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PubMed2000

Early amniocentesis versus transabdominal chorion villus sampling for prenatal diagnosis.

BACKGROUND: A major disadvantage of amniocentesis is that test results are usually available only after 18 weeks gestation. Early amniocentesis can now be done between 9 to 14 weeks gestation. OBJECTIVES: The objective was to assess the safety and accuracy of early amniocentesis compared with chorion villus sampling. SEARCH STRATEGY: The Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group trials register and the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register were searched. Date of last search: October 1998. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised trials comparing early amniocentesis with transabdominal chorion villus sampling. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: One reviewer assessed eligibility and trial quality. MAIN RESULTS: Three studies were included. Sampling failure was 0.4% in the early amniocentesis group compared to 2% in the chorion villus group (relative risk 0.23, 95% confidence interval 0.08 to 0.65). Consequently, more women in the chorion villus sampling group needed a second prenatal diagnostic test (relative risk 0.43, 95% confidence interval 0.21 to 0.88). There were no statistically significant differences in the laboratory failures (relative risk 0.43, 95% confidence interval 0. 17 to 1.10) or number of women with various chromosomal abnormalities (relative risk 0.51, 95% confidence interval 0.26 to 1. 04). Combined total pregnancy loss in the early amniocentesis group was 6.2% (57/915) compared with 5% (46/917) in the chorion villus sampling group (relative risk 1.24, 95% confidence interval 0.85 to 1.81). There were more spontaneous miscarriages after early amniocentesis (4.4% versus 2.3%, relative risk 1.92, 95% confidence interval 1.14 to 3.23). There was no difference in the incidence of neonatal respiratory distress and anomalies in the newborn infants. The incidence of talipes was greater in the early amniocentesis group, although haemangiomas were more common in the chorion villus sampling group. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: Current data suggest that early amniocentesis is associated with a greater risk of spontaneous miscarriage and neonatal talipes compared to transabdominal chorion villus sampling. An increased risk of these complications needs to be weighed against fewer technical difficulties and the possibility of fewer neonatal haemangiomas.

Amniocentesis↗
PubMed2000

"Safety" in gay men's personal ads, 1985-1996.

A content analysis was conducted of a sample of gay men's personal ads over the period 1985-1996. Ads (591) were analysed, comparing those which contained references to "safety" and those which did not. Approximately 10% of ads included such a reference and this proportion did not change over time. "Safety" was not associated with the personal characteristics of advertisers or their desired partners but was more commonly mentioned by older men. There were strong associations between oral sex, anal sex and mentioning safety. However, the differential risks of HIV transmission associated with oral sex and anal sex were not reflected in the extent of reference to safety, suggesting uncertainty about the risks of HIV transmission associated with oral sex.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Occupational lead exposure aboard a tall ship.

To evaluate occupational exposures to lead in shipfitters cutting and riveting lead-painted iron plates aboard an iron-hulled sailing vessel, we conducted an environmental and medical survey. Lead exposures in seven personal (breathing zone) air samples ranged from 108 to 500 micrograms/m3 (mean 257 micrograms/m3); all were above the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) standard of 50 micrograms/m3. In two short-term air samples obtained while exhaust ventilation was temporarily disconnected, mean lead exposure rose to 547 micrograms/m3. Blood lead levels in ten shipfitters ranged from 25 to 53 micrograms/dl (mean, 37.8 micrograms/dl); levels in three of these workers exceeded the upper normal limit of 40 micrograms/dl. Blood lead levels in shipfitters were significantly higher than in other shipyard workers (mean 10.0 micrograms/dl; p less than 0.001). Smoking shipfitters (mean, 47 micrograms/dl) had significantly higher lead levels than nonsmokers (mean, 32 micrograms/dl; p = 0.03). Lead levels in shipfitters who wore respirators were not lower than in those who wore no protective gear (p = 0.68). Four shipfitters had erythrocyte protoporphyrin (EP) concentrations above the adult upper normal limit of 50 micrograms/dl. A close correlation was found between blood lead and EP levels (r = 0.70). Prevalence of lead-related symptoms was no higher in shipfitters than in other workers. No cases of symptomatic lead poisoning were noted. These data indicate that serious occupational exposure to lead can occur in a relatively small boatyard.

