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PubMed1994

The beginning of oral pathology. Part I: First dental journal reports of odontogenic tumors and cysts, 1839-1860.

Literature reviews of oral lesions frequently lack an appropriate historic perspective, presuming that the mid- to late-twentieth century reports are the first valid reports available. The mid-nineteenth century dental journals, however, are replete with clinical, surgical, and microscopic descriptions of oral tumors and cysts. Most of these have never been referenced during the present century. The purpose of this article is to report the earliest dental journal references for a variety of odontogenic tumors and cysts. These references are derived from a canvass of all dental journals published from the first journal (American Journal of Dental Science) in 1839 to the appearance of Dental Cosmos and the organization of the American Dental Association in 1860.

History, 19th Century↗
PubMed1989

Marginal adaptation of posterior resins: effect of dentin-bonding agent and hygroscopic expansion.

The wall-to-wall polymerization contraction of three composite resins, provisionally accepted by the American Dental Association for use in posterior teeth, was investigated in dentin cavities prepared in extracted human teeth. The marginal adaptation was measured in a light microscope 10 min after polymerization or after 28 days of water absorption. The three composites were tested with and without previous application of two dentin-bonding agents. Used as the control was a microfilled resin intended for use in anterior teeth. None of the two dentin-bonding agents could prevent the formation of a contraction gap of any of the four resins, but the results obtained with the anterior material were significantly better than those obtained with the posterior resins. The reason for the low efficacy of the dentin-bonding agents, when used with the posterior resins, is assumed to be the high viscosity of these restoratives, caused by both the high quantity of fillers and the composition of the organic components. As to the hygroscopic expansion, the contraction gaps of the anterior resin were closed within 28 days, while the posterior materials all had a residual gap. The reason for the smaller hygroscopic expansion of the posterior resins is assumed to be related to the reduced quantity of organic material in these composites.

Absorption↗
PubMed1993

The use of microwave energy to cure denture acrylic resins.

Experiments have been carried out on the curing of poly(methyl methacrylate) denture base material in a microwave oven, using conventional dental flasks and flask clamps. It has been shown that it is important (a) to maintain sufficient pressure on the materials, (b) to avoid gaseous porosity by not heating too rapidly initially, and (c) to ensure that all metal is protected from exposure to microwaves. When the appropriate conditions of polymerisation were used, microwave-cured samples had satisfactory physical and mechanical properties according to American Dental Association specification number 12.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMed1988

Effects of cold disinfectants on the mechanical properties and the surface topography of nickel-titanium arch wires.

The effects of disinfectants on the mechanical properties and surface topographies were determined for 0.017 x 0.025-inch Nitinol and Titanal wires. Three disinfectants approved by the American Dental Association were tested at maximum antimicrobial concentrations: 2% acidic glutaraldehyde, chlorine dioxide, and iodophor. Bending and tensile tests were evaluated to determine whether the stiffness, strength, or range of the wires changed after disinfectant treatment. Laser spectroscopy was used to detect surface changes from corrosion or tarnish after treatment. No detrimental changes were detected in the mechanical properties or surface topography of either wire product after disinfectant treatment. Nitinol was found to be stronger and stiffer than Titanal. On average, Titanal exhibited five times more specular reflectivity than Nitinol.

Chlorine↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Victim of fashion: Endocarditis after oral piercing.

