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PubMed1985

Nucleotide sequence of bean golden mosaic virus and a model for gene regulation in geminiviruses.

We have sequenced the genome of bean golden mosaic virus, which comprises two circular single-stranded DNA molecules (2646 and 2587 nucleotides long) of mostly unique sequence. Comparison of the sequences of bean golden mosaic virus and of cassava latent virus, which share serological relationship but are very different in host range and geographical origin, shows that each virus has a unique 200-nucleotide sequence (common region) on each 2.6-kilobase molecule of its genome. The common regions of the two viruses have no sequence homology except for a short inverted repeat near the 3' end. Six open reading frames were identified that possess considerable sequence homology between the two viruses and, in bean golden mosaic virus, may encode proteins of 15.6, 19.6, 27.7, 29.7, 33.1, and 40.2 kDa. Conserved open reading frames are found in both the viral strand and the complementary strand, are approximately the same size, and are in the same orientation with respect to the common region in both viruses. We propose that temporal regulation in geminiviruses depends on the polarity of transcription and that the common region represents a replication origin and contains elements that serve to modulate gene expression.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Hemolytic crisis in a non-ketotic and euglycemic child with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency and onset of type 1 diabetes mellitus.

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is the most common enzymopathy and hemolytic anemia can be triggered by many drugs, by the ingestion of fava beans, and by metabolic imbalances. Nonetheless, only sporadic reports of hemolytic anemia due to G6PD deficiency in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM1) have been reported to date. We describe an 8 year-old Sicilian boy who suffered from hemolytic anemia some days after admission for DM1. On admission, acid-base equilibrium was normal but 4 days later he presented hemolytic anemia with G6PD deficiency, confirmed by personal and family history and laboratory evaluation. We suggest that the hemolytic crisis in this patient was triggered by the relative hypoglycemia that followed insulin administration. The interference of acidosis, infections, drugs, food or other triggering agents was excluded. This report demonstrates that hemolysis may represent a possible complication of DM treatment in patients with G6PD deficiency and we recommend careful clinical surveillance in these patients.

Anemia, Hemolytic↗
PubMed1988

Inhibition of lipolytic activity in milk by polysaccharides.

The effect of gums on the activity of milk lipase and a Pseudomonas lipase in milk was investigated. Gums were hydrated in water and mixed with whole milk. Lipase was added to the gum-milk mixture and hydrolysis was determined after 48 h at 4 degrees C by the acid degree value method. Of the gums tested, the anionically charged lambda-, t- and kappa-carrageenan, furcellaran, and sodium alginate significantly inhibited milk lipase activity by 93.7, 81.2, 46.8, 50.6, and 62.1%, respectively. Furthermore, lambda-carrageenan was 87.6% effective in inhibiting lipolysis by a purified Pseudomonas fluorescens MC50 lipase in milk. The other gums tested, tragacanth, carboxymethyl cellulose, locust bean, propylene glycol alginate, xanthan, microcrystalline cellulose, guar, and arabic did not significantly inhibit milk lipase. Commonly used stabilizers can inhibit lipolytic activity in milk.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Prevalence of undernutrition and iron deficiency in pre-school children from different socioeconomic regions in the city of Oaxaca, Oaxaca, Mexico.

Lack of adequate food and in particular high quality protein, is one of the causes of malnutrition in children which could result in retarded growth. Iron deficiency is common in populations where protein sources are of vegetable origin; however in northern Mexico where the bean consumption is high, anemia is not a problem. The primary staples in the Mexican diet are corn tortillas and beans. The objective of this study was to evaluate the anthropometric condition of children 4-6 years old living in the city of Oaxaca, Oaxaca, Mexico and to determine the prevalence of anemia. Mean Z scores for children 4-6 years old living in poor conditions in the city of Oaxaca, Oaxaca, Mexico showed significant differences between socioeconomic groups (p<0.002) for height/age (H/A) and weight/age (W/A) (p<0.001) after adjusting for age and sex. Weight/height (W/H) was not different (p=0.30). By using the Waterlow classification system, 28.8% of the pre-school children of this study were stunted and only 0.9% were classified as wasted. There were no children that presented both stunting and wasting. Iron deficiency was very prevalent in both boys and girls, ranging from 56-79% depending on the indicator used. When classified by the combination of serum ferritin, % transferrin saturation and hemoglobin values, 23.7% of the children were classified as anemic, 11.9% in a state of iron deficiency and 13.6% with low iron reserves.

