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At least 613 records · Page 34Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

In-depth analysis of spatial cognition in Williams syndrome: A critical assessment of the role of the LIMK1 gene.

The LIM kinase1 protein (LIMK1) is thought to be involved in neuronal development and brain function. However, its role in spatial cognition in individuals with Williams syndrome (WS) is currently ambiguous, with conflicting reports on the cognitive phenotypes of individuals who do not have classic WS but harbour partial deletions including LIMK1. Two families with partial WS deletions have been described with deficits in visuospatial cognition (Frangiskakis, J. M., Ewart, A. K., Morris, C. A., Mervis, C. B., Bertrand, & J., Robinson, et al. (1996). LIM-kinase 1 hemizygosity implicated in impaired visuospatial constructive cognition. Cell, 86, 59-69), in contrast to others with similar partial deletions who did not display spatial impairments (Tassabehji, M., Metcalfe, K., Karmiloff-Smith, A., Carette, M. J., Grant, J., & Dennis, N., et al. (1999). Williams syndrome: Use of chromosomal microdeletions as a tool to dissect cognitive and physical phenotypes. American Journal of Human Genetics, 64, 118-125). To determine the role of LIMK1 in the highly penetrant visuospatial deficits associated with classic WS, it is essential to investigate the discrepancies between the two studies. Previous research used a standardised task to measure spatial cognition, which may not pick up subtle impairments. We therefore undertook more extensive testing of the spatial cognition of two adults with partial genetic deletions in the WS critical region (LIMK1 and ELN only), who had not displayed spatial impairments in the previous study, and compared them to two high-functioning adults with WS matched on verbal ability. All participants completed a broad battery of 16 perceptual and constructive spatial tests, and the clear-cut spatial difficulties observed in the WS group were not found in the partial deletion group. These findings rule out the claim that the deletion of one copy of LIMK1 is alone sufficient to result in spatial impairment, but leave open the possibility that LIMK1 contributes to the WS cognitive deficits if deleted in combination with other genes within the WS deletion. We conclude that a deeper assessment of WS at the genetic level is required before the contribution of specific genes to phenotypic outcomes can be fully understood.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Retinotopic effects during spatial audio-visual integration.

The successful integration of visual and auditory stimuli requires information about whether visual and auditory signals originate from corresponding places in the external world. Here we report crossmodal effects of spatially congruent and incongruent audio-visual (AV) stimulation. Visual and auditory stimuli were presented from one of four horizontal locations in external space. Seven healthy human subjects had to assess the spatial fit of a visual stimulus (i.e. a gray-scaled picture of a cartoon dog) and a simultaneously presented auditory stimulus (i.e. a barking sound). Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) revealed two distinct networks of cortical regions that processed preferentially either spatially congruent or spatially incongruent AV stimuli. Whereas earlier visual areas responded preferentially to incongruent AV stimulation, higher visual areas of the temporal and parietal cortex (left inferior temporal gyrus [ITG], right posterior superior temporal gyrus/sulcus [pSTG/STS], left intra-parietal sulcus [IPS]) and frontal regions (left pre-central gyrus [PreCG], left dorsolateral pre-frontal cortex [DLPFC]) responded preferentially to congruent AV stimulation. A position-resolved analysis revealed three robust cortical representations for each of the four visual stimulus locations in retinotopic visual regions corresponding to the representation of the horizontal meridian in area V1 and at the dorsal and ventral borders between areas V2 and V3. While these regions of interest (ROIs) did not show any significant effect of spatial congruency, we found subregions within ROIs in the right hemisphere that showed an incongruency effect (i.e. an increased fMRI signal during spatially incongruent compared to congruent AV stimulation). We interpret this finding as a correlate of spatially distributed recurrent feedback during mismatch processing: whenever a spatial mismatch is detected in multisensory regions (such as the IPS), processing resources are re-directed to low-level visual areas.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2005

Opposite behaviours in the forced swimming test are linked to differences in spatial working memory performances in the rat.

