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PubMed2002

The shift in stages of the nutrition transition in the developing world differs from past experiences!

OBJECTIVE: This paper explores the unique nutrition transition shifts in diet and activity patterns from the period termed the receding famine pattern to the one dominated by nutrition-related non-communicable diseases (NR-NCDs). The paper examines the speed and timing of these changes; unique components, such as the issue of finding both under- and overnutrition in the same household; potential exacerbating biological relationships that contribute to differences in the rates of change; and political issues. SETTING: The focus is on lower- and middle-income countries of Asia, Africa, the Middle East and Latin America. RESULTS: These changes are occurring at great speed and at earlier stages of these countries' economic and social development. There are some unique issues that relate to body composition and potential genetic factors. The significance of the high number of persons exposed to heavy insults during pregnancy and infancy (foetal origins hypothesis) and the subsequent rapid shifts in energy imbalance remains to be understood. Countries that are still addressing major concerns of undernutrition are not ready to address these NR-NCDs. CONCLUSIONS: The developing world needs to give far greater emphasis to addressing the prevention of the adverse health consequences of this shift to the nutrition transition stage of degenerative diseases.

Africa↗
PubMed1996

Historical development of Chinese dietary patterns and nutrition from the ancient to the modern society.

Actually, food, diet and diet therapy germinated together with the change of meal patterns and traditional Chinese medicine from very ancient China; they appeared in an embryonic form till the Shang and Zhou Dynasties and received great importance from the governors who arranged officials to manage their diets and banquets. Moreover, food, diet and meal patterns were replenished through the Zhou, Qin, Han and Jin Dynasties and epitomized and reached thriving and prosperous standards till the Tang Dynasty. They then became perfected, developed, and formed a complete theory in the dynasties of Song, Jin, Yuan, Ming and Qing. The basis of modern nutrition was made up until the end of 19th century and the beginning of 20th century, which was the time when natural science, including microbiology, chemistry, food industry, etc. were extended into China, yet it was not fully formed until the established of the People's Republic of China. Practicing, teaching, training and research activities started regularly in 1950. With a big population and poor economy basis, the first problem that the Chinese people has now been basically solved. Chinese nutritional scientists worked hard to find out the nutritional problems and status of the people. Through the broad-scale 'Nationwide Nutrition Survey', we now understand our main problems. On this basis, RDA, dietary goal and dietary guidance have been put forward. Although the problem of adequate food and clothing has been basically solved, the Chinese are still facing both the problem of nutrition insufficiency and nutrition excess. However, although nutrition insufficiency and deficiency still extensively exist, nutrition excess and imbalance are emerging in other sections of the population. There is still a shortage of qualified nutritional scientists and technicians, and the training of nutritionists is urgent. Food supplies, including milk, beef, green vegetables and fruit should be increased, especially for some rural and remote areas. The good traditional eating habits and meal patterns should be kept, e.g., breakfast and lunch cannot be neglected, and plant protein meals and Chinese medicinal diets should be promoted. Animals fat intake and fried foods should be reduced, and exercise and fitness programs should be recommended for the overweight population. In the future, our meal pattern take on a mixed form with the advantages of both the eastern and western diets. Chinese scientists are confident of solving the nutritional problems and improving the whole nation's physical fitness and physique under the situation of gradual improvements of the economy and nutritional status of people.

Aged↗
PubMed1992

Performance of feedlot steers fed diets containing laidlomycin propionate or monensin plus tylosin, and effects of laidlomycin propionate concentration on intake patterns and ruminal fermentation in beef steers during adaptation to a high-concentrate diet.

