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At least 631 records · Page 35Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

The fossil tabanids (Diptera Tabanidae): when they began to appreciate warm blood and when they began transmit diseases?

A discussion of the known fossil tabanids (Diptera Tabanidae) is presented based on fossil evidence. This includes the origin of the hemathophagy in the Brachycera, more specifically for tabanids. Several tabanid species in the extant fauna are vectors for disease-producing organisms that affect humans and animals. Bacteria, viruses, rickettsiae, protozoa, and filarial worms can be transmitted by them, causing such diseases as anthrax, tularemia, anaplasmosis, various forms of trypanosomiasis, Q fever, and filariasis. However, if tabanids are directly responsible for all of these diseases is not consensual and the known fossil evidence is presented here.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Human ehrlichioses in Brazil: first suspect cases.

Brazilian spotted fever (BSF) rickettsiosis is the most common and recognized of the human rickettsioses in Brazil. It is difficult to establish the diagnosis of human rickettsiosis infection by routine microbiologic methods, creating a false idea that Rickettsia and Ehrlichia infections are rare and without importance. New tick-borne diseases, like human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA) and human monocytic ehrlichiosis (HME), have been described in many countries. These diseases can present symptoms similar to rickettsioses of the spotted fever group, and they are transmitted by ixodid ticks. The first two suspected cases of human ehrlichiosis in Brazil were first considered to be cases of BSF. The differential diagnosis was made at the Minas Gerais Rickettsiosis Public Health Laboratory. The clinical and laboratory findings, with positive serology for the HME agent, indicated suspected cases of human ehrlichioses in Brazil.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Detection of Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Babesia odocoilei DNA in Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) collected in Indiana.

The blacklegged tick, Ixodes scapularis Say, first reported in Indiana in 1987, has now been detected in more than half of Indiana's counties. The first case of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (human anaplasmosis) in Indiana was reported in 2002. We now report the detection of Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Babesia odocoilei (Emerson and Wright 1968) in I. scapularis ticks collected in northern Indiana. Using polymerase chain reaction analysis, 41 of 193 adult ticks (21.2%) collected from deer were positive for A. phagocytophylum, and 22 (11.4%) were positive for Babesia sp. Restriction fragment analysis of 12, and sequencing of another five of the amplified products identified these parasites as B. odocoilei. Five ticks (2.6%) were coinfected. Eight of 68 questing adult ticks (11.8%) were positive for A. phagocytophilum; seven (10.3%) were positive for Babesia sp. Six of the latter seven positive samples were determined to be B. odocoilei by restriction fragment analysis and sequencing of two samples. None of 39 pools of nymphs was positive for Babesia sp. Three of 15 ticks (20%) collected from a dog were positive for A. phagocytophilum and three ticks (20%) were positive for Babesia sp. One was confirmed as B. odocoilei. One tick was coinfected. This is the first report of the presence of these two agents in ticks in Indiana.

Anaplasma phagocytophilum↗
PubMed2005

Anaplasma phagocytophilum-infected ticks, Japan.

We report Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection of Ixodes persulcatus and I. ovatus ticks in Japan. Unique p44/msp2 paralogs (and/or 16S rRNA genes) were detected in tick tissues, salivary glands, and spleens of experimentally infected mice. These findings indicate the public health threat of anaplasmosis in Japan.

Anaplasma phagocytophilum↗
PubMed2003

The hypervariable region of Anaplasma marginale major surface protein 2 (MSP2) contains multiple immunodominant CD4+ T lymphocyte epitopes that elicit variant-specific proliferative and IFN-gamma responses in MSP2 vaccinates.

Major surface protein 2 (MSP2) is an immunodominant outer membrane protein of Anaplasma marginale and Anaplasma phagocytophilum pathogens that cause bovine anaplasmosis and human granulocytic ehrlichiosis, respectively. MSP2 has a central hypervariable region (HVR) flanked by highly conserved amino and carboxyl termini. During A. marginale infection, dynamic and extensive amino acid sequence variation in MSP2 occurs through recombination of msp2 pseudogenes into the msp2 expression site, followed by sequential segmental gene conversions to generate additional variants. We hypothesized that MSP2 variation leads to significant changes in Th cell recognition of epitopes in the HVR. T cell epitopes were mapped using T cells from native MSP2-immunized cattle and overlapping peptides spanning the most abundant of five different MSP2 HVRs in the immunogen. Several epitopes elicited potent effector/memory Th cell proliferative and IFN-gamma responses, including those in three discreet blocks of sequence that undergo segmental gene conversion. Th cell clones specific for an epitope in the block 1 region of the predominant MSP2 variant type failed to respond to naturally occurring variants. However, some of these variants were recognized by oligoclonal T cell lines from MSP2 vaccinates, indicating that the variant sequences contain immunogenic CD4(+) T cell epitopes. In competition/antagonism assays, the nonstimulatory variants were not inhibitory for CD4(+) T cells specific for the agonist peptide. Dynamic amino acid sequence variation in MSP2 results in escape from recognition by some effector/memory MSP2-specific Th cells. Antigenic variation in MSP2 Th cell and B cell epitopes may contribute to immune evasion that allows long-term persistence of A. marginale in the mammalian reservoir.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed2005

Insights into pathogen immune evasion mechanisms: Anaplasma phagocytophilum fails to induce an apoptosis differentiation program in human neutrophils.

