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PubMed1987

S-antigen. Adoptive transfer of experimental autoimmune uveitis following immunization with a small synthetic peptide.

Experimental autoimmune uveitis was observed following the adoptive transfer of T cell lymphocytes (T cells) from Lewis rats previously immunized with a small synthetic peptide, peptide M, which corresponds to the amino acid sequence of a well-defined region of S-antigen. Prior to adoptive transfer, the T cells were restimulated in tissue culture with peptide M. Approximately five days following the intravenous administration of restimulated T cells, a severe uveitis was documented both clinically and histopathologically. Clinically, the disease was characterized by iris hyperemia followed by anterior chamber exudates and posterior iris synechiae. Histopathologically, the photoreceptor cell layer of the retina was completely destroyed. A subretinal exudate containing mononuclear cells and polymorphonuclear leukocytes was also present. In addition, the pineal glands of animals with experimental autoimmune uveitis showed inflammatory changes characterized by a lymphocytic infiltration of the subcapsular and central region of the gland. The clinical and histopathologic features of the experimental autoimmune uveitis were similar to those that develop following the adoptive transfer of T cells from Lewis rats previously immunized with S-antigen. Our results indicate that the amino acid sequence of the region of S-antigen corresponding to peptide M represents a distinct pathogenic site with the ability to adoptively transfer disease. We comment on the significance of this finding with regard to T cell-mediated immune mechanisms in certain forms of human uveitis.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2001

Barriers that impede the adoption of pediatric information technology.

BACKGROUND: Information technology (IT) is a critical but underused component of health care. Many factors contribute to the inconsistent adoption of IT. OBJECTIVE: To review the literature to better elucidate barriers that are likely to affect the adoption of IT by pediatric professionals. DATA SOURCES: Manuscripts were found using a MEDLINE search combining the terms medicine, information systems, and technology transfer. I also obtained references cited by relevant articles. Finally, I explored the Internet using http://www.google.com and http://www.northernlight.com. STUDY SELECTION: Articles discussing barriers or factors affecting the adoption of IT were considered for inclusion. Articles unrelated to clinical IT were excluded. DATA SYNTHESIS: A variety of barriers exist that affect the adoption of useful technologies. Situational barriers include challenges imposed by the current national health environment, financial and legal risks associated with technology purchasing and use, and access to technology. The most significant barrier is that pediatric health care practitioners may lack the knowledge or training to use IT effectively. CONCLUSIONS: Although some barriers exist that may be challenging to overcome, other barriers, such as the lack of knowledge about the uses of IT, are imminently solvable. Efforts to overcome these barriers should begin in earnest and should include educating stakeholders in the care of children and adolescents, as well as improving the knowledge about various technologies available to support pediatric and adolescent health care.

Biomedical Technology↗
PubMed2007

Differences in health and cultural beliefs by stage of mammography screening adoption in African American women.

Behavioral studies show that women's stage of readiness to adopt mammography screening affects their screening rates and that beliefs about breast cancer and screening affect stages of screening. The purposes of this study were to determine, first, the relationship between particular health and cultural beliefs and stage of mammography screening adoption in urban African American women, and second, whether demographic and experiential characteristics differed by stage. Data were analyzed from 344 low-income African American women nonadherent to mammography screening who participated in a 21-month trial to increase screening. At baseline, these women were randomized into 1 of 3 groups: tailored interactive computer instruction, targeted video, or usual care. Participants were categorized by stage of mammography screening adoption at 6 months as precontemplators (not planning to have a mammogram), contemplators (planning to have a mammogram), or actors (had received a mammogram). Although demographic and experiential variables did not differentiate stages of screening adoption at 6 months postintervention, some health and cultural beliefs were significantly different among groups. Actors were more preventive-health-oriented than precontemplators and had fewer barriers to screening than did contemplators. Precontemplators had more barriers, less self-efficacy, and greater discomfort with the mammography screening environment than did contemplators or actors. These results will be useful, not to change cultural beliefs, but to guide the design of health education messages appropriate to an individual's culture and health belief system. Cancer 2007. (c) 2006 American Cancer Society.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1975

Activation of "eclipsed" lymphoid cells from advanced tumor-bearing mice through adoptive transfer to sublethally irradiated syngeneic hosts.