Two hundred eighty-eight beef steers (British x Continental x Brahman) were fed a 90% concentrate diet containing either no ionophore (control), laidlomycin propionate at either 6 or 12 mg/kg of dietary DM, or monensin plus tylosin (31 and 12 mg/kg of DM, respectively). Neither of the two levels of laidlomycin propionate nor monensin plus tylosin affected (P greater than .10) ADG or feed:gain ratio. Monensin plus tylosin reduced (P less than .01) daily DMI for the 161-d trial period compared with the other three treatments. Laidlomycin propionate at 6 mg/kg increased (P less than .05) DMI relative to the control, laidlomycin propionate at 12 mg/kg, and monensin plus tylosin diets during the 2nd wk of the trial and from d 57 to 84. Treatments did not affect carcass measurements. In a second experiment, 12 ruminally cannulated steers were fed diets containing no ionophore or laidlomycin propionate at either 6 or 12 mg/kg of DM. Samples were obtained for two consecutive days while the dietary concentrate level was 75%, after which the diet was switched abruptly to 90% concentrate, and samples were collected on several days during a 21-d period. The rate at which steers consumed their daily allotment of feed was not altered markedly by laidlomycin propionate. Likewise, laidlomycin propionate did not affect total ruminal VFA concentrations or proportions. Ruminal concentrations of D-lactate were reduced (P less than .10) by 6 but not by 12 mg/kg of laidlomycin propionate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Ammonia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Adipose tissue fatty acid composition, serum lipids, and serum alpha-tocopherol in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients living on the island of Crete.

OBJECTIVE: A pilot study to explore diet-related atherogenic patterns in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients on the island of Crete. Cretans are well known for their high olive consumption and low atherosclerotic heart disease mortality, in general. DESIGN: Case-control study. SETTING: This was a hospital-based study initiated in 1991. Catchment area was the island of Crete, Greece. PARTICIPANTS: Seventeen patients admitted for treatment to the General State Hospital of Rethimnon. Controls were selected from the general population of the island and consisted of a random sample of 27 subjects from a total of 168 healthy subjects who visited the Preventive Medicine Clinic of the University Hospital for routine check-up. The control group was age- and sex-matched with patients. Both CAPD patients and controls had been residents of Crete for at least the last 10 years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Adipose tissue was aspirated, and a 12-hour fasting blood sample was collected for determination of serum lipid parameters and serum alpha-tocopherol levels; dietary data from a 3-day recall were recorded. RESULTS: No significant differences between the two groups were observed with respect to the mean macronutrient intake. The mean levels of serum triglycerides (p = 0.016) and serum alpha-tocopherol (p = 0.001) were significantly higher in CAPD patients compared to controls. Mean levels of total serum cholesterol, high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol were not significantly different. In CAPD patients the mean total percentage of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) was significantly higher (p = 0.006) than in controls. The mean total percentage of saturated fatty acids (p = 0.004), along with the mean percentage of omega-6 (p = 0.002), the mean value of the ratio omega-6/omega-3 (p < 0.0001), and the percentage of linoleic acid (p = 0.001) were significantly lower in CAPD patients than in the controls. Among subjects with higher levels of MUFA in the adipose tissue, the CAPD patients were twice as likely to have high serum alpha-tocopherol (p < 0.001), and 2.6 times more likely to be in high risk of high total cholesterol (TC)/HDL (p = 0.08) compared to the controls. However, CAPD patients with high levels of MUFA in the adipose tissue (above the average of 65%) were unlikely [odds ratio (OR) = 0.001, p < 0.001] to be at risk of high TC/HDL (above the average of 4.1), and maybe unlikely (OR = 0.08, but p = 0.1) to have low serum alpha-tocopherol, when compared with the CAPD patients with low levels of MUFA. CAPD patients with high TC/HDL are 0.15 times less likely (p = 0.1) to have high levels of serum alpha-tocopherol compared to those with low TC/HDL. CONCLUSION: Cretan CAPD patients demonstrate an interesting profile consisting of unexpectedly positive aspects when atherogenesis-related factors such as those of adipose tissue fatty acid composition, serum lipids, and serum antioxidant alpha-tocopherol are considered.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2004

Dietary patterns, meat intake, and the risk of type 2 diabetes in women.

