is proposed. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The neighborhood of each cell in the tissue is modeled by the distances to the surrounding cells. Comparison with an example or prototype neighborhood reveals topographical similarity between tissue and prototype. Processing of all cells in the tissue extracts the regions with tissue architecture similar to the given example. RESULTS: Comparison with other topographical-segmentation methods shows that the proposed method is better suited for partitioning tissue architecture. As an example, the quantification of the structural integrity in rat hippocampi after ischemia is demonstrated. In contrast to other methods, the algorithm correlates well with expert evaluation. CONCLUSIONS: The present method reduces the nonbiological variation in the analysis of tissue sections and thus improves confidence in the result. The method can be applied to any field where regular patterns have to be detected, as long as the directional distribution of neighbors may be neglected.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2000

cAMP-dependent protein kinase control of plasma membrane lipid architecture in boar sperm.

Bicarbonate/CO(2), a physiological effector of sperm capacitation, has been shown to induce a rapid and reversible change in the lipid architecture of the plasma membrane of live boar sperm: the change is detectable as an increase in the cells' ability to bind the fluorescent dye merocyanine, a characteristic which implied an increase in lipid packing disorder (Harrison et al. 1996. Mol Reprod Dev 45:378-391). Evidence suggested that cAMP may act as a second messenger in the system, and we have therefore investigated this cAMP-dependency in more detail. Bicarbonate stimulates cAMP levels within 1 min in a dose-dependent fashion, prior to parallel increases in merocyanine binding. Although the potent somatic cell adenylyl cyclase activator forskolin is unable to induce significant increases in cAMP or merocyanine binding, increases in merocyanine binding are inducible in a dose-dependent fashion by 5, 6-dichloro-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole 3',5'-cyclic monophosphothioate, a cAMP analogue highly specific in its ability to stimulate protein kinase A; moreover, the bicarbonate-induced membrane change is inhibited by H89, a specific protein kinase A inhibitor. Neither bisindolylmaleimide I (protein kinase C inhibitor) nor lavendustin A (protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor) are inhibitory. In the presence of low levels of the potent phosphodiesterase inhibitor papaverine, increases in merocyanine binding are enhanced by okadaic acid and (more effectively) by calyculin (both protein phosphatase inhibitors). We conclude that boar sperm plasma membrane lipid architecture is controlled via a target protein that is dynamically phosphorylated by cAMP-dependent protein kinase and dephosphorylated by protein phosphatase type 1. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 55:220-228, 2000.

Adenylyl Cyclase Inhibitors↗
PubMed1993

Microvascular architecture of early gastric carcinoma. Microvascular-histopathologic correlates.

BACKGROUND: Gastric carcinoma is clinicopathologically divided into differentiated and undifferentiated types. The former is grossly protuberant and often causes hematogenous metastasis to the liver or lung, whereas the latter is mostly depressed or ulcerated from its early stage and rarely causes blood-borne metastasis. The purpose of this study is to clarify the microvascular architecture of early gastric carcinoma with reference to the histologic subtypes. METHODS: A silicone rubber compound (Microfil) injection method with a methyl salicylate clearing technique was used in 32 resected early gastric carcinomas. The microvascular architecture was observed both in the carcinoma and its surrounding noncancerous tissue in each specimen under a stereomicroscope and light microscope. RESULTS: Compared to the surrounding normal mucosa, the differentiated carcinomas (DC) mostly were hypervascular (24%) or normovascular (65%), whereas the undifferentiated carcinomas (UC) often were hypovascular (60%). Irregularity of tumor vessels (67%) and an arcade-like appearance (33%) was encountered frequently in UC, whereas hypervascularity of the surrounding noncancerous mucosa (29%) often was noticed in DC. Quantitative analysis, including vascular volume, mean vascular diameter, and cut section area, supported these differences between DC and UC. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that vascular structures of gastric carcinomas are characteristic with regard to their histologic subtypes; DC is normovascular or hypervascular, whereas UC is hypovascular.

Carcinoma↗
PubMed2000

Multiple expression of molecular information: enforced generation of different supramolecular inorganic architectures by processing of the same ligand information through specific coordination algorithms

The multisubunit ligand 2 combines two complexation substructures known to undergo, with specific metal ions, distinct self-assembly processes to form a double-helical and a grid-type structure, respectively. The binding information contained in this molecular strand may be expected to generate, in a strictly predetermined and univocal fashion, two different, well-defined output inorganic architectures depending on the set of metal ions, that is, on the coordination algorithm used. Indeed, as predicted, the self-assembly of 2 with eight CuII and four CuI yields the intertwined structure D1. It results from a crossover of the two assembly subprograms and has been fully characterized by crystal structure determination. On the other hand, when the instructions of strand 2 are read out with a set of eight CuI and four MII (M = Fe, Co, Ni, Cu) ions, the architectures C1-C4, resulting from a linear combination of the two subprograms, are obtained, as indicated by the available physico-chemical and spectral data. Redox interconversion of D1 and C4 has been achieved. These results indicate that the same molecular information may yield different output structures depending on how it is processed, that is, depending on the interactional (coordination) algorithm used to read it. They have wide implications for the design and implementation of programmed chemical systems, pointing towards multiprocessing capacity, in a one code/ several outputs scheme, of potential significance for molecular computation processes and possibly even with respect to information processing in biology.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

Self-assembly of frameworks with specific topologies: construction and anion exchange properties of M3L2 architectures by tripodal ligands and silver(I) salts.

Three five-component architectures, compounds 3, 4, and 5 were obtained by self-assembly of tripodal 1,3,5-tris(imidazol-1-ylmethyl )-2,4,6-trimethylbenzene (6) and 1,3,5-tris(benzimidazol-2-ylmethyl)benzene (7) ligands with silver(I) salts. The structures of these novel complexes have been determined by X-ray crystallography. The results of structural analysis indicate that these frameworks have same M3L2 components, but different structures. Compounds 3 and 4 are both M3L2 type cage-like complexes, while the 5 is an open trinuclear complex. The complex 3 is a cylindrical cage with simultaneous inclusion of a perchlorate anion inside of the cage as a guest molecule. Such guests can be exchanged for other anions through the open edge of the cage as evidenced by crystal structure of 4. The results demonstrate that the molecular M3L2 type cage can act as a host for anions and provide a nice example of supramolecular architectures with interesting properties and possible applications.

Journal Article↗