A case report of endocarditis after tongue piercing is presented. Body piercing is a form of self-expression that is achieving greater acceptance and wider practice in modern society. Even in healthy individuals, significant health risks exist with this type of physical adornment. Despite this fact, no significant regulatory mechanisms are currently in place to guide practitioners of this craft or to protect the recipients of body piercing. Medical professionals should join the American Dental Association in their opposition of the practice of intraoral/perioral piercing and should call for the development of legislation protecting the recipients of such practices, particularly the population of young people in whom this type of body art is becoming increasingly prevalent.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Clinical effectiveness of contemporary adhesives: a systematic review of current clinical trials.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this paper was to review current literature on the clinical effectiveness of contemporary adhesives when used to restore cervical non-carious class-V lesions. Restoration retention in function of time was recorded in order to find out if adhesives with a simplified application procedure are as clinically effective as conventional three-step adhesives. DATA SOURCES: Literature published from January 1998 up to May 2004 was reviewed for university-centred clinical trials that tested the clinical effectiveness of adhesives in non-carious class-V lesions. Restoration-retention rates per adhesive reported in peer-reviewed papers as well as IADR-AADR abstracts and ConsEuro abstracts were included and depicted as a function of time in graphs for each of the five adhesive classes (three- and two-step etch-and-rinse adhesives, two- and one-step self-etch adhesives, and glass-ionomers). The guidelines for dentin and enamel adhesive materials advanced by the American Dental Association were used as a reference. Per class, the annual failure rate (%) was calculated. Kruskal-Wallis analysis and Dwass-Steel-Chritchlow-Fligner pairwise comparisons were used to determine statistical differences between the annual failure percentages of the five adhesive categories. RESULTS: Comparison of retention of class-V adhesive restorations as a measure to determine clinical bonding effectiveness of adhesives revealed that glass-ionomers most effectively and durably bond to tooth tissue. Three-step etch-and-rinse adhesives and two-step self-etch adhesives showed a clinically reliable and predictably good clinical performance. The clinical effectiveness of two-step etch-and-rinse adhesives was less favourable, while an inefficient clinical performance was noted for the one-step self-etch adhesives. SIGNIFICANCE: Although there is a tendency towards adhesives with simplified application procedures, simplification so far appears to induce loss of effectiveness. Clinical performance can be correlated with, and predicted by, appropriate types of laboratory study.

Adhesives↗
PubMed2006

A novel automated waterline cleaning system that facilitates effective and consistent control of microbial biofilm contamination of dental chair unit waterlines: a one-year study.

Microbial contamination of dental chair unit (DCU) output water caused by biofilm growth in dental unit waterlines (DUWs) is a universal problem and a potentially significant source of cross-infection. The microbial quality of output water from a Planmeca Compact i DCU equipped with the novel Water Management System (WMS), an integrated and automated DUW cleaning system, was investigated over a 12-month period with the hydrogen peroxide- and silver ion-containing disinfectants Planosil and Planosil Forte. Four weeks after connection to the potable-water quality mains supply the density of aerobic heterotrophic bacteria, rose from the low levels consistently found in the supply water throughout this study (mean average 77 cfu/mL) to 15,400 cfu/mL. Disinfection of DUWs once weekly with Planosil for 10 weeks resulted in a dramatic reduction in bacterial density immediately following disinfection (mean average 26 cfu/mL). Bacterial density rose steadily between disinfections and by 7 days post-disinfection, water quality failed (mean average 384 cfu/mL) the American Dental Association DCU water quality standard of <or=200 cfu/mL. The DCU was then disinfected once weekly for 40 weeks with Planosil Forte. The average bacterial density immediately post-disinfection was 20 cfu/mL and 7 days post-disinfection was 113 cfu/mL. Electron microscopy showed that improved output water quality following disinfection with both disinfectants was associated with marked elimination of DUW biofilm, but deterioration of water quality following disinfection was associated with its regrowth. The most common bacterial species cultured from the mains water and the DCU output water were Microcococcus luteus and Sphingomonas spp., respectively, the latter of which are known opportunistic pathogens. The findings of this study show that the Planmeca Compact i DCU equipped with the easy to use and automated WMS, that requires minimal effort on the part of the operator, consistently provides output water that passes the ADA quality standard of <or=200 cfu/mL for up to 7 days following once-weekly disinfection with Planosil Forte.

Automation↗
PubMed2006

The endodontic workforce.