BACKGROUND: Although obesity is the most important risk factor for type 2 diabetes, evidence is emerging that certain foods and dietary factors may be associated with diabetes. To examine the association between major dietary patterns and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in a cohort of women. METHODS: We prospectively assessed the associations between major dietary patterns and risk of type 2 diabetes in women. Dietary information was collected in 1984, 1986, 1990, and 1994 from 69,554 women aged 38 to 63 years without a history of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, or cancer in 1984. We conducted factor analysis and identified 2 major dietary patterns: "prudent" and "Western." We then calculated pattern scores for each participant and examined prospectively the associations between dietary pattern scores and type 2 diabetes risks. RESULTS: The prudent pattern was characterized by higher intakes of fruits, vegetables, legumes, fish, poultry, and whole grains, while the Western pattern included higher intakes of red and processed meats, sweets and desserts, french fries, and refined grains. During 14 years of follow-up, we identified 2699 incident cases of type 2 diabetes. After adjusting for potential confounders, we observed a relative risk for diabetes of 1.49 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.26-1.76, P for trend, <.001) when comparing the highest to lowest quintiles of the Western pattern. Positive associations were also observed between type 2 diabetes and red meat and other processed meats. The relative risk for diabetes for every 1-serving increase in intake is 1.26 (95% CI, 1.21-1.42) for red meat, 1.38 (95% CI, 1.23-1.56) for total processed meats, 1.73 (95% CI, 1.39-2.16) for bacon, 1.49 (95% CI, 1.04-2.11) for hot dogs, and 1.43 (95% CI, 1.22-1.69) for processed meats. CONCLUSION: The Western pattern, especially a diet higher in processed meats, may increase the risk of type 2 diabetes in women.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Time trends in socio-economic differences in incidence rates of cancers of the breast and female genital organs (Finland, 1971-1995).

The magnitude of socio-economic differences in health varies between societies, and over time within societies. Even in the Nordic countries, where socio-economic differences are not as striking as elsewhere, such differences have been observed. We have studied social class variation among 45- to 69-year-old Finns during 1971-1995 in the incidence of cancers of the breast, ovary, corpus and cervix uteri, vulva and vagina, by means of a computerised record linkage of the Finnish Cancer Registry and the 1970 Population Census, which included social class data. Cancers of cervix uteri (both invasive and in situ) and vagina were associated with low social class. Cancers of the breast (both in men and women) were most common in high social classes throughout the whole observation period 1971-1995, whereas for cancer of the corpus uteri, the positive social class association disappeared in the early 1980s. For cancer of the vulva and ovary, no clear differences by social class were observed. We believe that socio-economic differences usually point to life styles or life conditions (e.g., reproductive patterns, viral infections, diet, physical activity, prevalence of overweight and obesity, smoking and alcohol consumption or combinations of these factors) that may be risk factors for the specific cancers studied.

Aged↗
PubMed1994

Energy intake and physical activity in Pima Indians: comparison with energy expenditure measured by doubly-labeled water.

To test the validity of survey techniques for measuring diet and activity patterns of Pima Indians, sequential 24-hour recalls, a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), and an activity questionnaire were compared to free-living energy expenditure. Total energy expenditure (TEE) measured by doubly labeled water was 13.27 +/- 2.95 MJ/d for the 12 males (mean +/- SD: 35 +/- 14 yr; 97 +/- 35 kg; 32 +/- 9% body fat) and 11.67 +/- 1.85 MJ/d for the 9 females (31 +/- 13 yr; 106 +/- 32 kg; 49 +/- 6% body fat). Energy intake assessed by 24-hour recall was 13.59 +/- 7.81 MJ/d for men and 9.29 +/- 2.77 MJ/d for women, compared to 12.84 + 2.85 and 9.40 + 2.61 MJ/d for men and women, respectively, by FFQ. Both dietary methods indicated significant underreporting by women when compared to TEE. Energy intake assessed by FFQ was significantly correlated with TEE (r=0.48, p=0.03). This was true with 24-hour recall energy intake only when data from two extremely large alcohol consumers were eliminated (r=0.64, p=0.03, N=19). Although a low level of activity was apparent, the activity questionnaire produced significant correlations with measurements of energy expenditure and therefore represents an important tool for examining the relationship between physical activity and diseases.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Effect of essential fatty acid deficiency on the fatty acid composition and arachidonic acid levels in rat maxillae and mandibles.

The fatty acid composition of total lipids and total phospholipids of maxillae and mandibles of rats fed an essential fatty acid-deficient (EFAD), marginally FAD (MEFAD), and a control diet was determined. Patterns typical of an EFA deficiency such as a decrease in the levels of linoleic acid and archidonic acid along with concomitant increase in the levels of palmitoleic acid, oleic acid, and 5,8,11-eicosatrienoic acid were observed in the EFAD groups. Concentrations of arachidonic acid were significantly lower in total lipids of mandibles and maxillae of rats in the EFAD, but not in the MEFAD rats, than those of the controls.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Growth characteristics in laboratory animals fed zinc-deficient, copper-deficient, of histidine-supplemented diets.