Despite consistent evidence of an association between depression and impaired memory performance, only a few studies have investigated memory processes in animal models of depression. The aim of the present study was to determine if rats selected for marked differences in their immobility response in the forced swimming test (FST, i.e. high-immobility, [HI] and low-immobility [LI] rats) exhibit differences in spatial and non-spatial memory performances. In a classic radial maze elimination task, we observed that HI rats made significantly more errors than LI rats, and their first error appeared significantly earlier. In a delayed spatial win-shift procedure where rats have to hold spatially relevant information in working memory across a 30 min delay, HI rats tended initially to perform more poorly than LI rats. HI rats made more across-phase errors, the occurrence of the first error was earlier and by the end of the experiment the differences between the two groups disappeared. Thus, HI rats present more difficulties to learn the rules in a spatial task and show weaker performances in spatial working memory in comparison to LI rats. On the other hand, performances in the two groups of animals were similar in a non-spatial task, the object recognition task. Complementary behavioral data indicate that the differences observed between the two groups are not attributable to opposite locomotor activities or to different levels of anxiety. Overall we can conclude that opposite swimming behavior in the FST could parallel some differences in cognitive performances, more specifically linked to spatial working memory.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Orexin-saporin lesions of the medial septum impair spatial memory.

The medial septum and diagonal band of Broca (MSDB) provide a major input to the hippocampus and are important for spatial learning and memory. Although electrolytic MSDB lesions have prominent memory impairing effects, selective lesions of either cholinergic or GABAergic MSDB neurons do not or only mildly impair spatial memory. MSDB neurons are targets of orexin-containing neurons from the hypothalamus. At present, the functional significance of orexin afferents to MSDB is unclear, and the present study investigated a possible involvement of orexin innervation of the MSDB in spatial memory. Orexin-saporin, a toxin that damages neurons containing the hypocretin-2 receptor, was administered into the MSDB of rats. Rats were subsequently tested on a water maze to assess spatial reference memory and a plus maze to assess spatial working memory. At 100 ng/microl, orexin-saporin destroyed primarily GABAergic septohippocampal neurons, sparing the majority of cholinergic neurons. At 200 ng/microl, orexin-saporin almost totally eliminated GABAergic septohippocampal neurons and destroyed many cholinergic neurons. Spatial reference memory was impaired at both concentrations of orexin-saporin with a dramatic impairment observed for 24-h retention. Short-term reference memory was also impaired at both concentrations. Rats treated with 200 ng/microl, but not 100 ng/microl, of orexin-saporin were also impaired on a spontaneous alternation task, showing a deficit in spatial working memory. Our results, together with previous studies, suggest that orexin innervation of the MSDB may modulate spatial memory by acting on both GABAergic and cholinergic septohippocampal neurons.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Spatial and temporal visual properties of single neurons in the suprageniculate nucleus of the thalamus.

The spatial and temporal visual sensitivity to drifting sinusoidal gratings was studied in 105 neurons of the suprageniculate nucleus of the feline thalamus. Extracellular single-unit recordings were performed in halothane-anesthetized, immobilized, artificially ventilated cats. Most suprageniculate nucleus cells were strongly sensitive to the direction of drifting gratings. The suprageniculate nucleus units had a clear preference for very low spatial frequencies with a mean of 0.05 cycle/deg. The spatial resolution was also very low with a mean of 0.16 cycle/deg. Most of the cells displayed low-pass spatial tuning characteristics, while the remainder of the units were band-pass tuned. The suprageniculate nucleus units were extremely narrowly tuned, to spatial frequencies with a mean spatial bandwidth of 1.07 octaves. A majority of the units responded optimally to high temporal frequencies, with a mean of 8.53 Hz. The temporal frequency tuning functions predominantly revealed a band-pass character, with a mean temporal bandwidth of 1.66 octaves. These results demonstrate that the neurons in the suprageniculate nucleus display particular spatial and temporal characteristics. The spatial and temporal tuning properties of the suprageniculate nucleus neurons are very similar to those of the superior colliculus and the anterior ectosylvian cortex, structures that provide the main visual afferentation toward the suprageniculate nucleus. This suggests their common function in motion perception, and especially in the recording of movements of the visual environment relative to the body, and the related behavioral action.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Long-term continuous, but not daily, environmental enrichment reduces spatial memory decline in aged male mice.