Humans↗
PubMed1999

[Breast milk studies in the Bitterfeld district].

Human milk samples were tested for pesticide residues (particularly chlorinated hydrocarbons) in 1996 in continuation of the environmental medical tests conducted in 1990 and 1993 in Bitterfeld county. Although the overall human milk contamination due to chlorinated hydrocarbons was reduced, there were still higher concentrations of DDT and beta-HCH detected compared to the concentrations found in what was formerly West Germany. The objective of this follow-up testing of 106 human milk samples was to observe overall trends as well as the specific effects of sanitary and environmental protection measures after three years. Sample preparation included fat extraction and chromatographic column studies. The extracts were analyzed by means of two different gas chromatography systems based on electron-catching detectors. Overall, the contamination was reduced compared to the years of 1990 and 1993. Contaminant concentrations did not exceed the "tolerable concentration" while using a safety factor of 10. However, few beta-HCH (2% of the samples), HCB (22%), total DDT (20%), and more than half of total PCB samples exceeded the "tolerable concentrations" while using a safety factor of 100. A major decrease in the average contamination was noticed for total PCB (63% decrease for 0.3 mg/kg of milk fat), beta-HCH (77% decrease for 0.056 mg/kg of milk fat), and HCB (57% decrease for 0.091 mg/kg of milk fat). The concentration of the heptachlorepoxide was even reduced to 1%. Whereas the DDT and DDD concentrations were also reduced compared to 1993 (83% decrease for 0.033 mg/kg of milk fat, and 84% decrease of 0.005 mg/kg of milk fat), the DDE concentration increased (32% increase for 0.755 mg/kg of milk fat). This can be explained by the decomposition of enzymes from DDT to DDE and the extremely high accumulation tendency of this metabolite. The results show that the contamination of women over time was influenced by two contrary factors. On one hand, the internal exposure increases with age; on the other hand lactation eliminates contaminants from the body of the mother. Comparison to other states' data shows that the results match the overall picture of the residue situation in Germany. Results of the environmental-medical investigations from 1996 demonstrate a predominant decrease of contamination with chlorinated hydrocarbons within the human body. This tendency was possibly influenced by two developments. The global usage of persistent chlorinated hydrocarbons was critically observed and regulated more strictly in recent years, which decreased their concentration tremendously. The other reason for the reduction of contamination by chlorinated hydrocarbons in the county of Bitterfeld could be the improving environmental situation in this region.

Environmental Monitoring↗
PubMed2006

Satisfaction survey with DNA cards method to collect genetic samples for pharmacogenetics studies.

BACKGROUND: Pharmacogenetic studies are essential in understanding the interindividual variability of drug responses. DNA sample collection for genotyping is a critical step in genetic studies. A method using dried blood samples from finger-puncture, collected on DNA-cards, has been described as an alternative to the usual venepuncture technique. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the implementation of the DNA cards method in a multicentre clinical trial, and to assess the degree of investigators' satisfaction and the acceptance of the patients perceived by the investigators. METHODS: Blood samples were collected on DNA-cards. The quality and quantity of DNA recovered were analyzed. Investigators were questioned regarding their general interest, previous experience, safety issues, preferences and perceived patient satisfaction. RESULTS: 151 patients' blood samples were collected. Genotyping of GST polymorphisms was achieved in all samples (100%). 28 investigators completed the survey. Investigators perceived patient satisfaction as very good (60.7%) or good (39.3%), without reluctance to finger puncture. Investigators preferred this method, which was considered safer and better than the usual methods. All investigators would recommend using it in future genetic studies. CONCLUSION: Within the clinical trial setting, the DNA-cards method was very well accepted by investigators and patients (in perception of investigators), and was preferred to conventional methods due to its ease of use and safety.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗
PubMed2004

Effects of grain sampling procedures on fusarium mycotoxin assays in wheat grains.