Immunologically inactive or "eclipsed" lymphoid cells from advanced tumor-bearing mice were investigated following their adoptive transfer to irradiated syngeneic hosts. Experiments were performed with two syngeneic tumor-host system: the T5-BALB/c tumor line chronically infected with a low-leukemogenic Rauscher virus variant and the TM1-C3H tumor line developed from a spontaneous C3H/He mouse mammary tumor. In confirmation of our previous data, peritoneal cells (PC) from advanced tumor-bearing mice (EPC) appeared to have lost any capacity to inhibit specifically the growth of corresponding tumor target cells in vitro colony inhibition (CI) tests, whereas PC from immunized mice (IPC) were perfectly active. When these EPC were adoptively transferred by intraperitoneal inoculation into sublethally irradiated (450 R) syngeneic mice in association with respective tumor extracts (TE), the PC from such recipient mice, taken 5 to 13 days later, were nearly as active in in vitro CI tests as were PC from parallel IPC-recipient mice. For this recovery of specific immunological activity following the adoptive transfer of EPC the adjunction of the TE and irradiation of the recipient animals seem important and may be necessary. On the other hand, no specific immunological activity was seen in PC from irradiated mice to which PC from normal mice had been transferred with TE. In addition to the in vitro results, an effect of adoptive transfer of EPC (retardation of tumor growth) was also observed in vivo. It is concluded that the "eclipsed" immunologically inactive state of the EPC in mice bearing advanced tumor is not irreversible and that activation of these cells can occur in vivo under certain conditions helped by the presence of tumor-specific antigenic stimulus.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Adoptive immunotherapy is suppressed in C57BL/6J and B6.C-H-2bm12 mice following recognition of congenic class II MHC antigen determinants.

In previous reports, we have shown that adoptive transfer of tumor-sensitized T (immune) cells to tumor-bearing mice that have received a prior injection of cyclophosphamide (CY) results in the induction of permanent tumor regression in syngeneic strains. It has also been shown that adoptive immunotherapy results in an increased expression of class II MHC antigens (Ia) by macrophages at the tumor site and in the peritoneal cavity and is associated with expansion of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells at the site of tumor regression. In this report, we use the Ia mutant strain, B6.C-H-2bm12, and congenic C57BL/6J (B6) mice to determine the relative importance of Ia expression in regulating amplification of immune responses following adoptive immunotherapy and to test the hypothesis that recognition of congenic Ia determinants will result in the induction of suppressor mechanisms that down-regulate active immunity. The data indicated that the adoptive transfer of immune congenic T cells (B6 immune cells into CY-treated tumor-bearing bm12 mice and vice-versa) down-regulated active immunity, while the transfer of syngeneic immune cells resulted in permanent tumor regression. By using radiation-chimeric mice, it was shown that down-regulation was associated with incompatibility of the transferred immune T cells and bone-marrow-derived cells (putatively expressing the Ia haplotype of donor-derived macrophages) and the appearance of long-lived splenic suppressor cells. Suppression per se was shown to be induced in response to the Ia difference between the two strains and not in response to the MCA/76-9 sarcoma, which appears to be one of the few tumors that can induce active immunity in both the syngeneic and congenic strains without obvious subsequent down-regulation by suppression.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Prenatal stress and early adoption effects on benzodiazepine receptors and anxiogenic behavior in the adult rat brain.