Although environmental enrichment improves spatial memory and alters synaptic plasticity in aged rodents, it is unclear whether all types of enrichment treatments yield similar benefits. The present study examined the effects in aged male mice of three types of enrichment on spatial memory in Morris water maze and radial arm maze tasks, and on levels of the presynaptic protein synaptophysin in several brain regions. Non-enriched young and aged males were compared with males exposed to one of the following treatments for 10 weeks: 5 min of daily handling, 3 h of daily basic enrichment, or 24 h of continuous complex enrichment. Young controls outperformed aged controls in both tasks. Neither daily handling nor daily enrichment affected spatial memory or synaptophysin levels. In contrast, continuous enrichment significantly reduced age-related spatial memory decline in both tasks, such that this group was statistically indistinguishable from young controls in most measures of performance. Continuously enriched mice were also significantly better than other aged mice in several spatial memory measures. Despite these improvements, synaptophysin levels in the continuous enrichment group were significantly lower than those of young and aged controls in the frontoparietal cortex, hippocampus, and striatum, suggesting a negative relationship between synaptophysin levels and spatial memory in aged males. These data demonstrate that different types of enrichment in aged male mice have disparate effects on spatial memory, and that the relationship between enrichment-induced changes in synaptophysin levels and spatial memory in aged males differs from that we have previously reported in aged female mice.

Aging↗
PubMed2004

Improvement of visual acuity by spatial cueing: a comparative study in human and non-human primates.

This study investigated the influence of spatial cueing (valid/invalid/no cue) on visual discrimination in human and non-human primates. We employed a spatial resolution task which required the accurate discrimination of the orientation of a Landolt "C" ring. The C appeared as single target in specific retinal locations while subjects maintained fixation of a central fixation point. The minimal discernable size of the "C" (=acuity threshold) was determined as a function of cue condition, retinal eccentricity (3 degrees -15 degrees ), and stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) (200-1100 ms). For both species, we found consistent benefits from spatial cueing with differences in absolute thresholds ranging from 6% to 25%. These differences increased with retinal eccentricity and decreased with longer SOAs. Further experiments performed with humans only, showed that the effect of spatial cueing on visual discrimination is independent of spatial uncertainty, i.e. the number of possible target locations (2 versus 4), but fades with longer target presentation times. From our results we draw the following conclusions. (i) Since sensory noise and spatial uncertainty was small in our tasks, spatial shifts of attention involve signal enhancement in both, human and non-human primates. (ii) The similarity of the results obtained for humans and macaque monkeys indicates that the latter may serve as a suitable model system in studies trying to tackle the neural underpinnings of attentional control. (iii) In order to elicit robust effects on visual discrimination by spatial shifts of attention, a paradigm comprising short SOAs (approximately 200 ms) and target presentation times (approximately 150 ms), and retinal eccentricities larger than approximately 9 degrees seems most promising.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Spatial frequency selective masking of first-order and second-order motion in the absence of off-frequency 'looking'.

Converging evidence suggests that, at least initially, first-order (luminance defined) and second-order (e.g. contrast defined) motion are processed independently in human vision. However, adaptation studies suggest that second-order motion, like first-order motion, may be encoded by spatial frequency selective mechanisms each operating over a limited range of scales. Nonetheless, the precise properties of these mechanisms are indeterminate since the spatial frequency selectivity of adaptation aftereffects may not necessarily represent the frequency tuning of the underlying units [Vision Research 37 (1997) 2685]. To address this issue we used visual masking to investigate the spatial-frequency tuning of the mechanisms that encode motion. A dual-masking paradigm was employed to derive estimates of the spatial tuning of motion sensors, in the absence of off-frequency 'looking'. Modulation-depth thresholds for identifying the direction of a sinusoidal test pattern were measured over a 4-octave range (0.125-2 c/deg) in both the absence and presence of two counterphasing masks, simultaneously positioned above and below the test frequency. For second-order motion, the resulting masking functions were spatially bandpass in character and remained relatively invariant with changes in test spatial frequency, masking pattern modulation depth and the temporal properties of the noise carrier. As expected, bandpass spatial frequency tuning was also found for first-order motion. This provides compelling evidence that the mechanisms responsible for encoding each variety of motion exhibit spatial frequency selectivity. Thus, although first-order and second-order motion may be encoded independently, they must utilise similar computational principles.