The effects of growth in male Wistar rats and female Swiss Random mice were studied during dietary zinc (Zn) deficiency, copper (Cu) deficiency, and during the feeding of a histidine (His) supplement Growth was analyzed by comparing the characteristics of the decreasing exponential growth curve plotted for the experimental period. When the animals were pair-fed the experimental diets, the growth pattern in the animals remained unaltered. The growth rate decreased during Zn deficiency by a factor of 0.64 over a period of 10 d (male young adult rats) and by a factor of 0.76 over a period of 28 d (female weaning mice). On the other hand, a supplement of His increased the growth rate by a factor of 1.11 (in the mice). The effect of Cu deficiency on the growth rate was not statistically significant (in the rats). However, Cu deficiency causes effects in the Zn status that may over-compensate minor growth retardation during Cu deficiency. The effect of the His supplement is explained by its having an effect on the Zn-absorption (His enhancing Zn transport over the gut) and by a stimulating effect of this amino acid on the thickness of the growth plate in bone.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Physiological day-to-day variability of select hormones at rest in exercise-trained men.

The purpose was to determine the day-to-day variability of total testosterone (tT), total T4 (tT4), total 3,5,3'-T3 (tT3), and cortisol (C) levels in exercise-trained men [no.=63, 24+/-4 yr (X+/-SD)]. Resting blood samples were collected at the same time of day (morning) over 3 consecutive days, 24 h apart, under controlled conditions. Subjects were instructed to minimize mental stress and physical activity and to maintain a consistent diet, and sleep patterns during the period of blood collections. Radioimmunoassay procedures were used to measure all hormones. Repeated measures analysis of variances were used to test for differences within each hormone across days, and intra-class correlations (ICC) and typical error were used to assess reliability of hormone concentrations across days. Results revealed resting hormonal values were within accepted clinical ranges. No significant mean differences (p>0.05) from day-to-day were found in any of the hormones. Furthermore, each hormone displayed highly significant (p<0.01) ICC values; tT 0.891, tT4 0.861, tT3 0.705, C 0.886, and consistent daily typical errors. These findings suggest resting tT, tT4, tT3, and C concentrations are not highly variable and appear reliable from day-to-day in exercise-trained men. If researchers measure any of these hormones at rest, before and after (ie, 24-48 h later) an experimental exercise treatment, they can presume that any changes seen at the 24-48 h point (that exceed the typical error appropriately) are due to their treatment and not an artifact of day-to-day variability.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Bulimia nervosa and dietary restraint.

Patients with bulimia nervosa were compared with non-bulimic restrained and unrestrained eaters on several questionnaire and interview measures related to eating patterns, preoccupation with dieting and food, and general psychopathology. Bulimic subjects did not differ significantly from non-bulimic restrained eaters on measures of fear of weight gain, dietary restraint, and the Eating Disorders Inventory (EDI) subscales of Drive for Thinness and Body Dissatisfaction, although both groups scored significantly higher on these measures than unrestrained eaters. Subjects with bulimia nervosa differed significantly from both restrained and unrestrained eaters on the Eating Habits Checklist, the Beck Depression Inventory, the EDI total score and Interoceptive Awareness, Introversion and Bulimia subscales, the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ), Disinhibition subscale and the Symptom Checklist 90-revised version. These findings show that bulimic patients may be quite similar to their restrained, non-bulimic counterparts on dietary concern and ideals of slenderness and suggest the importance of including a restrained control group in attempts to isolate the variables that differentiate individuals with the clinical eating disorder from their peers who demonstrate normative discontent about body weight and shape.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Effects of a fish oil concentrate in patients with hypercholesterolemia.