Anemia, Iron-Deficiency↗
PubMed1982

[Relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of low-dose californium-252].

Relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of 252Cf, with respect to 192Ir, has been determined at the low dose rates commonly used in interstitial and intracavitary therapy. The biological criterion was growth reduction in Vicia faba bean roots. Two varieties of Vicia faba were used. For Vicia faba Sutton's seeds, an RBE of 5.7 to 6.6 was obtained for 252Cf Dn + gamma doses of 0.5 to 0.2 Gy respectively and at a Dn + gamma dose rate of 0.11 Gy-1. The gamma contribution D gamma/Dn + gamma at the level of the root tipes was 0.35 and the derived RBE of the neutron emission of 252Cf was then 8.2 to 9.7. For Vicia faba Be1B and in the same irradiation conditions, an RBE of 5.1 to 6.2 was obtained for the total (n + gamma) 252Cf emission and for Dn + gamma doses of 0.4 to 0.2 Gy respectively. These values lead to an RBE of 7.4 to 9.0 for the neutron emission of 252Cf. For Vicia faba BelB, but for another source arrangement (Dn + gamma dose rate of 0.13 Gy . h-1 for 252Cf), an RBE of 5.6 to 7.5 was obtained for the total (n + gamma) emission of 252Cf and for Dn + gamma doses of 0.4 to 0.1 Gy respectively. The gamma contribution (D gamma/Dn + gamma) at the level of the root tips was 0.42, and the derived RBE of the neutron emission of 252Cf was then 8.9-12.3.

Californium↗
PubMed1999

A plant-seed inhibitor of two classes of alpha-amylases: X-ray analysis of Tenebrio molitor larvae alpha-amylase in complex with the bean Phaseolus vulgaris inhibitor.

The alpha-amylase from Tenebrio molitor larvae (TMA) has been crystallized in complex with the alpha-amylase inhibitor (alpha-AI) from the bean Phaseolus vulgaris. A molecular-replacement solution of the structure was obtained using the refined pig pancreatic alpha-amylase (PPA) and alpha-AI atomic coordinates as starting models. The structural analysis showed that although TMA has the typical structure common to alpha-amylases, large deviations from the mammalian alpha-amylase models occur in the loops. Despite these differences in the interacting loops, the bean inhibitor is still able to inhibit both the insect and mammalian alpha-amylase.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Deuterium NMR used to indicate a common mechanism for the biosynthesis of ricinoleic acid by Ricinus communis and Claviceps purpurea.

Previous studies have shown that ricinoleic acid from castor bean oil of Ricinus communis is synthesized by the direct hydroxyl substitution of oleate, while it has been proposed that ricinoleate is formed by hydration of linoleate in the ergot fungus Claviceps purpurea. The mechanism of the enzymes specific to ricinoleate synthesis has not yet been established, but hydroxylation and desaturation of fatty acids in plants apparently involve closely related mechanisms. As mechanistic differences in the enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of natural products can lead to different isotopic distributions in the product, we could expect ricinoleate isolated from castor or ergot oil to show distinct (2)H distribution patterns. To obtain information concerning the substrate and isotope effects that occur during the biosynthesis of ricinoleate, the site-specific natural deuterium distributions in methyl ricinoleate isolated from castor oil and in methyl ricinoleate and methyl linoleate isolated from ergot oils have been measured by quantitative (2)H NMR. First, the deuterium profiles for methyl ricinoleate from the plant and fungus are equivalent. Second, the deuterium profile for methyl linoleate from ergot is incompatible with this chemical species being the precursor of methyl ricinoleate. Hence, it is apparent that 12-hydroxylation in C. purpurea is consistent with the biosynthetic mechanisms proposed for R. communis and is compatible with the general fundamental mechanistic similarities between hydroxylation and desaturation previously proposed for plant fatty acid biosynthesis.