The amount of endodontic care provided in the US requires an understanding of the supply and demand for such care. The supply side includes the number and location of endodontists, type of provider, and productivity. The demand side consists of the changing demographics of the age groups that endodontists predominantly treat along with changes in their dental health. To address these issues, we have compiled and analyzed data from American Dental Association (ADA) with other sources such as US government census data and the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES). From 1982 to 2002, the supply of endodontists increased at a rate greater than that observed with general practitioners or the other specialty areas. The growth of endodontists in relation to general practitioners is important. The latter are co-providers of endodontic care as well as a primary source for referral of patients to endodontists. Demographic and disease changes are likely to impact the need and demand for endodontic services. Endodontists' patients are generally between the ages of 25 and 64 yrs. Currently, the majority of endodontists' patients are members of the large baby boom generation who in 2000 ranged in age from their late 30s to their late 50s. During the next 20 yrs the Baby Boom generation will be replaced by the numerically smaller Generation-X cohort. This generation has experienced substantially less total caries than baby-boomers and they most likely will have fewer endodontic sequela as they age. A moderating factor that could partially offset the predicted decline in numbers of patients is the increased number of teeth that Generation-Xers are likely to retain. A flexible endodontic workforce strategy must assess the impending demographic and disease trends in relation to future growth rates of both endodontists and general practitioners.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Dental surgery standards for perioperative nurses. Medical Center of Central Georgia.

Practice standards for dental surgery are necessary to maintain quality care for dental patients. Specific standards or recommended practices for dental surgery have not been addressed by AORN, and none are available from the American Dental Association or the Georgia Dental Association. We incorporated the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines, and Occupational Safety and Health Administration regulations had to be incorporated into existing perioperative standards to institute dental surgery standards for our facility. The standards for dental surgery at the Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon, evolved with the leadership of perioperative nurses.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1994

Evaluation of antimicrobial mouthrinses and their bactericidal effectiveness.

The mechanisms of action of antimicrobials have been based in the past on in vitro data obtained from laboratory experiments performed on pure cultures of bacteria. A more complete understanding of oral antimicrobials and their mechanisms of action will results from testing of agents in systems that more closely resemble environmental areas existing in the oral cavity. It is proposed that mechanisms of drug action be studied with a drug held at suboptimal (sublethal) concentrations for short periods and in a dynamic environment that resembles the mouth. Adequate guidelines provided by the American Dental Association Council on Dental Therapeutics are available and have helped to determine the efficacy of these agents over long periods in appropriate populations.

Anti-Infective Agents, Local↗
PubMed1994

A clinician's perspective on antimicrobial mouthrinses.

Today's dental professional must advise patients as to the antimicrobial mouthrinse appropriate for their periodontal condition. Considerations such as chemical nature, mechanism of action, efficacy, and safety of mouthrinses are important to the clinician. Taste and cost are equally important considerations to the patient. No ideal antimicrobial mouthrinse exists; yet, chlorhexidine gluconate (Peridex), Listerine, and two of its generic equivalents have the American Dental Association's Seal of Acceptance. An expanded role of antimicrobial mouthrinses that holds promise is that of preprocedural rinsing. This protocol can decrease the number of microorganisms aerosolized during numerous dental procedures.

Aerosols↗
PubMed1996

Occupational risk of hepatitis C infections among general dentists and oral surgeons in North America.

