The screening of human plasma according to the protein pattern; a method of analysis of plasma proteins by turbidity with ammonium sulfate.
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Ammonium Compounds↗
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Disinfectants' effect on mercury release from amalgam.
BACKGROUND: Mercury environmental discharge is under increased scrutiny by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Dental amalgam should be processed properly to prevent an additional environmental burden. Some processing agencies require that submitted amalgam be noninfectious. Investigations have demonstrated that oxidizing disinfectants mobilize mercury from amalgam into solution and add mercury to the environmental burden if it is disposed of improperly. The authors conducted a study to evaluate the effect of representative disinfectants on amalgam mercury release. METHODS: The authors sized a high-copper spherical amalgam alloy to match that typically found in dental unit suction traps. They exposed 20 grams of the alloy to several disinfectant solutions and evaluated the filtered supernatant solution for mercury content. RESULTS: Chlorine disinfectant materials discharged the most mercury ions, followed by bromide, iodophor, peroxide/peracetic acid and phenolic disinfectants. The quaternary ammonium compound did not discharge mercury ions above the detection limit (0.2 parts per billion) into solution. CONCLUSIONS: A quaternary ammonium compound did not mobilize mercury ions into solution when used as a disinfectant agent for amalgam. Chlorine disinfectants mobilized mercury ions the most, followed by bromide, iodophor, peroxide/peracetic acid and phenolic disinfectants. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Dentists are obligated to be good environmental stewards and should follow practices that reduce environmental mercury release. Dental personnel should be aware that oxidizing disinfectants mobilize mercury ions into solution, which will be added to the environment if they are processed improperly. If required by processing, dental personnel should consider the different oxidizing effects of commonly used disinfectants.
Anti-Infective Agents, Local↗
[Electronmicroscopic-histochemical demonstration of acid mucopolysaccharides using cationic ferrocenyl compounds (author's transl)].
Long-chain ammonium compounds with ferrocenyl groups were synthesized and used for the light (sudanophilia) and electron microscopic (electron dense staining by the iron of the ferrocenyl group) localisation of acid mucopolysaccharides. At least 5 of the 39 prepared ammonium salts produce a very good contrast. Cetyl-ferrocenylmethyl-dimethyl ammonium chloride has been found to be the best blocking agent and stain for acid polysaccharides.
Animals↗
[The action of different biocides on the phosphatase activity of Aspergillus niger].
Metalorganic and quarternary ammonium compounds when added to culture medium inhibited growth of Aspergillus niger mycelium and activity of neutral and alkaline phosphatase. A quarternary ammonium compound, ethonium, and a tin-organic compound, tributyl oxide, exerted an inhibiting effect on activity of acid phosphatase which amounted to 54% of the total phosphatase activity in mycelium and 94% in the culture liquid. The rest of biocides induced lysis of intracellular membranes, phosphatase release from lysosomas, which made acid phosphatase activity higher. Being introduced into the mycelium homogenate the above compounds inhibited activity of the acid phosphatase. The same biocides inhibited extracellular acid phosphatase in the culture liquid. Recommendations are given on the use of a number of substances as means for protection of industrial materials from biolesions.
Aspergillus niger↗
Toxic skin reactions caused by tributyltin oxide (tbto) in socks.
During some hot summer-days in 1973 about 70 cases of acute feet dermatitis were reported among soldiers from one regiment. They had used newly laundered socks from the same batch. The socks were disinfected with a solution containing TBTO and a quarternary ammonium compound, but by mistake a roughly 7 times too high concentration of the solution had been used. Patch tests with TBTO, quarternary ammonium compound and standard substances were negative. There was no suspicion of phototoxicity in these cases, but according to the literature TBTO may be photodynamic and several case reports relate specifically to sunny summerdays. We consider our cases to be due to the primary irritant properties of TBTO. As the span between optimal concentration for disinfection and the primary irritant concentration is narrow, we consider it inappropriate to use this substance for disinfection of textiles which are to be in direct contact with the skin until it has been established whether, for example, sweat may extract TBTO from treated fibres.