The effects of a fish oil supplement on lipid and lipoprotein levels, platelet function, and vital signs were investigated in 31 hypercholesterolemic patients. Thirteen patients took 5 g of encapsulated fish oil per day and 18 patients took 5 g of encapsulated safflower oil "placebo" per day for 28 days. Diet and exercise patterns were kept as constant as possible during the study. The fish oil group had significant increases in several lipid/lipoprotein values at the end of the treatment, including an increase of total cholesterol of 14% (P = 0.0001), LDL of 16% (P = 0.003), HDL of 13% (P = 0.015) and HDL2 of 36% (P = 0.009). The triglyceride level fell 24%, a nonsignificant change (P = 0.217). The ratios of total cholesterol/HDL and LDL/HDL were increased at the end of fish oil treatment, and returned to baseline 30 days after fish oil was stopped. The placebo group had no significant changes in any of the lipid/lipoprotein values. Neither the fish oil nor the placebo group had significant changes in vital signs or platelet function tests (bleeding time, thromboxane B2, platelet factor 4 and beta-thromboglobulin) during the study. These results suggest that fish oil supplements may have an adverse effect on lipid/lipoprotein values in hypercholesterolemic patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Gluconeogenesis and effect of nutritional status on TCA cycle activity in the insect Manduca sexta.

Gluconeogenesis from isotopically substituted (3-13C)alanine (Ala) was demonstrated in the last larval instar of an insect, Manduca sexta, when maintained on low carbohydrate diets. 13C was incorporated into all carbons of the blood sugar trehalose (Tre), but enrichments of C1 and C6, and C2 and C5 were greatest. Relative to the amount of [3-13C]Ala metabolized, larvae maintained on a low carbohydrate diet supplemented with casein displayed the greatest enrichment of Tre. Very little de novo synthesis of Tre was observed in larvae maintained on a complete-balanced diet containing calorically equivalent amounts of sucrose and casein. Starvation failed to induce gluconeogenesis and 13C was not incorporated into Tre in starved insects. Activity of the TCA cycle contributed approximately 10% of the 13C incorporated into Tre in larvae on low carbohydrate diets, while the TCA cycle contribution in larvae on the complete diet approached 70%. The pattern of 13C enrichment of glucose in larvae on the low carbohydrate diets indicated that cytoplasmic carboxylation, possibly due to 'malic enzyme'-like activity, contributed significantly to the synthesis of Tre. The pentose phosphate pathway was evidenced in insects on all diets. Glucose labelling ratios indicated a pentose cycling flux of 10 to 20% in insects on the low carbohydrate diets and 50% in larvae on the complete diet. Glutamine together with lesser amounts of glutamate and glutathione were also products of the labelled Ala. The distribution of label in these products under different dietary conditions demonstrated shifts in the relative contribution of pyruvate carboxylase and pyruvate dehydrogenase activities for providing substrate to the TCA cycle. In the expected fashion starved insects and insects on the low carbohydrate diets incorporated a greater proportion of 13C into the TCA cycle via carboxylation while incorporation by the two pathways was similar in insects on the complete diet. The significance of these findings with regard to the regulation of gluconeogenesis in M. sexta and comparison of the present results with those obtained from studies of hepatic gluconeogenesis are discussed.

Alanine↗
PubMed1995

Exercise intensity does not effect body composition change in untrained, moderately overfat women.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether exercise intensity effects a change in body composition. DESIGN/SUBJECTS: Twelve untrained, moderately overfat, weight-stable women were randomly assigned to a high-intensity (80% VO2max) or low-intensity (50% VO2max) exercise group. Subjects trained four times per week for 12 weeks in monitored sessions, with a duration sufficient to expend 300 kcal. During this time, subjects were instructed to maintain their normal diet and activity patterns. OUTCOME MEASURES: Pretesting and posttesting included measurement of height, weight, body fat (via hydrostatic weighing), seven skinfold sites, seven circumference sites, and VO2max. STATISTICAL ANALYSES: Results were analyzed using the Student's t test and paired samples t test. RESULTS: Posttesting revealed no significant between-group differences for change in weight, percent body fat, fat mass, fat-free mass, sum of skinfold measurements, or sum of circumference measurements. Mean weight loss was 0.7 lb for the high-intensity group (P = .55) and 3.3 lb for the low-intensity group (P = .03). Hydrostatic data revealed that each group lost an identical amount of fat (5.0 lb), but the high-intensity group gained more than twice as much fat-free mass (4.3 vs 1.8 lb). The greater increase in fat-free mass by the high-intensity group explains why the low-intensity group had a greater absolute weight loss. APPLICATIONS/CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that fat loss is a function of energy expended rather than exercise intensity. Therefore, if fat loss is the goal and time is limited, persons should exercise safely at as high an intensity as tolerable to expend as much energy as possible during their allotted time.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Nonpharmacologic therapy in hypertension: from single components to overall dietary management.