PURPOSE: To assess the occupational risk of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection among dental personnel. METHODS: Three hundred forty-three oral surgeons and 305 general dentists were recruited at national meetings of the American Dental Association and matched by gender, age, years of practice, and location of practice. Each participant completed a detailed questionnaire designated to measure occupational risk of blood-borne infections and supplied a sample of blood. Antibodies to HCV (anti-HCV) were assessed by second-generation enzyme immunoassay and recombinant immunoblot assay. As a marker of occupational exposure to blood-borne viruses, hepatitis B virus (HBV) surface antigen and antibodies to HBV surface and core antigens were measured by enzyme immunoassay. RESULTS: Anti-HCV was found in 2.0% of oral surgeons and 0.7% of general dentists (odds ratio [OR] = 3.2, P = 0.133). Anti-HCV was more prevalent (P < 0.01) in dental personnel who were older, had more years of practice, and had serologic markers of HBV infection. Serologic markers of HBV infection were found in 7.8% of general dentists and 21.2% of oral surgeons (OR 3.1, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: These data confirm high rates of HBV infection among dental personnel, but suggest that the risk of HCV infection is considerably lower.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Dimensional accuracy and surface detail reproduction of two hydrophilic vinyl polysiloxane impression materials tested under dry, moist, and wet conditions.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: A major limitation of vinyl polysiloxane (VPS) impression materials is their hydrophobicity. There are 2 aspects to this problem, the wettability of the polymerized impression by dental gypsum materials and the ability of the unpolymerized material to wet intraoral tissues. To address this problem, manufacturers have added surfactants and labeled the new products as hydrophilic vinyl polysiloxane. PURPOSE: The purpose of this investigation was to compare dimensional accuracy and surface detail reproduction of 2 hydrophilic VPS impression materials, when used under dry, moist, and wet conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 102 impressions were made of stainless steel metal dies similar to those described in American Dental Association (ADA) specification 19. The dies had 2 vertical and 3 horizontal lines inscribed on their superior surfaces. Impressions were made under dry, moist, and wet conditions. Dimensional accuracy was measured by comparing the average length of the middle horizontal line in each impression to the same line on the metal die, by use of a measuring microscope with an accuracy of 0.001 mm. A 2-way analysis of variance and least significant difference post hoc test were used to compare mean dimensional changes (alpha=.05). Surface detail reproduction was evaluated in 2 ways: (1) by use of criteria similar to ADA specification 19 for detail reproduction, continuous replication of at least 2 of the 3 horizontal lines, and (2) by use of a method developed for this study that categorized the impressions as satisfactory or unsatisfactory based on their surface characteristics: presence of pits, voids, or roughness. Pearson chi(2) (alpha=.05) was used to compare detail reproduction results. RESULTS: Conditions (dry, moist, and wet) did not cause significant adverse effects on the dimensional accuracy of either material. The mean dimensional change and SD were 0.005% +/- 0.002% or less. With both surface detail analyses, dry, moist, and wet conditions had a significant effect on the detail reproduction of both materials (P<.05). Only under dry conditions did both impression materials continuously replicate at least 2 of the 3 horizontal lines 100% of the time. Under moist conditions, 82% of the Aquasil impressions and 100% of the Reprosil impressions were judged satisfactory, while under wet conditions, only 47% Aquasil and 11% Reprosil impressions were satisfactory. With the additional surface detail characterization, only under dry conditions were impressions produced with clinically acceptable surface quality (Aquasil 77% and Reprosil 100% satisfactory). CONCLUSIONS: Dimensional accuracy of both materials tested was well within ADA standards. Best surface detail results were obtained only under dry conditions for both materials.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1998

Comparison of the surface detail reproduction of flexible die material systems.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Flexible die materials have been introduced to facilitate the fabrication of indirect provisional or definitive restorations in 1 appointment. PURPOSE: This study compared the surface detail reproduction of 7 potential flexible die materials when used in combination with 7 elastomeric impression materials. METHODS: Surface detail reproduction of 17 impression material/flexible die material systems was compared with a control system containing an elastomeric impression material and a Type IV dental stone. Test dies of each system were prepared in a random order with the American Dental Association apparatus for testing detail reproduction, compatibility, and dimensional stability. RESULTS: One flexible die system had better surface detail reproduction than the control stone die, other systems had similar or worse reproduction. Surface detail reproduction was adversely affected when a separator was required between the impression and flexible die material. CONCLUSIONS: Impregum F die material with Extrude Light impression material produced better surface detail reproduction than the control dies. Impregum F impressions were incompatible with Blu-Mousse, Impregum F, or Imprint die materials. Polyvinyl siloxane impressions were incompatible with polyvinyl siloxane dies unless a separator was used. When a separator was used, the surface detail reproduction was not as good as the control die system or the Extrude Light impression material/Impregum F die material combination.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1995

Physical and chemical properties of a new root-end filling material.

This study determined the chemical composition, pH, and radiopacity of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), and also compared the setting time, compressive strength, and solubility of this material with those of amalgam, Super-EBA, and Intermediate Restorative Material (IRM). X-ray energy dispersive spectrometer in conjunction with the scanning electron microscope were used to determine the composition of MTA, and the pH value of MTA was assessed with a pH meter using a temperature-compensated electrode. The radiopacity of MTA was determined according to the method described by the International Organization for Standardization. The setting time and compressive strength of these materials were determined according to methods recommended by the British Standards Institution. The degree of solubility of the materials was assessed according to modified American Dental Association specifications. The results showed that the main molecules present in MTA are calcium and phosphorous ions. In addition, MTA has a pH of 10.2 initially, which rises to 12.5 three hours after mixing. MTA is more radiopaque than Super-EBA and IRM. Amalgam had the shortest setting time (4 min) and MTA the longest (2 h 45 min). At 24 h MTA had the lowest compressive strength (40 MPa) among the materials, but it increased after 21 days to 67 MPa. Finally, except for IRM, none of the materials tested showed any solubility under the conditions of this study.