Adult↗
Biodegradation of didecyldimethylammonium chloride by Pseudomonas fluorescens TN4 isolated from activated sludge.
Bacteria that degrade didecyldimethylammonium chloride (DDAC) were isolated from activated sludge from a municipal sewage treatment plant by enrichment culture with DDAC as a sole carbon source. One of the isolates, Pseudomonas fluorescens TN4, degraded DDAC to produce decyldimethylamine and subsequently, dimethylamine, as the intermediates. The TN4 strain also assimilated the other quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs), alkyltrimethyl- and alkylbenzyldimethyl-ammonium salts, but not alkylpyridinium salts. TN4 was highly resistant to these QACs and degraded them by an N-dealkylation process. These data mean that there are some QAC-resistant and QAC-degrading bacteria such as TN4 in the environment.
Biodegradation, Environmental↗
[Direct action of timepidium bromide on the gastric mucosa and its inhibitory effect on pepsin secretion (author's transl)].
As quaternary ammonium compounds are generally not absorbed from gastric mucosa, the direct action of these compounds on the gastric mucosa can be investigated by means of intragastric (oral) administration to pylorus ligated animals. Effects of timepidium bromide (TB), an anti-cholinergic quaternary ammonium compound, on gastric secretion of pylorus ligated rats were investigated. When TB (100 mg/Kg) was administered orally, the secretion volume of gastric juice decreased slightly, while the concentrations of free acid and pepsin in gastric juice decreased remarkably. When TB was administered intraduodenally (100 mg/kg) or subcutaneously (10 mg/kg), secretion of gastric juice and free acid was strongly inhibited, but the pepsin concentration in gastric juice was not influenced (i.d.) or slightly increased (s.c.). In the oral administration of various drugs such as atropine, hyoscine-N-butylbromide and oxethazaine (Ox), only Ox caused a decrease in pepsin concentration in gastric juice. Similar effects of TB on the pepsin concentration in the gastric juice were also observed in experiments using stomach perfused rats. TB has no effect on enzymatic activity of pepsin in in vitro experiments. From these results, it is assumed that TB inhibits acid and pepsin secretion mainly by a direct action on the gastric mucosa.
Animals↗
Binding of organic compounds to rat liver and lung.
The binding of various radioisotopically labeled organic compounds to rat liver and lung was investigated in vitro. Pieces of rat lung and slices of rat liver were incubated at 37 degrees C under a nitrogen atmosphere in a modified Krebs-Ringer phosphate solution (pH 7.4) CONTAININg the compound to be studied. Of the neutral compounds investigated, digitoxin, digoxin and dexamethasone were highly bound to both liver and lung tissue, whereas the degree of binding of amitrole, erythritol, and ouabain was 20% or less. The weak acids which were bound to the greatest extent in both liver and lung were phenobarbital, pentobarbital, and diphenylhydantoin. Barbital was poorly bound, and there was no evidence for the binding of 5,5-dimethyloxazolidine-2,4-dione or p-aminohippuric acid in either tissue. Binding of the cardiac glycosides and the barbiturates directly paralleled their lipid solubilities. The degree of binding of neutral compounds and weak acids to lung and liver tissue did not vary greatly with concentration, even though broad concentration ranges were studied. This was also true of the weak base morphine. On the other hand, the binding to liver and lung of the organic bases nicotine, pilocarpine, d-amphetamine, lidocaine, erythromycin, and chloroquine, did vary with concentration. The quaternary ammonium compound decamethonium was bound only to liver, and this binding also varied with concentration. Two additional quaternary ammonium compounds, tetraethylammonium and N1-methylnicotinamide, were not significantly bound to either tissue. Comparisons on the basis of equal content of solids revealed that the binding of diverse organic compounds in liver is greater than or equal to that in lung.