Improved lifestyle and dietary practices are now recognized as essential factors in the optimal management of high blood pressure. This chapter discusses the nonpharmacologic approaches that are generally recommended for hypertension treatment as well as prevention, including summaries of the evidence on which these recommendations are based. For many of these approaches, specifically dietary modifications, the evidence is strong but not yet definitive. Potential sources of the conflicting data and the lack of scientific consensus are addressed, as well as recent findings of the effects of the total diet and dietary patterns that may ultimately resolve much of the controversy regarding nonpharmacologic means of treating and preventing hypertension.

Feeding Behavior↗
PubMed2003

Economic and anthropological assessments of the health of children in Maya immigrant families in the US.

Immigration from developing countries to the US generally increases access to health care and clean water, but it also introduces some unhealthy lifestyle patterns, such as diets dense in energy and little regular physical activity. We present a transdisciplinary model of child health and examine the impact of immigration on the physical growth and health of Maya children in Guatemala and the US. Maya-American children are much taller and have longer legs, on average, than their counterparts in Guatemala. This suggests that immigration to the US improves their health. However, the Maya-American children also are much heavier than both Guatemalan Maya and White American children, and have high rates of overweight and obesity. Quantile regression analysis indicates that Maya are shorter except in the upper tail of the stature distribution, and have higher Body Mass Index (BMI) in the tails, but not in the middle of the BMI distribution. Leisure time spent in front of a television or computer monitor tends to raise BMI in the middle and lower tail of the distribution, but not in the upper tail.

Anthropometry↗
PubMed2002

Subchronic toxicity of Baltic herring oil and its fractions in the rat I: Fractionation and levels of organohalogen pollutants.

Baltic herring (Clupea harengus) oil was extracted and fractionated. To examine the contribution to toxicity and biological effects of different halogenated organic pollutants, the herring oil and the fractions were mixed into pelleted food and given to Sprague-Dawley female rats at three levels, corresponding to a human intake of 1.6, 8.2 and 34.4 kg fish per week. Herring oil, its fractions, as well as liver tissues from exposed rats, were analyzed for: eight chlorinated biphenyls, all 2,3,7,8-substituted chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans, hexachlorocyclohexanes, hexachlorobenzene, 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT), DDT-metabolites, three brominated diphenylethers as well as extractable organically bound chlorine and halogenated fatty acids. A bioassay (EROD) was used for measuring the dioxin-like enzyme induction activity. Nordic Sea lodda (Mallotus villosus) oil was used as a nutritionally equivalent control, with much lower levels of halogenated organic pollutants. A full toxicological subchronic examination is reported in the following paper (Stern et al. 2002). In this study, we report that the fractionation procedure resulted in a substantial reduction of most of the pollutants in the triacylglycerol fraction, and a pronounced enrichment of most of the pollutants into the two other fractions. However, all contaminants were present at some levels in all of the fractions. The concentrations of organohalogens found in this study were representative for Baltic herring during the mid-1990s. Rat liver tissue showed similar residue patterns as the diet, with the exception of chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofuran congeners that had a higher liver retention than pesticides, chlorinated biphenyls and brominated diphenylethers.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Conscientiousness and health-related behaviors: a meta-analysis of the leading behavioral contributors to mortality.

Previous research has established conscientiousness as a predictor of longevity (H. S. Friedman et al., 1993; L. R. Martin & H. S. Friedman, 2000). To better understand this relationship, the authors conducted a meta-analysis of conscientiousness-related traits and the leading behavioral contributors to mortality in the United States (tobacco use, diet and activity patterns, excessive alcohol use, violence, risky sexual behavior, risky driving, suicide, and drug use). Data sources were located by combining conscientiousness-related terms and relevant health-related behavior terms in database searches as well as by retrieving dissertations and requesting unpublished data from electronic mailing lists. The resulting database contained 194 studies that were quantitatively synthesized. Results showed that conscientiousness-related traits were negatively related to all risky health-related behaviors and positively related to all beneficial health-related behaviors. This study demonstrates the importance of conscientiousness' contribution to the health process through its relationship to health-related behaviors.

Health Behavior↗