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PubMed2005

Androgenetic alopecia and coronary artery disease in women.

The meaningful association of androgenetic alopecia (AGA) and coronary artery disease (CAD) in men has been documented, but few studies, if any, have focused on this association in women. This study was carried out on 106 women under the age 55, who completed angiography procedures for diagnosis of coronary artery disease. The aim of study was to assess the relationship between androgenetic alopecia and coronary heart disease in women. The clinical and paraclinical information was obtained by personal interview, physical examination, and review of patients' files. Androgenetic alopecia in the patients was assessed blindly by a dermatologist, using Ludwig's baldness grading system (I to III). According to the angiographic studies, 51 cases had CAD and 55 subjects did not. On the other hand, 21 patients had female AGA (Grade I, 15; Grade II, 3; Grade III, 3 cases). The correlation of AGA and CAD, AGA and previous history of myocardial infarction, and graying of hair and CAD were statistically significant (p < 0.05), after adjustment of data for differences in age. These data support the hypothesis that female AGA, like male pattern baldness, is associated with CAD in women under the age 55.

Alopecia↗
PubMed2005

Alopecia in association with sexually transmitted disease: a review.

In a patient with a sexually transmitted disease (STD), alopecia may be an important associated finding and can provide clues to diagnosis. This review focuses on the relationship between hair loss and STDs. Specifically, we review alopecia in association with syphilis and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and the medications used to treat these infections. In addition, we review the literature regarding the putative association between alopecia areata and cytomegalovirus (CMV).

Alopecia↗
PubMed2006

[Contemporary alternatives in the diagnostics and therapy of female androgenetic alopecia].

Female androgenetic alopecia belongs to the family of scar-less, diffuse, telogenic, hormonally determined alopecias with hereditary disposition. In the androgenetic alopecia, progressive, androgen mediated miniaturization of genetically predestined hair follicles develops. Genetic factors play a role namely in females without the higher serum androgen level. Pathologically high level of serum androgens is usually accompanied with signs of virilization. Hair dropping starts in the fourth decade or earlier. It occurs in the postmenopausal period, after a pregnancy, after the onset or termination of peroral contraception, in women treated by aromatase inhibitors.

Alopecia↗
PubMed2006

Serum levels of total immunoglobulin e in patients with alopecia areata: relationship with clinical type of the disease.

Alopecia areata (AA) is a heterogeneous disease characterized by nonscarring hair loss on the scalp or any hair-bearing surface. A wide range of clinical presentations can occur, from a single patch of hair loss to complete loss of hair on the scalp (alopecia totalis, AT) or over the entire body (alopecia universalis, AU). The cause of AA is unknown although most evidence supports the hypothesis that AA is an immunologically mediated disease. The aim of the study was to compare serum levels of total immunoglobulin E (IgE) between patients with AA and healthy subjects, and to assess the difference between the localized form and extensive forms of the disease such as AT and AU. Sixty patients with AA and 50 healthy subjects were enrolled in the study. Fifty patients had localized AA (LAA), and ten patients had AT, AU or AT/AU. Serum levels of IgE were measured using fluoroenzyme immunoassay techniques. Serum levels of total IgE were significantly higher in AA patients than in controls (p<0.05). There was no significant difference in serum levels of total IgE between patients with LAA and those with extensive forms of the disease (p>0.05). The exact role of serum IgE in AA should be additionally investigated in future studies.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

[The effect of 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on cultured human hair follicle cells from a patients with vitamin D-dependent rickets type II with alopecia].

We examined the effects of 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on the growth and differentiation of cultured human hair follicle cells from a patient with vitamin D-dependent rickets type II [DDR-II] with alopecia. In the presence of 100 nM 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, the clonal growth of normal hair follicle cells was inhibited and terminal differentiation was markedly stimulated. However, the cells from a patient with DDR-II with alopecia did not respond to the hormone, suggesting a lack of the specific receptors in the cells. The difference in the cellular response to the hormone between the normal hair follicle cells and those from a patient were clear and easily distinguished, and these studies may provide a basis for the rapid diagnosis of DDR-II. Large number of hairs were difficult to obtain from patients with alopecia, and we developed a new culture method to accomplish these studies. Our system may be useful in the culture of HFC from only a few hair follicles.

Alopecia↗
PubMed1989

[Increase in Leu7- Leu11+ cells in the peripheral blood lymphocytes of patients with alopecia areata].