Amitrole↗
Ion-pair partition chromatography in the analysis of drugs and biogenic substances in plasma and urine.
Liquid-liquid chromatography based on the ion-pair partition technique gives separation systems of high efficiency when silica micro-particles are used as the support for the stationary phase. With 10-mum particles, plate heights of the order of 40-70 mum have been achieved with a linear velocity of 0.25 cm/sec. The retention in ion-pair partition systems is determined by the nature and concentration of the counter ion, and the properties of the mobile phase also have a major influence. It is often possible to predict the selectivity, and this can be controlled by varying the composition of the mobile phase. This paper describes the application of ion-pair partition chromatography to the bioanalysis of drugs, drug metabolites and biogenic substances. Typical counter ions in the stationary phase were methanesulphonate and perchlorate for ammonium compounds and tetrabutylammonium for the separation of organic anions. Determinations by liquid chromatography were demonstrated for quinidine and dihydroquinidine, metanephrine and normetanephrine and for imipramine and its demethyl metabolite in plasma. A quaternary ammonium compound, QX-572, was determined in urine and chromatograms are shown for the isolation of indoleacetic and hydroxyindoleacetic acid in urine. The methods have been used in routine analysis. Ultraviolet detection has permitted the determination of highly absorbing compounds down to the 10-ng level in plasma and urine.
Absorption↗
Evaluation of four disinfectants under poultry grow-out conditions using contact agar sampling technique.
Four commercial disinfectants used in poultry house sanitation procedures were evaluated for efficacy using a specialized petri dish (Rodac plate) for contact sampling. The samples were taken from a variety of surface materials commonly found in poultry rearing facilities. Two media were used, one for bacteria and one for mold. Predisinfection samples were taken following removal of chickens and litter. Postdisinfection samples were taken 4 hr after room treatment with a high pressure spray apparatus. The most effective disinfectant for reducing bacteria colony counts was a product that contained glutaraldehyde. The other products, ranking in order of efficacy for bacteria, contained cresylic acid, iodophors, and a combination of quaternary ammonium compound and formaldehyde. The most effective disinfectant for reducing mold colony counts was the product containing cresylic acid. The other products, ranking in order of efficacy for mold, contained iodophors, the combination of quaternary ammonium compound and formaldehyde, and glutaraldehyde. The most effective overall disinfectant was the cresylic acid product.
Animals↗
Tests for the antibacterial activity of surgical glove material.
In-vitro and in-vivo models for testing the antibacterial activity of glove materials are described. The models were tested using four types of material: latex containing residual accelerator, latex treated by solvent-extraction to remove accelerator, material from hypo-allergenic accelerator-free gloves, and latex coated with quaternary ammonium compounds. In-vitro tests revealed two distinct types of antibacterial activity, one related to the accelerator which was slow-acting, and not neutralizable, and a second faster-acting neutralizable activity due to the quaternary ammonium compounds. The antiseptic coated material also showed antibacterial activity on human skin.
Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
Fungicidal effect of 15 disinfectants against 25 fungal contaminants commonly found in bread and cheese manufacturing.
Resistance of 19 mold and 6 yeast species to 15 commercial disinfectants was investigated by using a suspension method in which the fungicidal effect and germination time were determined at 20 degrees C. Disinfectants containing 0.5% dodecyldiethylentriaminacetic acid, 10 g of chloramine-T per 1, 2.0% formaldehyde, 0.1% potassium hydroxide, 3.0% hydrogen peroxide, or 0.3% peracetic acid were ineffective as fungicides. The fungicidal effect of quaternary ammonium compounds and chlorine compounds showed great variability between species and among the six isolates of Penicillium roqueforti var. roqueforti tested. The isolates of P roqueforti var. carneum, P. discolor, Aspergillus versicolor, and Eurotium repens examined were resistant to different quaternary ammonium compounds. Conidia and vegetative cells were killed by alcohols, whereas ascospores were resistant. Resistance of ascospores to 70% ethanol increased with age. Both P. roqueforti var. roqueforti and E. repens showed great variability of resistance within isolates of each species.