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs or neutrophils) are essential to human innate host defense. However, some bacterial pathogens circumvent destruction by PMNs and thereby cause disease. Anaplasma phagocytophilum, the agent of human granulocytic anaplasmosis, survives within PMNs in part by altering normal host cell processes, such as production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and apoptosis. To investigate the molecular basis of A. phagocytophilum survival within neutrophils, we used Affymetrix microarrays to measure global changes in human PMN gene expression following infection with A. phagocytophilum. Notably, A. phagocytophilum uptake induced fewer perturbations in host cell gene regulation compared with phagocytosis of Staphylococcus aureus. Although ingestion of A. phagocytophilum did not elicit significant PMN ROS, proinflammatory genes were gradually up-regulated, indicating delayed PMN activation rather than loss of proinflammatory capacity normally observed during phagocytosis-induced apoptosis. Importantly, ingestion of A. phagocytophilum failed to trigger the neutrophil apoptosis differentiation program that typically follows phagocytosis and ROS production. Heat-killed A. phagocytophilum caused some similar initial alterations in neutrophil gene expression and function, which included delaying normal PMN apoptosis and blocking Fas-induced programmed cell death. However, at 24 h, down-regulation of PMN gene transcription may be more reliant on active infection. Taken together, these findings suggest two separate antiapoptotic processes may work concomitantly to promote bacterial survival: 1) uptake of A. phagocytophilum fails to trigger the apoptosis differentiation program usually induced by bacteria, and 2) a protein or molecule on the pathogen surface can mediate an early delay in spontaneous neutrophil apoptosis.

Anaplasma phagocytophilum↗
PubMed2002

Raising livestock in resource-poor communities of the North West Province of South Africa--a participatory rural appraisal study.

A participatory research model was used in six village communities in the Central Region of the North West Province of South Africa in order to achieve the following broad objectives: to obtain information on the challenges owners face in raising livestock in these areas and to evaluate the livestock owners' level of knowledge of internal parasites in their animals. Information obtained at participatory workshops clearly indicated a need for improvements in water supply, schools, job creation, and health services. Lack of pasture for grazing livestock was also cited as being important. Other most frequently mentioned livestock problems included 'gall sickness' (a vaguely defined condition not necessarily referring to anaplasmosis), parasites (both external and internal), chicken diseases and ingestion of plastic bags discarded in the environment. When livestock owners were questioned during individual interviews, most were able to identify the presence of parasites in either the live or dead animal. However, it seems likely that this is limited to the identification of tapeworms. It was found that most livestock owners use a combination of treatments, ranging from traditional to folklore to commercial. There were some difficulties in using the participatory methods since it was the first time that the facilitators and the communities had been exposed to them. Many communities had difficulty in dealing with the concept of finding solutions within the community, which is such an integral part of participatory methods.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1978

A serologic survey of mule deer and elk in Utah.

Sera from mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and elk (Cervus canadensis) in central and northern Utah were tested for the prevalence of antibodies to 11 diseases communicable to man or domestic livestock. Antibodies to Francisella tularensis (at 1:20) were found in 47 of 88 (53.4%) elk and 1 of 89 (1.1%) deer. A screening slide agglutination test for titers to Brucella (at 1:20) showed two reactors in elk but none in deer sera. No positive antibody titers were obtained in tests for anaplasmosis, Colorado tick fever, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Q-fever, psittacosis, Powassan, western equine encephalitis, St. Louis encephalitis and California encephalitis.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Antibody prevalence of eight ruminant infectious diseases in California mule and black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus).

We tested 276 sera from 18 free-ranging black-tailed and mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) herds in California (USA) collected from 1987 to 1991 in five biogeographical habitat types, for antibodies against eight infectious disease agents. Overall antibody prevalence was 56% for Anaplasma marginale, 31% for Borrelia burgdorferi, 16% for bluetongue virus serotype 17, 15% for epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus, 7% for Coxiella burnetii and Toxoplasma gondii, respectively, and 0% for bovine leukosis virus and caprine arthritis/encephalitis virus, respectively. Antibodies against Lyme borreliosis and anaplasmosis were found in deer throughout California, but antibodies against bluetongue and epizootic hemorrhagic disease were most prevalent in deer from southern California.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1999

Assessment of cattle owner's perceptions and expectations, and identification of constraints on production in a peri-urban, resource-poor environment.