Ricinus communis↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Determination of unique microbial volatile organic compounds produced by five Aspergillus species commonly found in problem buildings.

This study identified unique microbial volatile organic compounds (UMVOCs) produced by five Aspergillus species (A. fumigatus, A. versicolor, A. sydowi, A. flavus, and A. niger) cultivated on malt extract agar and gypsum board. The hypothesis was that UMVOCs can be used to predict the presence of Aspergillus species. During the cultivation humidified air was continually supplied and evenly distributed through each of the culture flasks. Volatile metabolites were collected using Tenax TA tubes on Days 8, 16, and 30 after inoculation. The volatile metabolites were determined by gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy after thermal desorption. Nine compounds recognized as UMVOCs--3-methyl-1-butanol; 2-methyl-1-propanol; terpineol; 2-heptanone; 1-octen-3-ol; dimethyl disulfide; 2-hexanone; 3-octanone; and 2-pentylfuran--were found on the cultures in detectable amounts. The first two compounds were detected at the highest frequency when combining both media. The first four compounds were found to be the dominant UMVOCs on gypsum board, which could be used as chemical markers of the common Aspergillus species grown indoors.

Air Pollution, Indoor↗
PubMed1991

Dietary exposure to aflatoxin in Benin City, Nigeria: a possible public health concern.

A total of 100 samples of various foods comprising of 10 samples each of garri (Manihot utilis Pohl), beans (Phaseolus lunatus), yam flour (Dioscorea rotundata), cassava flour (Manihot esculentum), melon (Citrulus lunatus), onion (Allium cepa), rice (Oryza sativa), plantain (Musa paradisiaca), red pepper (Capsicum annuum L., Solanaceae) and eggs were screened for the presence of aflatoxins. Fifty percent of yam flour; 40% of cassava flour; 30% of garri; 20% of beans and melon and 10% of rice yielded aflatoxin. The implications of this incidence of aflatoxin in common foodstuff found in this community is discussed.

Aflatoxins↗
PubMed2005

Novel phylogenetic assignment database for terminal-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of human colonic microbiota.

Various molecular-biological approaches using the 16S rRNA gene sequence have been used for the analysis of human colonic microbiota. Terminal- restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis is suitable for a rapid comparison of complex bacterial communities. Terminal-restriction fragment (T-RF) length can be calculated from a known sequence, thus one can predict bacterial species on the basis of their T-RF length by this analysis. The aim of this study was to build a phylogenetic assignment database for T-RFLP analysis of human colonic microbiota (PAD-HCM), and to demonstrate the effectiveness of PAD-HCM compared with the results of 16S rRNA gene clone library analysis. PAD-HCM was completed to include 342 sequence data obtained using four restriction enzymes. Approximately 80% of the total clones detected by 16S rRNA gene clone library analysis were the same bacterial species or phylotypes as those assigned from T-RF using PAD-HCM. Moreover, large T-RFs consisted of common species or phylotypes detected by both analytical methods. All pseudo-T-RFs identified by mung bean nuclease digestion could not be assigned to a bacterial species or phylotype, and this finding shows that pseudo-T-RFs can also be predicted using PAD-HCM. We conclude that PAD-HCM built in this study enables the prediction of T-RFs at the species level including difficult-to-culture bacteria, and that it is very useful for the T-RFLP analysis of human colonic microbiota.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Healthy eating: clarifying advice about fruit and vegetables.

Consumers need health information which is clear and unambiguous. Advice to "eat more fruit and vegetables" gives consumers no guidance on the quantities involved. Popular advice is to eat "five portions a day." This paper provides a rationale for determining which foods are included within this advice--for example, processed foods such as baked beans are but potatoes and nuts should not be. It also describes how much of the most commonly consumed fruit and vegetables constitutes a "portion." A bowlful of salad, for example, is needed to make up a portion but an apple or banana on its own will count.