Bread↗
Efficacy of a variety of disinfectants against Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 1.
The efficacy of 23 disinfectants (including the most commonly used chemical groups) and 6 quaternary ammonium compound based commercial formulations against Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 1 (ATCC 4074) was studied. The organisms were tested in suspension and carrier tests with serum as the organic matter. Chloramine-T, hydrogen peroxide, glutaraldehyde, and mercurochrome alone, and a quaternary ammonium compound formulation containing 10% benzalkonium chloride, 2.5% glutaraldehyde, 6.8% glyoxal, and 6% formaldehyde were effective in all tests, regardless of the presence or absence of organic load. All but 2 of the nonformulated disinfectants (sodium hypochlorite and an iodophor) caused at least a 3-log10 reduction in colony-forming units in the suspension test. However, most of the disinfectants were not as effective in the carrier test as in the suspension test; this difference ranged from a 1- to 5-log10 reduction in colony-forming units. In addition, the presence of serum considerably reduced the disinfectant capacities of most of the compounds tested, particularly in the carrier test. These results indicate the importance of selecting suitable disinfectants for routine use on surfaces contaminated with this organism, especially in the presence of organic matter. Chloramine-T and the aforementioned commercial formulation were also tested directly under field conditions in pig nurseries, confirming their high effectiveness.
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae↗
Transfer of persistent Listeria monocytogenes contamination between food-processing plants associated with a dicing machine.
The possibility of the transfer of persistent Listeria monocytogenes contamination from one plant to another with a dicing machine was evaluated, and possible reasons for persistent contamination were analyzed. A dicing machine that diced cooked meat products was transferred from plant A to plant B and then to plant C. After the transfer of the dicing machine, L. monocytogenes PFGE type I, originally found in plant A, was soon also found in plants B and C. This L. monocytogenes PFGE type I caused persistent contamination of the dicing lines in plants B and C. The persistent L. monocytogenes strain and three nonpersistent L. monocytogenes strains found in the dicing line of plant C were tested for adherence to stainless steel surfaces and minimal inhibitory concentrations of a quaternary ammonium compound and sodium hypochlorite, disinfectants widely used in the dicing lines. The persistent strain showed significantly higher adherence to stainless steel surfaces than did the nonpersistent strains. The minimal inhibitory concentrations of sodium hypochlorite were similar for all strains, and the minimal inhibitory concentrations of the quaternary ammonium compound for three of the L. monocytogenes PFGE types, including the persistent PFGE type, were high. All persistent L. monocytogenes PFGE type I isolates were found in an area with high hygienic standards, with the dicing machine being the first point of contamination. These observations show that the dicing machine sustained the contamination and suggest that the dicing machine transferred the persistent L. monocytogenes PFGE type from one plant to another.
Animals↗
[Suitability of chemical neutralizers applied for disinfection control on commercial animal husbandry objects].
A study on the effect of various neutralizers of the most widely spread means of disinfection applied in animal rearing was made. For that purpose twin lecytine was tested for quadruple ammonium compounds: twin--for phenolic compounds, natrium thiosulfate--for iodoformium and chlor-containing compounds, as well as natrium sulfite--for formalin. As test micro-organisms were used Staph. aureus Sg 511, E. coli 078, and Ps. aeruginosa. The investigations were performed after the suspension method with dilutions in geometrical progressions. It was established that for the disinfection by quadruple ammonium compounds 3% twin-80 plus 0.3% lecytine is suitable as neutralizer. In disinfection with phenolic compounds the 1% twin-80 solution gives good results. As neutralizer of formalin disinfection 2% natrium sulfite solution can be successfully used. For iodoformium disinfection or disinfection with chlor-containing compounds good neutralizing effect can be achieved by 1% solution of natrium thiosulfate.