This questionnaire survey was conducted amongst 200 farmers in the resource-poor, urban and per-urban environments of Botshabelo and Thaba Nchu towns in the Free State Province of South Africa. The questionnaire was divided into seven sections, namely demography, livestock, cattle, parasites, parasite control, livestock diseases and problems experienced. A total of 87.5% of the livestock owners were not employed (unemployed or pensioner). Cattle constituted more than 50% of the live-stock units owned in the area and farmers owned an average of 9.33 +/- 0.812 head of cattle. A total of 193 (96.5%) of the farmers indicated that milk was the most important product from their cattle. Only 26% of them slaughtered their own cattle for meat consumption. Eighty-eight percent of them indicated that external parasites on their livestock presented a problem, but only 72.9% of farmers implemented any tick control measures. Less than half (45.5%) of the farmers who attempted to control ticks used commercial acaricides. The remainder used various other methods, including the application of used engine oil and household detergents. Amongst the clinical diseases observed in their cattle, dry gallsickness was mentioned most often (20%). This figure, however, is believed to be inaccurate because dry gallsickness may be a clinical manifestation of some of the other diseases mentioned by the farmers, such as anaplasmosis, foreign body obstruction of the gastro-intestinal tract by plastic bags, pneumonia and mastitis. Animal husbandry problems experienced by the farmers included pollution (i.e. ingestion of plastic bags and string by their livestock), availability of water and theft.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1999

General review of tick species present in Portugal.

At present, 24 species are known to occur in Portugal: Argas vespertilionis, Ornithodoros maritimus and Ornithodoros erraticus in Argasidae; Ixodes acuminatus, Ixodes bivari, Ixodes canisuga, Ixodes frontalis, Ixodes hexagonus, Ixodes ricinus, Ixodes simplex simplex, Ixodes ventalloi, Ixodes vespertilionis, Dermacentor marginatus, Dermacentor pictus', Haemaphysalis hispanica, Haemaphysalis inermis, Haemaphysalis punctata, Rhipicephalus bursa, Rhipicephalus pusillus, Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Rhipicephalus turanicus, Hyalomma lusitanicum, Hyalomma marginatum marginatum and Boophilus annulatus in Ixodidae. The more relevant diseases transmitted to cattle by ticks, particulary in Ribatejo and Alentejo regions, are the babesiosis due to Babesia bigemina and Babesia bovis, the theileriosis by Theileria annulata and the anaplasmosis due to Anaplasma marginale; the theileriosis by Theileria mutans2 may not be considered significant. The sheep and goats parasitoses transmitted by ticks are of less importance than the cattle diseases. However the babesiosis due to Babesia motasi and Babesia ovis and also theileriosis by Theileria hirci3 are present in some districts of the country.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Tick-borne diseases of livestock in Italy: general review and results of recent studies carried out in the Apulia region.

This paper reviews basic information on the knowledge of tick-borne diseases, babesiosis, anaplasmosis and theileriosis, in horses, cattle, sheep and goats in Italy with particular reference to the southern part of the country. It is stressed that there is limited knowledge about the parasite species present, their vectors, distribution, prevalence and impact on livestock production and there is the need to assess their epidemiology. A study carried out in the Apulia region to assess the prevalence of Anaplasma marginale infection in 1,648 cattle showed a seroprevalence of 17% using the Card Agglutination Test. In another study in the same region a microscopic prevalence of 78% for Theileria spp. was found in 60 cows. Afterwards using the IFAT test the Theileria sp. was identified as Theileria buffeli/orientalis.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Molecular tools in the epidemiology of tick-borne bacterial diseases].

Molecular tools have been used to detect rickettsiae in ticks. In Ixodes ricinus ticks collected in France, we detected for the first time there an emerging pathogen, Rickettsia helvetica, and an Ehrlichia sp, closely related to the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis. In Guadeloupe (French West Indies), we described the occurrence of African tick-bite fever due to Rickettsia africae, which had been previously reported in sub-Saharan Africa only. In Africa, we completed our knowledge about the distribution of R. africae (Mali, Niger, Sudan, Burundi), and detected for the first time Rickettsia mongolotimonae, an emerging pathogen. Anaplasma marginale the agent of bovine anaplasmosis was detected in Mali. Rickettsiae of unknown pathogenicity were detected in Mali and Niger.

Burundi↗
PubMed1992

[Current status of bovine haemoparasitic diseases in Martinique (French West Indies)].