Fusarium mycotoxins are increasingly studied agronomically, chemically, and pathologically in the context of food safety, as a means of preventing new major health crises. Reliable mycotoxin techniques and sampling procedures are required for assessment of the effects of different sources of variation on grain mycotoxin content in agronomic experiments. Analyses were performed with the aim of formulating guidelines for grain sampling to increase the reliability of grain mycotoxin measurement in agronomic experiments. Two toxins in wheat samples, deoxynivalenol and nivalenol, were targeted. With a nested linear mixed model, it was estimated that the uncertainty of nivalenol determination was low (+/-15 microg/kg), whereas that for deoxynivalenol determination was higher (+/-38 microg/kg). It was also found that grinding of the grain decreased the variability of the results. Moreover, despite the heterogeneity in grain mycotoxin content across a given field, it was shown that heads can be harvested manually for agronomic experiments provided that sampling is representative (evenly distributed over the entire plot area). Finally, delaying the assay until after harvest was found to affect the results obtained and should therefore be avoided.

Edible Grain↗
PubMed2006

Nurse Aides' ratings of the resident safety culture in nursing homes.

PURPOSE: First, the resident safety culture of nursing homes from a Nurse Aide's perspective was compared with existing data from hospitals. Second, how the safety culture of nursing homes varied according to facility characteristics and market characteristics was examined. METHODS: Data came from 72 nursing homes and 1579 Nurse Aides (response rate of 55%). From these nursing homes, Nurse Aides completed The Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture (HSOPSC) instrument, a previously validated survey with 12 subscales used to assess safety culture. The nursing home scores from this instrument were compared with the hospital scores. Ordinary least squares regression was used to examine the association between nine nursing home facility characteristics and two market characteristics and the overall safety culture score. RESULTS: All of the 12 HSOPSC subscale scores from the nursing home sample were considerably lower than the benchmark hospital scores, indicating a less well-developed safety culture. The significant facility and market characteristics from the regression analysis resembled many of those found when similar characteristics are used in examinations of quality. CONCLUSIONS: These results are important in clearly showing that the resident safety culture of Nurse Aides in many nursing homes may be poorly developed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Strategies for the simultaneous collection of vapours and aerosols with emphasis on isocyanate sampling.

Workplace air frequently contains hazardous substances that may be present as vapours or as aerosols with a wide range of particle sizes. Depending upon a chemical species' volatility and use, it may be present in significant amounts in both the vapour and particulate phases. Unfortunately, the mechanisms by which vapours and particles are removed from an air stream during pumped sampling are substantially different. Collection of vapour molecules relies on their diffusion to a surface during their residence time in a sampler. Once in contact with a surface, vapour molecules are trapped either by adsorption onto a solid surface, absorption by a liquid, or by reaction with the medium or chemicals in the medium. Aerosol particles are most frequently collected by filtration or inertial impaction. However, if it is necessary to collect both phases simultaneously, a sampler with two stages is generally required. The exact nature of the sampler depends upon the size of the aerosol particles and the physical and chemical characteristics of the species of interest. A number of recent projects undertaken by researchers at the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health have dealt with development of sampling and analytical methods for compounds present in workplace air as both vapour and aerosol particles. One strategy invoked in several instances consisted of a filter for particle collection followed by an appropriate second stage for vapour collection. For organophosphorus pesticides, the second stage was a sorbent tube. For gaseous hydrogen fluoride, it was an alkaline-impregnated back-up pad. For formaldehyde, the second stage was an impinger containing an aqueous solution of sodium hydrogensulfite.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Aerosols↗
PubMed2006

Relationships among teams, culture, safety, and cost outcomes.

The objective of this study is to test the transtheoretical integration model, which proposes relationships among team-based phenomena and patient safety and resource-use outcome variables. The sample consisted of 411 nursing staff (n = 372) and multidisciplinary team members (n = 39) from 16 medical surgical units. Staff were surveyed to evaluate their perceptions of hospital culture, work group design, and positive and negative team processes. Managers provided data concerning outcome variables of patient falls with injury, average length of stay (LOS), and labor and supply expenses for their patient care units. A group-type hospital culture predicted fewer patient falls with injury; a developmental-type hospital culture predicted higher patient care unit costs. Team design and processes were predictive of longer LOS for patients on medical-surgical units. Conclusions of the study were that hospital contexts external to the patient care unit may be important contributors to patient safety and resource use on nursing units.

Costs and Cost Analysis↗
PubMed2003

Current concepts in the mediastinal lymph node staging of nonsmall cell lung cancer.