Chronic maternal stress during pregnancy has been associated with behavioral alterations that persist into adulthood. Moreover, adoption procedures performed immediately after birth can reverse these alterations. In this study, we examined the effects of prenatal restraint stress and adoption at birth (cross-fostering) on the behavioral response to an anxiety-provoking situation and on the adult male offspring expression of benzodiazepine (BDZ) receptors in selected brain areas. Adult offspring of rats stressed during the last week of pregnancy exhibited higher levels of anxiety than control rats. The anxiogenic behavior found at the elevated plus maze (EPM) has been related to the reduced levels of BDZ receptor levels in specific brain areas. Adult offspring of rats stressed during pregnancy exhibited a decrease in the number of BDZ receptors binding sites in the central amygdaloid nucleus (Ce), CA1, CA3, and the dentate gyrus regions of the hippocampus when compared to controls. Regarding the adoption procedure, control pups raised by a foster gestationally stressed mother showed similar levels of anxiety as stressed groups. Stressed offspring raised by a foster control mother showed reduced anxiety levels compared to that of the control groups. Adoption per se showed no difference in time spent, neither in the open arms of the plus maze nor in BDZ receptor levels, when compared to the corresponding control and stressed groups. Stressed offspring raised by a foster control mother reverted BDZ receptor levels to control values. However, control pups raised by a gestationally stressed foster mother showed similar values compared to the control offspring in hippocampus, in spite of showing an anxiogenic behavior in the EPM. We found a significant increase of Ce BDZ receptor levels in control offspring raised by a foster stressed mother that could be explained as a compensatory effect to a GABA receptor desensitization. In summary, the behavioral outcome of the adult offspring is vulnerable both to the stress experience during the late prenatal period as well as to possible variations in care during lactation by mothers subjected to chronic stress during gestation. There seems to be a direct correlation between anxiety state and BDZ receptor levels in the adult offspring raised by their biological mothers. However, the mechanism of BDZ regulation leading to an anxious behavior might be different if the insult is received only postnatally as opposed to both pre and postnatally.

Aging↗
PubMed1994

Adoptive transfer of autoimmune diabetes mellitus to athymic rats: synergy of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and prevention by RT6+ T cells.

We describe the induction and prevention of autoimmune insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), and its pathological substrate, insulitis, in congenitally athymic nude rats following injections of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) compatible lymph node T cells. The cells capable of adoptive transfer of autoimmunity were obtained from diabetes resistant (DR) BB rats that had been rendered hyperglycemic by in vivo depletion of the RT6+ regulatory T cell subset. We first established that our adoptive transfer assay system is cell dose- and time dependent and therefore amenable to quantitative analysis. It was also observed that both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells are required for efficient transfer of autoimmunity. The data indicate that, as in the NOD mouse, a synergistic interaction between CD4+ and CD8+ T cells is important for beta cell destruction. Finally, we demonstrated that the admixture of equal numbers of lymph node T cells, 60% of which were RT6+, from intact, non-diabetic DR rats prevented the adoptive transfer of IDDM mediated by diabetogenic T cells from RT6-depleted DR-BB rats. We conclude that an equilibrium between autoreactive and regulatory cells determines the expression of autoimmunity in the DR-BB rat and in the adoptive transfer of diabetes in quantitative analytical systems.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Underusers of mammogram screening: stage of adoption in five U.S. subpopulations. The NCI Breast Cancer Screening Consortium.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this report is to describe the characteristics of women ages 50 to 80 who do not follow commonly accepted mammography screening guidelines. It provides unique understanding of the robustness of characteristics of underusers across five different U.S. subpopulations. METHODS: The data are from the baseline surveys of the five studies of the NCI Breast Cancer Screening Consortium. Stage of adoption of mammography screening and other characteristics of underusers are presented. Polytomous logistic regression analysis was used to explore multivariable associations with stage of adoption in each study site. RESULTS: The five samples studied by the Consortium range in size from 259 to 4,477 women (n = 11,292). The relationship of the perceptions of the pros and cons of mammography with stage of adoption was strikingly similar across the five samples. Other variables consistently associated with stage were a recent receipt of a breast physical examination and recommendation for mammography by a physician. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest a need to encourage regular screening through effective communication from a health care provider. Intervention messages should be designed to increase the pros of mammography, decrease the cons, and highlight these differentially according to the woman's stage of adoption.

Aged↗
PubMed1993

Prevention of lymph node metastases by adoptive transfer of CD4+ T lymphocytes admixed with irradiated tumor cells.