Aluminum Compounds↗
PubMed1998

Changing number and distribution of endodontists: a continuing imbalance--1987-1995.

A review of the 1995 and past American Dental Association studies on the distribution of dentists provides specific information on the evolving numbers of endodontists at the national, regional, and state levels. Despite an increase in numbers of endodontists, major differences continue in practitioner-to-population ratios in different geographic areas.

Dentists↗
PubMed1998

Viscous property and osteogenesis induction of hydroxyapatite thermal decomposition product mixed with gelatin implanted into rabbit femurs.

The viscosity of hydroxyapatite thermal decomposition product mixed with gelatin (HATDP-G) and the osteogenesis induced by this mixture were investigated. To determine the viscosity of HATDP-G, we measured the average diameter of a slumped mass of HATDP-G (0.5 ml) according to the American Dental Association Specification No. 8, with some modifications, and compared it with that of an equal mass of HATDP and of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) bone cement. The mean diameter of 10 samples each of HATDP-G, HATDP, and PMMA bone cement was 26.8+/-0.9 mm, 19.6+/-0.2 mm and 29.2+/-0.3 mm, respectively, 2 min after the mixing procedure. HATDP-G was injected into the bone marrow of the right femurs of 25 rabbits. As the control, gelatin with saline solution was injected into the left femurs. New bone formation was observed in all 20 femurs from three weeks after injection. No new bone formation was observed in the control femurs. The affinity index, a parameter of osteogenesis, was 19.8+/-6.1%, 27.5+/-2.6%, 52.9+/-9.5%, and 76.3+/-1.9% at 3, 6, 12 and 24 weeks after the injection, respectively. Significant increases in the affinity index were found between weeks 6 and 12, and weeks 12 and 24 (p < 0.05). Our findings indicated that HATDP-G might be successfully used as a bioactive bone cement.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

A survey of resident selection procedures in oral and maxillofacial surgery.

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to analyze the current procedures used in oral and maxillofacial surgery resident selection, to compare these selection procedures with those used 2 decades ago, to determine whether any differences exist in the selection procedures between 4-year certificate programs and programs that offer formal medical education, and to provide criteria to assist in the counseling of dental students on the application process for oral and maxillofacial surgery residencies. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Questionnaires were sent to the 106 oral and maxillofacial surgery graduate training programs accredited by the American Dental Association. To provide for a more direct comparison to the study completed in 1976, the current questionnaire was developed, using the original survey as a model. It was divided into 5 sections: general information, information obtained from the formal application and letters of recommendation, the interview, the decision process, and a retrospective view of past decisions. The results were tabulated and the Pearson chi-square test was used to determine statistical significance when comparing the 4-year certificate programs to the programs that offer formal medical education. RESULTS: Seventy-one responses (75.5%) from nonmilitary programs were returned and analyzed. Thirty-nine responses represented dual-degree (MD) programs. Factors that were considered very important when judging a candidate's written application included dental school class rank (76.1%), dental school basic science grades (70.4%), and dental school clinical grades (63.4%). Dual-degree programs placed a greater emphasis on predental basic science grades (P < .01) and dental national board scores (P < .05). When asked about prior resident selection, 86.7% of the respondents said they would select 80% of their former residents again. In addition, 89.9% of the respondents were satisfied with their current selection process. CONCLUSIONS: The procedures used to select oral and maxillofacial surgery residents are relatively constant among programs. Although the dual-degree and 4-year certificate programs use the same criteria for resident selection, the dual-degree programs place greater emphasis on predental academic performance and on the results of the national dental boards. Criteria used 22 years ago to select residents are still applicable, but there has been a shift in the importance of some variables.

Certification↗