Natural killer (NK) cell subsets in the peripheral blood lymphocytes of patients with alopecia areata (AA) were investigated by FACStar-I using NK cell specific monoclonal antibodies. The patients were classified into one of 2 types (Type A: single AA in regrowth phase; Type B: multiple AA, alopecia totalis and alopecia universalis in non-regrowth phase). The percentages of Leu7- Leu11+ cells in Type B were significantly higher than those of the normal control. The increase in Leu7- Leu11+ cells in Type B suggests that NK cells may play an important role in the pathogenesis of AA in the non-regrowth phase.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

The effect of cyproterone acetate on hair roots and hair shaft diameter in androgenetic alopecia in females.

Twenty female patients suffering from androgenetic alopecia were treated during one year with 50 micrograms ethinyloestradiol plus 2 mg cyproterone acetate and additional 20 mg cyproterone acetate on days 5-20 of the menstrual cycle. The control group consisted of eight untreated female patients with androgenetic alopecia. The parameters used to evaluate therapeutic results were trichogram, hair shaft diameter of full anagen and number of hairs measuring less than 40 microns. Hair roots were epilated from two locations of the scalp: fronto-cranial and left temporal (reference point). The trichogram of the fronto-cranial scalp region showed an increase of anagens as well as a decrease of telogens. These changes were statistically highly significant. Further, there was a decrease of dysplastic/dystrophic forms. The left temporal scalp region showed no significant differences. The mean hair shaft diameter of full anagen (n = 8) increased, while the number of hairs measuring less than 40 microns (n = 8) decreased. The last two findings showed no statistically significant differences. The therapeutic results warrant the conclusion that cyproterone acetate seems to be effective in androgenetic alopecia in women.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Androgenic alopecia.

Androgenic alopecia is a common and perplexing clinical problem in the female patient. In the past medical literature has offered little assistance in understanding or evaluating the balding woman. Recent advances in technology have better enabled the physician to evaluate and treat females with androgenic alopecia. This article presents the current evaluation and possible treatment modalities of androgenic alopecia.

Alopecia↗
PubMed1987

Alopecia areata.

Although a specific etiology remains undetermined, most evidence points to an autoimmune pathogenesis for alopecia areata. Treatments for alopecia areata are likely to remain palliative until its etiology is better understood. Even it prolonged remissions cannot always be achieved with the treatments presently available, preservation of hair regrowth with maintenance therapy is a reasonable goal. When this is not possible, the value of supportive interaction with patient and family should not be minimized, as the psychologic effects of the disease can be great. Support groups such as those sponsored by the Alopecia Areata Foundation cna assist the physician in this endeavor.

Alopecia Areata↗
PubMed1987

Evaluation of oral minoxidil in the treatment of alopecia areata.

A dose-response effect has previously been demonstrated in topical minoxidil treatment of alopecia areata. Limitations in minoxidil solubility and percutaneous absorption have impaired the development of more effective topical therapy. Oral minoxidil (5 mg every 12 hours), a dose demonstrated to be relatively well tolerated if a 2-g sodium diet is strictly followed, was given to 65 patients with severe, treatment-resistant alopecia areata in an attempt to bypass the limitations of topical treatment and increase efficacy. Although hair regrowth progressed more rapidly and was more extensive with oral than topical 5% minoxidil, cosmetic response was seen only in 18% of the patients. Neither serum nor tissue levels of minoxidil correlated with response. These findings suggest that improved preparations of topical minoxidil, when used as a single therapeutic agent, are unlikely to be cosmetically effective in the majority of patients with severe alopecia areata.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1987

[Value of pathologic thyroid gland findings in alopecia areata].

As we had frequently found goiters in patients with alopecia areata, we performed specific thyroid diagnostics in 120 patients suffering from this kind of loss of hair. By means of palpatory, sonographic, and scintigraphic examination of the thyroid gland, we found in 18% no goiters, in 70% diffuse goiters, and in 12% nodular goiters. In 115 patients, the metabolic condition showed euthyroidism, 3 patients had subclinical hypothyroidism, and 2 patients subclinical hyperthyroidism. We did not detect any increased incidence of antibodies against thyroglobulin or thyroid microsomes; only one patient showed Hashimoto's thyroiditis. The resected goiter tissue of 3 patients with thyroid enlargement and alopecia areata predominantly revealed the typical regressive changes usually seen in colloid and common goiters. But, contrary to the scalp biopsies, the goiter tissue only showed slight antigen expression of HLA-DR. On account of the high incidence of non-toxic diffuse goiters, we discuss the possibility of a goitrogenic factor associated with alopecia areata.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1973

Systemic corticosteroids in alopecia totalis.