Humans↗
PubMed2005

Spatial interference among moving targets.

Peripheral vision for static form is limited both by reduced spatial acuity and by interference among adjacent features ('crowding'). However, the visibility of acuity-corrected image motion is relatively constant across the visual field. We measured whether spatial interference among nearby moving elements is similarly invariant of retinal eccentricity and assessed if motion integration could account for any observed sensitivity loss. We report that sensitivity to the direction of motion of a central target-highly visible in isolation-was strongly impaired by four drifting flanking elements. The extent of spatial interference increased with eccentricity. Random-direction flanks and flanks whose directions formed global patterns of rotation or expansion were more disruptive than flanks forming global patterns of translation, regardless of the relative direction of the target element. Spatial interference was low-pass tuned for spatial frequency and broadly tuned for temporal frequency. We show that these results challenge the generality of models of spatial interference that are based on retinal image quality, masking, confusions between target and flanks, attentional resolution limits or (simple) "averaging" of element parameters. Instead, the results suggest that spatial interference is a consequence of the integration of meaningful image structure within large receptive fields. The underlying connectivity of this integration favours low spatial frequency structure but is broadly tuned for speed.

Fixation, Ocular↗
PubMed2005

Spatial interactions in amblyopia: effects of stimulus parameters and amblyopia type.

Adults with amblyopia were recently shown to perform abnormally in tasks requiring integration of local features into global percepts. Moreover, spatial interactions in amblyopic patients, though often found to be abnormal, showed marked variability. Here we measured collinear lateral interactions using Gabor patches in a large number of amblyopic (N=75) and normal subjects (N=25), testing four spatial frequencies (1.5, 3, 6, 9 cpd). We used the lateral masking paradigm, in which the contrast-detection threshold is measured in the presence of high-contrast flankers at different distances from a central target. Whereas in normal subjects spatial interaction patterns were evident across all spatial frequencies, amblyopic subjects showed abnormal spatial interactions and increasing deficiencies with increasing spatial frequencies. These abnormalities depended on the axis of astigmatism (in meridional amblyopia) and were more pronounced in strabismic than in anisometropic amblyopia. Spatial interactions were independent on the contrast-detection thresholds. Thus, adults with amblyopia might perform as well as normal observers for some stimulus parameters and abnormally for others. Our results indicate a close relationship between abnormal visual input to the visual cortex during development and abnormal functionality of the collinear spatial interactions in adults with amblyopia.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Non-spatial water radial-arm maze learning in mice.

Recently, we published a method for examining working and reference memory in mice using a spatial version of the water radial-arm maze. Here we describe a non-spatial version of the same maze. BXSB mice were able to learn the maze as shown by the decrease in the number of working and reference memory errors over sessions. This maze was used to examine learning differences between males and females and between mice with misplaced clusters of neurons in layer I of cortex (ectopias) and those without. In a prior study using the spatial version of the water radial-arm maze, male BXSB mice had poorer working memory than females during the acquisition phase. Similarly, in this study male BXSB mice demonstrated impaired working memory during the asymptotic phase of non-spatial radial-arm maze learning. Two prior studies showed that mice with neocortical ectopias demonstrated working memory impairments compared to non-ectopic littermates in the spatial version of the water radial-arm maze. Contrary to this, in the non-spatial radial-arm maze used here, ectopic mice were not impaired in working memory and showed better memory when the working memory 'load' was the highest. Overall, both versions of the maze can be useful tools to assess spatial and non-spatial working and reference memory in mice.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

The role of the left hemisphere in verbal and spatial reasoning tasks.