OBJECTIVE: To review the current concepts in the mediastinal staging of nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC), evaluating traditional and modern staging modalities. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Staging of NSCLC includes the assessment of mediastinal lymph nodes. Traditionally, computed tomography (CT) and mediastinoscopy are used. Modern staging modalities include magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET), and endoscopic ultrasound with fine-needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) METHODS: Literature was searched with PubMed and SUMSearch for original, peer-reviewed, full-length articles. Studies were evaluated on inclusion criteria, sample size, and operating characteristics. Endpoints were accuracy, safety, and applicability of the staging methods. RESULTS: CT had moderate sensitivities and specificities. With few exceptions magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) offered no advantages when compared with CT, against higher costs. PET was significantly more accurate than CT. Mediastinoscopy and its variants were widely used as gold standard, although meta-analyses were absent. Percutaneous transthoracic needle biopsy (PTNB) and transbronchial needle biopsy (TBNA) were moderately sensitive and specific. EUS-FNA had high sensitivity and specificity, is a safe and fast procedure, and is cost-effective. EUS-FNA evaluates largely a nonoverlapping mediastinal area compared with mediastinoscopy. CONCLUSIONS: PET has the highest accuracy in the mediastinal staging of NSCLC, but is not generally used yet. EUS-FNA has the potential to perform mediastinal tissue sampling more accurate than TBNA, PTNB, and mediastinoscopy, with fewer complications and costs. Although promising, EUS-FNA is still experimental. Mediastinoscopy is still considered as gold standard for mediastinal staging of NSCLC.

Biopsy, Needle↗
PubMed2004

A cross-validation of safety climate scale using confirmatory factor analytic approach.

PROBLEM: Given the lack of a consistent factor structure of safety climate, this study tested the stability of a factor structure of a safety climate scale developed through an extensive literature review using confirmatory factor analytic approach and cross-validation. METHODS: A cross-sectional sample of 722 U.S. grain industry workers participated in the questionnaire survey. RESULTS: The safety climate scale developed through the generation of an item pool based on a table of specifications, subsequent scientific item reduction procedures, reviews from experts, and pilot test yielded adequate reliabilities for each dimension. Each item showed proper discriminative power based on both internal and external criteria. Criterion validity was manifested by the significant positive correlation of the scale with five criteria. Evidence of construct validity was provided by both exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. Both calibration and validation samples supported a consistent factor structure. Management commitment and supervisor support were found to influence other dimensions of safety climate. DISCUSSION: This study provides an insight into the primary reason why previous attempts have failed to find a consistent factor structure of safety climate: No specification of the influence of management commitment and supervisor support on other dimensions of safety in their models. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: The findings of this study provide a framework upon which accident prevention efforts can be effectively organized and underscore the importance of management commitment and supervisor support as they affect employee safety perceptions.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Sulpiride: study of 669 patient presenting with pain of psychological origin].

Among somatoform disorders, pain disorder (DSM IV) appears to be relatively common in general practice and to cause social, psychological, and functional impairment. A previous study conducted by Lemoine (1997) has shown that sulpiride is more effective than placebo in reducing intensity and frequency of pain in this disorder. The aim of our study was to assess safety and efficacy of sulpiride in a large sample of patients under natural conditions of use, in general practice. In a multicenter, open clinical trial, 669 patients (mean age: 47 years +/- 12; male: 245, female: 424) fulfilling the DSM IV criteria for pain disorder (of gastrointestinal localization), were included by 321 general practitioners (GP) and treated for 6 weeks with sulpiride 150 mg/d. Investigators' evaluations were planned at D14 and D42. Furthermore a diary was given to each patient for self evaluation and intercurrent events reporting. The pain was of psychological type in 93% of cases and caused social or working disabilities in 78% of patients. At inclusion the mean score of the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale was 18 +/- 8, and the mean score of the depression scale HARD (Humeur, Angoisse, Ralentissement, Danger) was 14.8 +/- 6.4. During the study 7.9% of the patients had at least one adverse event, and 3% of patients were withdrawn for adverse event. Safety assessed with a specific variable (grouping together adverse events' reporting and results of CGI item 3) was good for 88% of patients. The principal criterion of efficacy was the clinician's evaluation of the intensity and frequency of abdominal pain on a four-point scale from 0 (asymptomatic) to 3 (important/continuous) from D0 to D End a decrease in pain intensity (91% of patients) and in pain frequency (89%) was observed as well as in frequency and intensity of related gastroenterological symptoms such as disturbances of bowel movements (79% and 78%), bloated symptoms (88% and 83%), nausea/vomiting (90% and 90%). A similar improvement (p < 0.001) was observed from D0 to End point on the self evaluation parameters (Visual Analogic Scales), assessing pain (mean score D0-D End: 17.1 +/- 15.9), quality of sleep (mean score D0-D End: 27.1 +/- 17.8), activity (mean score D0-D End: 24.4 +/- 18.8), and appetite (mean score D0-D End: 22.6 +/- 16.6). In conclusion these results confirm the usefulness of sulpiride in the treatment of pain disorders a symptomatology known to cause difficulties to GP's in their practice.