Two cases of alopecia totalis are presented and some observations made on the course and treatment of the disorder. The stimulus for extensive alopecia areata appears to occur for short periods in at least some cases and may, therefore, be amenable to shorter courses of systemic corticosteroids than was formerly thought possible. Discontinuing systemic therapy does not always result in a rapid recurrence of totalis and bouts of alopecia partialis which may follow its discontinuance may be managed by more conservative means. In addition, areas resistant to 30 mg. of prednisone per day may respond to topical and intralesional therapy even while prednisone is being reduced considerably below this level.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

[Alopecia areata: successful half-side treatment with DNCB].

In 46 patients with alopecia areata, one side of the head was treated with weekly applications of DNCB, dissolved in acetone. The therapeutic aim was mild contact dermatitis. The other side of the head served as control region. A therapeutic effect was noted in 36 patients: 22 patients showed regrowth of hair exclusively on the treated side, and in 14 patients regrowth of hair was considerably faster and more dense on the treated side. In 8 patients no regrowth was observed, and in 2 patients regrowth occurred on both sides without any difference of intensity. The difference between both sides with regard to hair growth was seen in all of the 7 patients with moderate involvement and in 12 out of 13 patients with extensive involvement; but also in 17 out of 26 patients with alopecia areata totalis or fere totalis. The difference was noted, in the majority of cases, within 3 months. These results prove the efficacy of DNCB treatment of alopecia areata.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Immunofluorescent studies of complement C3 in the hair follicles of normal scalp and of scalp affected by alopecia areata.

The deposition of complement C3 in the hair follicles of scalps of 4 normal subjects and of the affected parts of 9 patients with alopecia areata was found by the direct immunofluorescent methods. No deposition of immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD and IgE) was found. In the normal scalps, complement C3 was found to be deposited in the hyaline membrane of the hair bulb and in the internal layer of connective tissue sheath at the lower about 2/3 transient portion of anagen follicles, and in the thickened hyaline membrane of the catagen follicles. The deposition of complement C3 was also found in the anagen and catagen-like hair follicles even in the patients with alopecia areata, which was similar to the finding in the normal scalps. From the fact that the deposition of complement C3 was found chiefly in the transient portion of the hair follicles of the normal scalps, and that the behavior of deposition of complement C3 reflected the morphological state of hair follicles in each stage of the hair cycle, even in alopecia areata, complement C3 may be intimately related to the hair cycle, even though its significance is as yet unknown.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Alopecia areata treated with topical minoxidil.

A 1% minoxidil topical solution was used to treat 48 patients with alopecia areata, ie, 24 patients with patchy disease and 24 patients with alopecia totalis or alopecia universalis. Twenty-five patients had terminal hair regrowth; in 11 of the 25 patients, it was cosmetically acceptable. No clinical features of the disease seemed to indicate the likelihood of hair regrowth. Hair regrowth began approximately two months after the initiation of treatment and was not uniformly well maintained after the treatment was terminated. One patient had an allergic contact dermatitis reaction to the minoxidil solution; no systemic side effects were seen. No notable systemic absorption was found in 18 adult patients. Effects on cutaneous blood flow or the immune system or some direct effect on hair follicles are possible mechanisms by which minoxidil therapy might stimulate hair growth.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1983

Trichotillomania associated with alopecia areata.

An 18-year-old woman had alopecia areata of two years' duration. Initially, the clinical findings were quite characteristic of alopecia areata; however, the hair that grew back into the areas of alopecia remained short and sparse. Histopathologic examination suggested trichotillomania, which was confirmed by shaving a small area on the scalp and observing normal hair regrowth.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Metoprolol and alopecia.

Beta-adrenoceptor antagonists are very popular agents in the treatment of hypertension. Reversible alopecia of the telogen effluvium variety has been described with propranolol (inderal). We describe a case of reversible alopecia with metoprolol (Lopressor) which also was associated with a telogen effluvium on scalp biopsy, suggesting a similar mechanism for the alopecia associated with these agents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Cytokeratin expression in alopecia areata hair follicles.

Alopecia areata is a human hair disease of unknown etiology. Immunological mechanisms, alterations in the extracellular matrix and follicular growth abnormalities have been suggested as a possible cause. Here we compare the expression of cytokeratins in normal hair follicles to that of alopecia areata using immunohistology with monoclonal antibodies. A number of cytokeratins were specifically expressed in defined anatomical parts of the follicle; however, no gross qualitative or quantitative differences were found between normal and diseased scalp. Interestingly, the expression of cytokeratin 16, which is modulated by conditions that affect the rate of keratinocyte proliferation, was found to be unchanged in the outer root sheet of alopecia areata follicles. This is in contrast with earlier observations of a decrease in the expression of the proliferation-associated, Ki-67 nuclear antigen.

Alopecia Areata↗