Diet↗
PubMed1988

Tolerability of tiaprofenic acid in patients with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency.

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is an X-linked genetic disorder which can lead to acute haemolytic anaemia following ingestion of fava beans and the administration of certain drugs, mainly in subjects with bacterial or viral infections. It is common in the Mediterranean region and many variants are found in Sardinia. The aim of this study was to evaluate in vivo if treatment with tiaprofenic acid 600 mg daily for 15 days would reduce erythrocyte GSH (reduced glutathione) concentrations and thus produce erythrocytolysis (assessed by evaluation of 51Cr-labelled erythrocyte survival) in subjects with G6PD deficiency. GSH concentrations were also evaluated in vitro after incubation of G6PD-deficient erythrocytes with increasing doses of tiaprofenic acid (20, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg/L) and with acetylphenylhydrazine 5 mg. The results obtained both in vitro and in vivo confirmed the absence of any oxidative action of tiaprofenic acid on the erythrocytes of G6PD-deficient subjects.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

Legume promotion in counselling: an e-mail survey of dietitians.

Little is known about dietitians current practice in counselling clients about the use of legumes in a low fat, high fibre diet. An exploratory e-mail questionnaire was sent to members of Dietitians of Canada to assess: dietitian use and preferences for legumes, dietitian practice, opinions about clients attitudes and preferences, and resource needs. Counsellors (n=256) had high personal use of legumes (64% > or = 1 serving/week) and frequently recommended legumes in counselling. The legumes most preferred by respondents and their clients were: peanuts, kidney beans, split peas, chickpeas, and lentils. Respondents often recommended canned bean products (76%) and tofu (61%), but other legume grocery products were less often recommended. The most common client issues identified were: flatulence (87% agreed), lack of familiarity (85%), and knowledge of preparation (82%). Dietitians were not satisfied with current resources to support practice, especially those respondents providing primarily clinical counselling services. The most requested resources were: recipes (90%), pamphlets (82%), food demonstrations (75%) and Internet sites (63%). Client level research is now needed to confirm the importance of the issues identified and to develop and test strategies for legume promotion in counselling.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1984

Paragonimus westermani: life cycle, intermediate hosts, transmission to man and geographical distribution in Korea.

Since discovery of this lung fluke in 1878 by Kerbert, Paragonimus westermani has been found to occur in many parts of Asia. Recently, however, it was detected that there exists a bisexual type and also a parthenogenetic type of the lung fluke which has been called P. westermani for a century. The natural definitive hosts other than man include a wide range of mammals. Adult worms are localized in the lungs. The eggs excreted with sputum and reaching water develop into miracidia in water. Miracidia hatch and finally enter molluscan hosts and mature to microcercous cercariae. Then, cercariae invade crustacean hosts and mature to metacercariae. When metacercariae are ingested by the definitive host, they excyst in the small intestine and migrate to the lungs via the peritoneal cavity. The circuitous route of migration allows the worms to lodge and mature in ectopic locations, too. Intermediate hosts are fairly restricted: in Korea, molluscan hosts are Semisulcospira libertina and other species of Semisulcospira depending on the endemic locality. Common crustacean hosts are Eriocheir japonicus, E. sinensis and Cambaroides similis. Human infection may result from consumption of parasitized raw freshwater crabs or crayfish, often soaked in soy bean sauce to improve taste. Recently, paragonimiasis was found to occur in individuals eating slices of wild boar meat harbouring immature P. westermani. Pigs are important paratenic hosts of P. westermani. P. westermani occurs usually in hilly and mountainous stream valleys. The parthenogenetic type is common in Korea. The bisexual type is found rarely and only in the southern part of Korea.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Sobemoviruses possess a common CfMV-like genomic organization.