CD4+8- T lymphocytes with potent antitumor activity in vivo were obtained in peritoneal exudate cells by immunizing mice with irradiated MM48 tumor cells admixed with OK-432. These immune CD4+ T cells were used in adoptive immunotherapy for prevention of lymph node metastases after removal of the primary tumor. Complete cure of metastases was obtained by adoptive transfer of CD4+ T cells admixed with irradiated MM48 tumor cells, but not by CD4+ T cells alone. To analyze the curative effect of admixing tumor cells on the prevention of metastases, a model of 1-day tumor inoculated with macrophages was used. Administration of immune CD4+ T cells alone resulted in the regression of local tumor in more than half of the mice, although all of them eventually died of lymph node metastases. On the other hand, adoptive transfer of immune CD4+ T cells plus irradiated tumor cells resulted in the complete regression of local tumors in all the mice, which survived without any sign of metastasis. The curative effect of the immune CD4+ T cells obtained by admixing irradiated tumor cells was tumor-specific. Macrophages induced by OK-432 (tumoricidal), implanted together with tumor, assisted tumor regression more than did macrophages elicited by proteose peptone (non-tumoricidal) in the same adoptive transfer system. Administration of recombinant interleukin-2 instead of stimulant tumor cells did not enhance, but rather eliminated the constitutive antitumor activity of CD4+ T cells. On the other hand, exogenous recombinant interleukin-1 was more effective in the enhancement of antitumor activity of the CD4+ T cells as compared with stimulant tumor cell administration. In this case, the activating states of macrophages at the implanted tumor site had no influence on the therapeutic efficacy. A possible role of macrophages for induction of tumor-specific cytotoxic T cells that were mediated by tumor-specific CD4+ T cells is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Adoptive immunotherapy of cancer with immune and activated lymphocytes: experimental and clinical studies.

Recent studies of passive adoptive immunotherapy of experimental tumors indicate that histologically different neoplasms can be cured by this procedure in mice, rats and guinea pigs. In this paper two main approaches of adoptive immunotherapy with lymphocytes are considered. One which makes use of specific tumor-immune cells and is applicable to immunogenic tumors, and the other which uses activated (allostimulated and/or IL-2-activated) lymphocytes and is applicable to immunogenic and non-immunogenic neoplasms. Experimental models of both approaches and results provided by them are reviewed. These studies indicate that transfer of tumor-reactive lymphocytes with or without the combined administration of IL-2 into syngeneic tumor-bearing animals can lead to the eradication of a disseminated neoplasia when certain conditions are met. In particular, it was found that high tumor burdens, delay of treatment and low number of transferred lymphocytes can adversely affect the results. It has also been shown that the therapeutic effect of treatment with anti-cancer drugs or irradiation may be significantly improved by the addition of adoptive immunotherapy. The successful treatment of immunogenic tumors often requires the inhibition of suppressor lymphocytes by Cy or irradiation. Non-immunogenic tumors can be successfully treated only by providing activated lymphocytes and high doses of IL-2. Recent findings of few available human studies of adoptive immunotherapy are also reviewed, and the problems of toxicity and possible therapeutic effects of infusion of autologous, activated lymphocytes and IL-2 are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Physician factors as an indicator of technological device adoption.

This paper analyzes a sample interventional cardiologist's demographic, academic, and professional characteristics to provide an understanding of their technological device adoption styles. The study sample consisted of 15 physicians from two large Midwestern hospitals, one an academic medical center and the other a medium-sized community hospital. Interventional cardiologists were identified through their online physician profile and respective departments. A questionnaire was developed to assess each physician's self-perceived adoption style, their awareness of the new technology, their participation in clinical trials, organizational support, and how various factors influence their adoption of new technology. Lastly, a database of bare metal and drug eluting stents was examined to document the number of stents used by each physician. Pragmatic and observational findings are presented from the questionnaire, physician profile, to database on stent use. The paper concludes with a discussion of the managerial and forecasting implications and methods to promote technology adoption.

Cardiology↗
PubMed1987

A quantitative immunohistochemical comparison of actively versus adoptively induced experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in the Lewis rat.