A serological survey using indirect immunofluorescence (IFAT) for bovine babesiosis (Babesia bovis and B. bigemina) and card test for anaplasmosis, indicates that these haemoparasites are widespread in Martinique. The high prevalences (62% for B. bovis, 52% for B. bigemina and 43% for Anaplasma marginale) lead to the hypothesis of an unstable epizootic situation for these three haemoparasitic diseases. However, the number of smears examined was too low to evaluate their clinical incidence. Both the American and Cuban card tests gave similar results in the detection of antibodies to A. marginale. Theileria mutans is described for the first time in Martinique. Trypanosomosis (Trypanosoma vivax) has disappeared from Martinique, on clinical and serological evidence.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

A survey of cattle tick control practices in the eastern Cape Province of South Africa.

Current cattle tick control practices and producer attitudes towards tick control in the eastern Cape Province of South Africa are discussed. These were ascertained from answers to a questionnaire survey to which 31.2% of farmers responded. In general, producers favoured intensive tick control. Beef and dairy farmers had a definite preference for synthetic pyrethroid acaricides, the majority followed a 25 times p.a. treatment frequency and most changed acaricides because of price. Beef producers favoured pour-on application of acaricides while the majority of dairy producers utilized plunge dipping. Producers who used hand spray techniques experienced the highest percentage of confirmed acaricide resistance. A costs of R11.27 for acaricide treatment per bovine per annum was calculated from data gained in this survey. A cost index of 2,496 was calculated by relating acaricide cost to the prevailing price of beef in the region. Only a small number of producers used heartwater, babesiosis and anaplasmosis vaccines. Relative tick borne disease mortality ratios indicated higher heartwater mortalities at high acaricide treatment frequencies. These results are discussed in relation to the tick control regimes practised.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

The risk of exposure to Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in Mid-Eastern Poland.

Both the presence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in ticks and the seroprevalence of human granulocytic anaplasmosis have been reported in different parts of Europe. There are few reports concerning this problem in Poland. The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in ticks, and to detect antibodies against the HGE agent in serum of forest workers in the region of Mid-Eastern Poland. In our opinion, this should reflect the real probability of infection of people exposed to Ixodes tick bites. Seroactivity against Anaplasma phagocytophilum was detected in 20.6% of persons in the study group. Coexistence of anti-Borrelia burgdorferi was present in 84.6 % of individuals seropositive to A. phagocytophilum. The PCR test identifying Anaplasma phagocytophilum was positive in 13.1% of overall tick samples. The highest prevalence of infection (45.7%) was found in female ticks. Anaplasmal DNA was detected in 4.5% of male ticks and only in 0.9% of nymphs. The results of our study confirmed the existence of A. phagocytophilum in the natural environment of Mid-Eastern Poland. As the risk for infection exists, it should call the attention of public health services to the possibility of an increasing number of patients with this disease.

Anaplasma phagocytophilum↗
PubMed2005

Prevalence of infection with Francisella tularensis, Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in rodents from an endemic focus of tularemia in Bulgaria.

The prevalence of Francisella tularensis, Borrelia burgdorferi and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in rodents is a determinant for their role in maintaining pathogens in the environment. A total of 169 rodents, trapped in an endemic focus of tularemia, were examined by PCR to asses the frequency of infection with the etiological agents of tularemia, Lyme borreliosis and human granulocytic anaplasmosis. The overall prevalence of F. tularensis was 22 %. In 6 % of the black rats, F. tularensis was identified in coinfection with B. burgdorferi and in 3 % in coinfection with A. phagocytophilum. B. burgdorferi and A. phagocytophilum were detected in 26 % and 8 % of the trapped rodents. Results obtained show the existence of an active natural focus of tularemia. The high level of coinfections indicated that the endemic focus is mixed and generates risk for multiple infections in humans. Further investigations are needed to reveal interactions between the pathogens in the infected animals.

Anaplasma phagocytophilum↗
PubMed1992

Idiopathic immune-mediated hemolytic anemia in a calf.

Severe anemia was found in a 4-month-old heifer, which was admitted with a 1-day history of anorexia, signs of depression, and recumbency. A diagnosis of immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IHA) was made on the basis of a Coomb's titer of 1:128 and decreased resistance to osmotic stress, as determined by an RBC fragility test. Anaplasmosis and leptospirosis were ruled out as possible causes of the IHA. Other causes of hemolytic anemia, including intoxication by copper, water, Brassica spp, or drugs were ruled out. Therefore the IHA was considered idiopathic. Treatment consisted of supportive therapy, oxytetracycline, and dexamethasone. After 60 days of treatment, CBC, Coomb's test result, and RBC fragility were within normal limits.

Anemia, Hemolytic, Autoimmune↗