Animal Husbandry↗
Detection of cationic surfactants in oral rinses and a disinfectant formulation using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry.
Three commercial oral rinses and one commercial disinfectant formulation were analyzed for the presence of cationic surfactants using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOFMS) in the positive ion mode. The product labels on these formulations indicate the presence of cetylpyridinium chloride, tetraalkylammonium or trialkylbenzylammonium chlorides. The resulting MALDI-TOF mass spectra only showed cetylpyridinium, tetraalkylammonium, and trialkylbenzylammonium ions, apparently due to the dissociation of the salts in the ion source. We confirmed the presence of cetylpyridinium salt in the three oral formulations, whereas the disinfectant formulation consisted of a complex mixture of the salts of dioctyldimethylammonium, didecyldimethylammonium, benzylmyristyldimethylammonium, decyloctyldimethylammonium, benzyldecyldimethylammonium, and benzylcetyldimethylammonium. This work demonstrates again the potential for using meso-tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)porphyrin as a matrix in the MALDI-TOFMS analysis of low molecular weight compounds. This study also demonstrates that the mode of ionization of quaternary ammonium compounds (cationic surfactant salts) under MALDI conditions is by dissociation, leading to the detection of only the positively charged moieties.
Cations↗
Propidium iodide as an indicator of Giardia cyst viability.
The use of propidium iodide, whose uptake indicates cell death or damage, was investigated to assess the viability of heat-inactivated and chemically inactivated Giardia muris cysts. This was done by comparing propidium iodide staining with excystation. We first determined that propidium iodide could be used with an immunofluorescence detection procedure by showing that the percentages of Giardia lamblia cysts stained with this dye before and after subjecting them to a fluorescence detection method were similar. G. muris cysts were then exposed to heat (56 degrees C), 0.5 to 4 mg of chlorine per liter (pH 7.0, 5 degrees C), 0.1 to 10 mg of a quaternary ammonium compound per liter, or 2 mg of preformed and forming monochloramine per liter (pH 7.2, 18 to 20 degrees C). A good positive correlation between percent propidium iodide-stained cysts and lack of excystation was demonstrated for G. muris cysts exposed either to heat or to the quaternary ammonium compound. However, no significant correlation between absence of excystation and propidium iodide staining was found for cysts exposed to chlorine or monochloramines. These results demonstrate that the propidium iodide staining procedure is not satisfactory for determining the viability of G. muris cysts exposed to these two commonly used drinking water disinfectants.
Animals↗
Effects of the supporting electrolyte on the kinetics of the removal of proteins adsorbed on a stainless steel surface by H2O2-electrolysis.
The effects of different types of supporting electrolytes on the removal of beta-lactoglobulin (beta-Lg) after being adsorbed to a stainless steel surface by a H2O2-electrolysis treatment was investigated. In this process, hydroxyl radicals (*OH), generated by the electrolysis of hydrogen peroxide, decompose the substances adhering to the surface. The removal of the adsorbed protein from the stainless steel surface during the treatment was monitored in situ by ellipsometry. The apparent first-order removal rate constants, k(cl), for 17 types of supporting electrolytes were determined, as well as the current corresponding to the rate of generation of *OH. The k(cl) and generated current values for LiCl, NaCl, KCl, KNO(3), K(2)SO(4), CH(3)COOK, and K(2)CO(3) were all similar. Ca(2+) and Mg(2+) strongly suppressed the removal of the adsorbed protein. The presence of ammonium compounds led to an increase in k(cl) and current values. In H2O2-electrolysis in the presence of potassium phosphate, the removal was extremely rapid, and an apparent increase in the thickness of the adsorbed layer was observed. The mechanisms responsible for the peculiar effects of calcium, magnesium, phosphate, and ammonium compounds were investigated by means of a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic analysis, as well as by the characteristics of the removal under different treatment conditions.
Electrolytes↗