Laterality of reasoning processes have long been a source of investigation. Differing formats of verbal and spatial reasoning tasks have meant it has not been possible to extricate true performance level from artefacts of input and output modalities. The Verbal and Spatial Reasoning Test (VESPAR) offers this opportunity, by virtue of matched sets of verbal and spatial inductive reasoning problems. Two series of 40 patients with unilateral left and right hemisphere lesions were tested on two verbal and two spatial subtests of the VESPAR, together with a battery of baseline tests. The performance of the left and right hemisphere lesion cases was compared with a normal standardisation sample. Whereas only the left hemisphere group failed the verbal sections, both left and right hemisphere groups failed the spatial sections. The influence of aphasia on spatial reasoning was considered to be an incomplete explanation for the failure of the left hemisphere group on the spatial sections. It is concluded that this investigation provides firmer evidence of a crucial role for the left hemisphere in both verbal and spatial abstract reasoning processes.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

"Object vision" and "spatial vision": the neuropsychological evidence for the distinction.

The distinction between "object vision" and "spatial vision" was made by Ungerleider and Mishkin (1982) on the evidence of behavioural and neuroanatomical studies, largely with monkeys. It holds that separate cortical systems are involved, the occipito-temporal in object vision, the occipito-parietal in spatial vision. This distinction has been unquestioned; it appears as though fact in influential textbooks; but has never been subjected to critical scrutiny. Theoretically, there are substantial difficulties, for instance because during perception objects do not form a special category, apart from their features; and because shape, pattern and size are spatial features of objects. Empirically, for the monkey the behavioural distinction does not hold (because parietal cortex is not the sole cortical area involved in "spatial vision"); and in man because parietal lesions have long been known to lead to impaired perception of incomplete pictures. Moreover, although Ungerleider and Mishkin do not generalise their distinction to touch, this sense deserves consideration, given that Mishkin had earlier argued that vision and touch have a similar organisation. In touch there are direct anatomical connections between the areas serving "object touch" and "spatial touch", and both in man and in the monkey it seems established that the same region processes spatial performance in vision and in touch. Further work is needed particularly on the spatial disorder after parietal lesions: in the monkey, research has frequently been confined to one non-specific test; in man, important differences related to the laterality of the lesion, have only recently emerged. Then "spatial performance" may be found to be more closely linked to motor output than to sensory input.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Patterns of spatial functioning in Turner's syndrome.

This paper presents results from a study of task performance on a variety of spatial tasks in 9-11 year-old children with Turner's Syndrome (T.S.), divided into those with genotype 45XO and those with Mixed genotypes, including isochromosomes of X and mosaicism. There was a significant overall effect of group reflecting impaired spatial cognition in T.S. with greater decrement in the 45XO group. Further investigation of the significant group by task interaction indicated that the group effects appeared on a visuo-perceptual task and on three visuo-constructional tasks but that there were no specific deficits in the T.S. groups on visuo-spatial or tactile-spatial tasks. In T.S., visuo-perceptual and visuo-constructive sub-systems of spatial skill may be more vulnerable than other components of spatial cognition, to the neuro-biological influences which contribute to the disorder. Such dissociation supports theories of modularity in the development of spatial skill. The spatial tasks which create difficulty overlap only partially with those for which there are sex differences amongst normal children and do not represent a simple exaggeration of normal male-female differences.

Child↗
PubMed1990

Spatial harmonics and pattern specification in early Drosophila development. Part I. Bifurcation sequences and gene expression.

Molecular probes have now provided an unprecedented wealth of detail revealing the changing spatial patterns of gene products in early Drosophila development. This is examined for dynamic properties which might provide insights into the underlying behaviour of the patterning process. What emerges is that transcripts and protein products of members of the major categories of zygotically active genes involved in segmentation pass through transient spatial patterns that are suggestive of harmonic sequences arising from spatial frequency-doubling bifurcations. That is to say, these patterns are typically periodic in space and show a doubling in the number of domains of spatial expression as development proceeds. One of these patterns reflects the primary functional role of the gene in the establishment of the spatial pattern. The different categories of segmentation gene pass through these transients at different rates, those with the longest functional wavelength progressing most slowly. Each gene in a category has its own unique phase relationship to other members, as well as particular variations on the harmonic sequence theme. The result is that the developing embryo experiences a spatial hierarchy of phase-shifted patterning influences that span the range from the whole embryo to single segments, providing progressively more spatial resolution in the patterning process. The characteristic transients and the dynamic relationships between genes of the different categories suggest that gene products expressed in longer-wavelength patterns act as bifurcation parameters on the dynamic system generating the next shorter wavelength category. Such parametric influences are known to result in frequency-doubling bifurcations in Turing reaction-diffusion systems. A general model is proposed of a hierarchically-nested set of quasi-autonomous dynamic systems involving gene activities that can generate the progressively finer spatial order that emerges during embryogenesis. This model has implications for the general stability properties of evolving epigenetic systems.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Spatial bias: effects of early reading direction on Korean subjects.