Based on structural differences in the ORF2 region, the sobemoviruses have been subdivided into southern cowpea mosaic virus (SCPMV)-like and cocksfoot mottle virus (CfMV)-like types of genome organization. However, nearly identical amino acid sequences are encoded by these subgroups in different reading frames of ORF2, suggesting that insertion or deletion of appropriate nucleotides could restore similar genomic organizations for these viruses. We resequenced the regions of inconsistency for isolates of four SCPMV-like viruses: lucerne transient streak virus, ryegrass mottle virus, southern bean mosaic virus, and SCPMV. A comparison of nucleic acid composition of these sequences with previously published ones revealed crucial differences that established a common CfMV-like genomic organization for these sobemoviruses.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1992

[Nutritional changes caused by the germination of legumes commonly eaten in Chile].

The changes promoted by germination on phytates, oligosaccharides, crude protein, amino acids and riboflavin contents of black and white cultivars of beans, lentils, chicken-pea and peas, were studied. Seeds germination was carried out in darkness at 25 degrees C and 85% RH during 72 hours, previously soaked overnight in a solution of sodium hypochlorite at a concentration of 50 ppm. Germination capacity was assessed by determining hypocotyl and epicotyl lengths and percent of sprouted seed. The seeds were milled and freeze-dried for the chemical analysis. Germination promoted a significant increase in crude protein content and reduction also significant in phytates levels. These changes were attributed to an increase of proteases and phytase activities. In fact, this enzyme would make a solubilization of phytates and would release soluble protein and minerals. A significant reduction of flatulence oligosaccharides took place, which was also explained by an increase of alpha-galactosidase concentration. Sprouted seeds showed a higher content of almost all amino acid than crude legumes, although this change was variable. Significant increase of riboflavin was also found. Finally, germination decreased ashes and fat contents. These findings were determined in all legumes, although both cultivars of beans showed a higher response to the biochemical changes.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1998

Influence of growing season, tannin content and autoclave treatment on the nutritive value of near-isogenic lines of faba beans (Vicia faba L.) when fed to leghorn chicks.

1. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of heat-treatment (autoclaving) on the utilisation by chicks of near-isogenic lines of faba beans that were either tannin-free (Winter-white or Spring-white) or had tannins in the seed coat (Winter-coloured or Spring-coloured). The effect of heat treatment on a common tannin-containing cultivar, Diana, was also studied. 2. The nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolisable energy (AMEn) values of diets containing 600 g faba beans/kg diet were affected by tanning content and autoclave treatment of faba beans, with 59% of total variance in AMEn being attributable to the effect of autoclaving. The AMEn values were 9% higher for chicks fed on the autoclaved compared with those fed on diets containing the raw faba beans, 5% higher for the near-isogenic faba beans with no tannins compared with those with tannins, and 4% higher for the Winter compared with the Spring cultivars. 3. The above study was carried out on droppings obtained by total collection. Similar but not identical trends were obtained when AMEn was calculated using the chromic oxide index method (r = 0.91). 4. Both autoclaving and the use of tannin-free faba beans improved the apparent protein digestibility (APD) of the diets by similar amounts (4% as determined by the total collection method and 6% as determined by the chronic oxide index method). 5. The digestibility of most amino acids either alone or together was affected by a cultivar x tannin x processing interaction. The cultivar by tannin interaction demonstrated that autoclaving increased the digestibility of amino acids to a greater degree when the tannin-containing (for example, 9% for lysine) than when the tannin-free faba beans (4% for lysine) were used in the diets. 6. The improvements in AMEn, APD and total amino acid digestibilities of faba beans following heat treatments ranged from 18% to 33%, 5% to 16% and 5% to 11%, respectively. The results demonstrate that the method of analysis can affect the values obtained but that they do not change the overall pattern of results. The results also suggest that, in most cases, more than half of the response to heat treatment is associated with the inactivation of tannins while the balance of the response is attributable to an effect of heat treatment on the non-tannin-containing factors. In summary, heat treatment can improve the utilisation of faba bean by chickens especially when they contain tannins. 7. Chicks, unlike rats, do not seem to adapt to tannins as the excretion of 3 amino acids that are the main constituents of a proline-rich protein were not affected by dietary tannins.

Amino Acids↗