A quantitative immunohistochemical comparison of actively and adoptively induced experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) in the Lewis rat was performed. Since the methods of EAE induction of these two systems and the kinetics of disease appearance are different, while the histopathology, disease manifestations, duration, and severity are similar, this study sought to identify any differences which exist at the level of the target organ. The number of cells expressing the T helper (W3/25) or suppressor/cytotoxic (OX-8) phenotypes and the number of Ia-positive cells found in the spinal cord of animals given EAE by one of the two methods were compared at two time points at which maximal similarities should exist. The results show that during acute adoptively induced EAE the inflammatory infiltrate contains a larger number of T helper (TH) cells per unit area than in acute active EAE. With the resolution of clinical signs of EAE, the disappearance of cells from the spinal cord is more rapid in adoptive EAE. In contrast, the inflammatory infiltrate and Ia-positive parenchymal cells persist in active EAE following recovery. These results suggest that actively and adoptively induced EAE may differ with respect to the effector mechanisms and/or the mechanisms of recovery at the level of the target organ.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Adoptive cellular immunotherapy to the endometrial carcinoma cell line xenografts in nude mice.

The present study was designed to examine the immunotherapeutic properties of lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells against uterine endometrial cancers. Three endometrial cancer cell lines, ISHIKAWA, SNG-M, and HHUA, were shown to be specifically lysed in short-term 51Cr-release assay, although the susceptibility was different among the cell lines. The xenograft tumors of ISHIKAWA and SNG-M exhibited high susceptibility to LAK cells in the in vitro assay and responded well to the adoptive transfer of LAK cells in nude mice. On the other hand, the xenograft of HHUA showed low reactivity to LAK cells and showed no response to the adoptive immunotherapy. However, the adoptive transfer of LAK cells combined with intraperitoneal administration of both recombinant interleukin-2 (rIL-2) and lentinan markedly inhibited the growth of HHUA xenografts in nude mice, while no response was observed in nude mice treated with LAK cells plus either rIL-2 or lentinan, or treated with rIL-2 plus lentinan alone. These results suggest the clinical application of adoptive immunotherapy in association with LAK cells, rIL-2, and lentinan as a treatment of gynecologic cancers.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1985

Cigarette smoking behavioral distinctions between experimental nonadopters and adopters in children and adolescents--a consideration of transitional smoking experience: the Bogalusa Heart Study.

A cigarette-smoking questionnaire to examine behavior, attitudes, and beliefs related to cigarette use was administered to children, ages 8-17, in a biracial community. Children who experimented with cigarettes but did not adopt the habit (experimental nonadopters) and children who continued to smoke (adopters) were identified and characterized. Follow-up behavior was examined 2 years later. Adopters were more likely to have smokers as friends and family members, more likely to have purchased their first cigarettes, more likely to believe smoking to be pleasurable for themselves and others, and less likely to consider smoking harmful. Adopters who maintained smoking behavior 2 years later had, during the initial survey, reported having more friends who also smoked and were more likely to believe smoking to be enjoyable. Experimental nonadopters were more likely to try the first cigarette alone, reported having fewer friends and family members who smoked, and believed greater health risks to be associated with cigarette use. Experimental nonadopters who maintained nonsmoking behavior 2 years later, especially in the older cohort, exhibited higher agreement with the negative consequences of cigarette smoking (health beliefs) and theories concerning smoking behavior of others.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Predictors of adoption and maintenance of physical activity in a community sample.

Predictors of changes in three measures of physical activity over 1 year were examined in a community sample of 1,411 California adults. Five percent of women and 11% of men adopted vigorous activities (e.g., running), and 26% of men and 34% of women adopted regular moderate activity (e.g., walking). About 50% of vigorous exercisers and 25-35% of moderate exercisers dropped out in 1 year. About 9% reported large 1-year increases in globally rated activity level, while about 7% reported decreases in global activity. In multivariate analyses, adoption of vigorous activity was predicted by young age, male gender, and self-efficacy. Maintenance of vigorous activity was predicted by attitudes toward physical activity. Adoption of moderate activity was predicted by health knowledge, and maintenance was predicted by specific exercise knowledge, female gender, and self-efficacy.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Host immune responses after administration of inactivated Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus vaccines--III. Kinetics for neutralizing antibody immunoglobulin class responses in donors and adoptively-immunized recipients.