Spatial bias may occur in subjects performing a number of cognitive and visual-motor tasks. These include coordinate visuospatial computations (e.g. bisecting a line) and categorical representations of syntactic information (e.g. drawing a picture depicting the action of a sentence). Readers of European languages scan from left-to-right and this learned visual scanning may contribute to leftward spatial bias. In 30 subjects who first learned to read in a top-to-bottom, right-to-left direction (right-left vertical readers, RL), we tested spatial-syntactic bias by reading sentences to subjects, who drew pictures depicting the actions. We noted whether the subject of the sentence was located leftward or rightward of the object. We assessed visual-spatial bias by measuring subjects' accuracy at bisecting lines, and by measuring how closely their drawings on the house-tree-person test were centered on the page. On the spatial-syntactic task, the RL were not right- or left-biased (P=0.581). Korean controls (left-right horizontal readers, LR) also showed no significant spatial-syntactic bias. RL only tended to bisect lines leftward, but displaced house-tree-person drawings left of page center (P<0.001). LR erred leftward on line bisection, and had a smaller magnitude leftward bias on drawing tasks. We conclude that a leftward spatial-syntactic bias may not be innate and does not appear to be influenced by learned reading direction. In contrast, the leftward visual-spatial bias may occur in subjects whose cultural and reading background is neither western nor left-to-right.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Functional topography of a distributed neural system for spatial and nonspatial information maintenance in working memory.

We investigated the degree to which the distributed and overlapping patterns of activity for working memory (WM) maintenance of objects and spatial locations are functionally dissociable. Previous studies of the neural system responsible for maintenance of different types of information in WM have reported seemingly contradictory results concerning the degree to which spatial and nonspatial information maintenance leads to distinct patterns of activation in prefrontal cortex. These inconsistent results may be partly attributable to the fact that different types of objects were used for the "object WM task" across studies. In the current study, we directly compared the patterns of response during WM tasks for face identity, house identity, and spatial location using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Furthermore, independence of the neural resources available for spatial and object WM was tested behaviorally using a dual-task paradigm. Together, these results suggest that the mechanisms for the maintenance of house identity information are distributed and overlapping with those that maintain spatial location information, while the mechanisms for maintenance of face identity information are relatively more independent. There is, however, a consistent functional topography that results in superior prefrontal cortex producing the greatest response during spatial WM tasks, and middle and inferior prefrontal cortices producing their greatest responses during object WM tasks, independent of the object type. These results argue for a dorsal-ventral functional organization for spatial and nonspatial information. However, objects may contain both spatial and nonspatial information and, thus, have a distributed but not equipotent representation across both dorsal and ventral prefrontal cortex.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Spatial memory deficits in patients with unilateral damage to the right hippocampal formation.

Patients with unilateral temporal lobe damage resulting from intractable temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE, n = 30) or from temporal lobe resection (temporal lobectomy, TLR, n = 47) were investigated on the Nine-box Maze. The task, analogous to the radial arm maze, was designed to compare spatial mapping and working memory theories of the functions of the hippocampus. The task provides measures of spatial, object, working and reference memory, incorporated into a within subjects design. The spatial component was designed to encourage the formation of allocentric rather than egocentric spatial representations. Spatial memory deficits were found (across working and reference memory components) in both TLE and TLR patients with right temporal lobe damage, with intact spatial memory in patients with corresponding left temporal lobe damage. Performance on the matched non-spatial (object) working memory component was equal to healthy controls for all groups. However all patient groups showed a deficit on object reference memory. These findings are discussed in relation to the underlying temporal lobe pathology and particularly atrophy of the hippocampal formation. Overall, the results support the cognitive mapping theory of hippocampal function, with the demonstration of a selective (and probably allocentric) spatial memory deficit in patients with right hippocampal damage.

Adolescent↗