Abdominal Pain↗
PubMed2006

Development of a child safety seat Hassles Scale in a largely low-income Latino population.

OBJECTIVE: High rates of use of child safety seats have been achieved. A remaining challenge in child passenger safety is to reach the Healthy People 2010 objective of child safety seat use to 100%. Several factors have been reported to influence child safety seat use. A child safety seat Hassles Scale was developed to explore hassles that are associated with child safety seat nonuse. METHODS: Focus groups with violators of the California Child Passenger Safety Law provided data to construct the 29-item Hassles Scale. The scale was used in an interview that was conducted with 132 parents who were cited for violation of the law and whose children were 12 to 47 months of age and weighed 20 to 40 pounds. Interviews were conducted 3 months after parents paid the fine for the citation. Each hassle was rated 0 to 3 on frequency and intensity. Parent report of child safety seat use was obtained. Factor analysis was used to construct subscales. Relationship of subscale frequency and intensity scores to reported child safety seat use was assessed with linear regression. RESULTS: The sample was 86% Latino, 45% Spanish-speaking, and 55% with income < dollar 30000. Thirty-one percent of the parents reported that the child did not now always use a child safety seat. Four subscales were identified: child, crowding/inconvenience, busy, and vehicle. Only the frequency of the child subscale items (eg, resists, gets out of seat) and the frequency and the intensity of the crowding/inconvenience subscale items (eg, child safety seat takes up too much room, too many passengers) were related to child safety seat nonuse. Sixty-nine percent agreement with parent report of child safety seat use was achieved using only the frequency scores for the 9 items in the 2 subscales child and crowding/inconvenience, compared with 65% for the 29-item scale. CONCLUSIONS: In this low-income largely Latino population of violators, self-report of "always using a child safety seat" when transporting their child was low (59%). Child safety seat nonuse was related to hassles that are associated with child behaviors and vehicle crowding/inconvenience. The child safety seat Hassles Scale documented barriers and difficulties with the use of a child safety seat in a high-risk population for nonuse. These concepts can be explored by clinicians and others who work to increase consistent child safety seat use. Additional evaluation and development of the instrument requires validation for its use as a screening or educational tool.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMedDate not supplied

US women desire greater professional guidance on hormone and alternative therapies for menopause symptom management.

OBJECTIVE: Women increasingly use alternative therapies for menopause symptom relief. We examined 1) current use and perceptions of hormone and alternative therapies for symptom relief among US women, and 2) healthcare provider involvement in women's decision making. DESIGN: An online survey was completed by a national sample of 781 US women aged 40 to 60 years (72% survey completion rate) drawn from the Knowledge Networks panel in June 2004. Nationally representative estimates of women's use and perceptions of hormone and alternative therapies were made by accounting for sampling weights and survey design. RESULTS: Hormone therapy was reported among 263 or 37% of this largely symptomatic sample, of whom 59% had stopped primarily due to concern about its potential risks. Herbal products and soy supplements separately were used among 31% and 13% of symptomatic women, of whom 41% and 67% were current users. Forty-four percent of herb users considered these products helpful with symptom relief. Sampled women generally felt ill informed about proper doses and usage of herbal products. Also, 58% of the sampled women expressed at least some concerns about these products, whereas proven safety was the most important factor when women consider such products. Despite considering healthcare providers the most reliable source of information, sampled women expressed low confidence in their ability to give sufficient information about treatment options for menopause symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Alternative therapies have become increasing popular and are quickly approaching hormone therapy in frequency as therapies for symptom relief among menopause-age women in the United States. However, large gaps exist between patient expectations and provider preparedness to guide patient decision making.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Evaluation of a safety training program in three food service companies.