C57B16 mice were immunized with either live, attenuated TC-83 strain VEE virus vaccine or formalin-inactivated VEE vaccine combined with Bordetella pertussis. The kinetics of specific donor and adoptively-immunized recipient anti-VEE neutralizing antibody responses were studied. Donor mice immunized with either live or inactivated VEE virus vaccine combined with potent adjuvants develop specific anti-VEE IgM and IgG responses as early as 7 days post-immunization. Anti-VEE IgM antibody responses comprise the majority of anti-VEE neutralizing antibody at this early time period. By 14 to 21 days post-immunization, anti-VEE IgG responses predominated. When adoptively-immunized recipients were studied, the anti-VEE IgM to IgG predominance seen in donors early after administration was reversed, and for each time-period studied, recipients' serum anti-VEE antibody class responses consisted principally of IgG rather than IgM antibody. Since T-cells cooperation with B-cells is critical in the IgM-IgG antibody shift, these studies support the critical role T-cells exert in adoptive transfer in a murine model of experimental VEE infection. Furthermore, immunization with either live or inactivated VEE vaccine coupled to a potent adjuvant induce comparable donor and adoptively-immunized recipient anti-VEE antibody class responses.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Role adoption in residency training.

Two hundred residents in training in Wisconsin during 1982 responded to a survey that assessed attitudes, stressors, and coping strategies in each of three areas: work environment, role adoption, and personal life. Results indicate that successful role adoption (making difficult decisions, displaying leadership, dealing with uncertainty, being personally responsible for patients' care) is the primary task of residency, balanced by increasing stress in maintaining social support systems in family and peer groups. Coping strategies are directed at promoting role adoption and preserving personal ties. Work factors that accentuate the tension between these two aspects create the most distress. The degree to which role adoption is accomplished, the stress imposed, and coping strategies employed differed significantly with gender, specialty, and program type.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1994

Adoptive transfer of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis: recipient response to myelin basic protein-reactive lymphocytes.

We have used adoptive transfer of myelin basic protein (MBP)-reactive lymphocytes in the Lewis rat model of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) to identify stages of effector cell development and to investigate the nature of the subsequent recipient response to the transferred cells. Depending on the timing of cell collection, lymph node cells (LNC) obtained from MBP-CFA (MBP emulsified in complete Freund's adjuvant)-immunized donors may directly transfer clinical disease; however, independent of disease development, recipients of LNC develop early onset of clinical disease following immunization of the recipients with MBP-CFA, consistent with the presence of MBP-memory cells in the LNC transfer inoculum. Similarly obtained spleen cells do not directly transfer disease and do not contain MBP-memory cells (as defined by the early onset of clinical disease following MBP-CFA challenge). Spleen cells adoptively transfer clinical disease only following in vitro culture stimulation with antigen or selected mitogens. Recipients of the primary culture-derived encephalitogenic spleen cells also develop an accelerated onset of clinical disease following MBP-CFA challenge, indicative of the presence of MBP-memory cells, and are not vaccinated. Encephalitogenic T cell lines adoptively transfer clinical disease, and in most cases recipients are vaccinated to MBP-CFA-induced active disease, but remain susceptible to adoptively transferred disease. Co-transfer of encephalitogenic T cell line cells with MBP-reactive lymph node or encephalitogenic spleen cells does not alter the vaccination response. We have found that during the process of T cell line development, the vaccinating phenotype is acquired following the second antigen stimulation cycle. These studies also demonstrate that regulation induced by T cell vaccination blocks the development of effector cells from precursor cells and that such regulation is also equally effective in blocking disease development in recipients which have increased numbers of memory cells. Thus, the response to T cell vaccination, once established, is fully capable of inhibiting the development of effector cells from increased numbers of precursor/memory cells, a response that would be needed in the clinical application of vaccination-induced resistance.

Animals↗