PROBLEM: Outcome measures for safety training effectiveness research often do not include measures such as occupational injury experience. Effectiveness mediators also receive sparse attention. METHOD: A new safety training curriculum was delivered to workers in a stratified random sample of food service facilities across three companies. A similar group of facilities received usual training. We collected post-test measures of demographic variables, safety knowledge, perceptions of transfer of training climate, and workers' compensation claim data for one year after the initial training activities. RESULTS: Knowledge test scores were apparently higher in the new-training units than in the usual-training units. Some demographic variables were inconsistently associated with these differences. Evidence for reduction of the injury rate associated with the new training was observed from two companies but only approached significance for one company. A second company revealed a similar but non-significant trend. Knowledge scores were not significantly associated with lower injury rates. DISCUSSION: We found evidence that safety training increases knowledge and reduces injuries. We found almost no evidence of effects of training effectiveness mediators, including no relationship between safety knowledge and injury experience. Methodological issues related to conducting a large study may have influenced these results. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: Although safety training leads to greater knowledge and, in some cases, reduced occupational injuries, the influence of mediating variables remains to be fully explained.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed2003

The need for occupational health services in Bloemfontein.

The research was undertaken to ascertain the need for occupational health services in Bloemfontein with the possibility of planning such services in small and medium industries. As mentioned in the problem statement, small and medium industries generally do not employ an occupational health nurse. The survey method was used and the research was descriptive in nature. Questionnaires were used to collect information and the researcher evaluated the environment for safety hazards by means of a checklist. Three samples were conducted: a samples test to identify the industries and employees and goal-directed selection to identify the managers. The main findings of the research showed that managers and employees do not know about industrial health. Managers were unaware of the occupational hazards in their industries but they responded positively and expressed the need for services. The workers were aware of occupational hazards to a certain extent and also expressed the need for services. The main reason for the absence of services is their unaffordability. Some of the recommendations are that industrial health nurses have an important task in providing appropriate information to employers and employees. Occupational nurses face great challenges.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed1965

Food safety program. Endrin monitoring in the Mississippi river.

Twelve successive monthly samplings and analyses of representative fish and shellfish and of mud and water from the lower Mississippi River showed neither a high concentration of endrin nor a time-ordered change in the concentration. The general absence of endrin from the samples indicated no significant contamination.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

U.S. Food Safety and Inspection Service testing for Salmonella in selected raw meat and poultry products in the United States, 1998 through 2003: analysis of set results.

The U.S. Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) tests sets of samples of selected raw meat and poultry products for Salmonella to ensure that federally inspected establishments meet performance standards defined in the pathogen reduction-hazard analysis and critical control point system (PR-HACCP) final rule. In the present report, sample set results are described and associations between set failure and set and establishment characteristics are identified for 4,607 sample sets collected from 1998 through 2003. Sample sets were obtained from seven product classes: broiler chicken carcasses (n = 1,010), cow and bull carcasses (n = 240), market hog carcasses (n = 560), steer and heifer carcasses (n = 123), ground beef (n = 2,527), ground chicken (n = 31), and ground turkey (n = 116). Of these 4,607 sample sets, 92% (4,255) were collected as part of random testing efforts (A sets), and 93% (4,166) passed. However, the percentage of positive samples relative to the maximum number of positive results allowable in a set increased over time for broilers but decreased or stayed the same for the other product classes. Three factors associated with set failure were identified: establishment size, product class, and year. Set failures were more likely early in the testing program (relative to 2003). Small and very small establishments were more likely to fail than large ones. Set failure was less likely in ground beef than in other product classes. Despite an overall decline in set failures through 2003, these results highlight the need for continued vigilance to reduce Salmonella contamination in broiler chicken and continued implementation of programs designed to assist small and very small establishments with PR-HACCP compliance issues.

Animals↗