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At least 613 records · Page 34Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Antibodies to the Ross River virus in captive marsupials in urban areas of eastern New South Wales, Australia.

Serum samples collected from 224 tammar wallabies (Macropus eugenii) in two captive populations in urban areas in eastern New South Wales Australia, between December 1999 and May 2004, were tested for antibodies to Ross River virus (RRV). In one population in northwest Sydney, 21 animals (11%) tested positive, and in another population in Newcastle, New South Wales, thirteen (33%) of the animals were positive. Antibodies were detected in four of 11 wallaroos (Macropus robustus) (36%) but not in parma wallabies (Macropus parma) (n=5), koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) (n=12) and southern hairy-nosed wombats (Lasiorhinus latifrons) (n=2) from the Sydney area. These data support the possible role of marsupials as urban amplifying hosts for RRV.

Alphavirus Infections↗
PubMed1996

The introduction of mentorship to Project 2000 in Wales.

This study focused upon the introduction of mentors in the Common Foundation Programme (CFP) of Project 2000 (UKCC 1986) in Wales. It was commissioned by the Department of Health Research and Development Division on behalf of the Welsh Office Nursing Division. The study was policy oriented and its purpose was to inform future policy decision making through an analysis of the implementation of current policies for pre-registration education. The full title of our research project, 'The practitioner teacher: a study in the introduction of mentors in the pre-registration nurse education programme', implied that a clinically-based nurse practitioner with a designated teaching remit, fulfills a particular role (that of mentor) in the pre-registration nurse education programme. It was the nature, scope and impact of this mentor role during the initial implementation period of the CFP of Project 2000 in Wales to which this study addressed itself.

Curriculum↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Research and practice development in Wales.

This month's report from the RCN R&D Co-ordinating Centre is about how the centre is used from the Welsh perspective. Angela Perrett, RCN Wales Librarian and Information Services Manager, writes about the co-ordinating centre's development in Wales, and Helen Nethercott, a practice development nurse at the Pembrokeshire and Derwen NHS Trust, recounts her experience of the interactive Internet workshop.

Computer User Training↗
PubMed2002

Improving haematology care in Wales.

Care for patients with a malignant haematological disorder in Wales has been revised significantly since the mid-1990s. Recommendations from expert groups stated that a uniformly high standard of care should be provided as close to the patient's home as possible and variations in practice that had been causing concern and distress to patients and their families be reduced. The All Wales Haematology Nurses Group was established to promote and disseminate standards and guidelines that would contribute to achieving these aims. The basis for the group's work was transformational leadership and collaborative practice. Work is ongoing and the group is planning to consolidate achievements to date through country-wide audit and professional education.

Cooperative Behavior↗
PubMed1990

Strategic intent & direction for the NHS in Wales. Welsh Health Planning Forum.

The Welsh Principality has a health service that is separately managed from that of England. Its director, John Wyn Owen, chairs a Welsh Health Planning Forum which was established in 1988 by the Secretary of State for Wales as an advisory subgroup of the Executive Committee of the Health Policy Board of the NHS. Its role is to give expert advice on the planning of health services. In November 1989, the Forum launched what is likely to become a landmark document in Welsh NHS history. Strategic Intent and Direction for the NHS in Wales is reproduced here in its entirety.

Community Participation↗
PubMed1994

Health-related behaviour in Wales, 1985-1990.

This study looked at recent changes in Wales in four health-related behaviours: smoking, alcohol consumption, diet and physical activity. Data are drawn from three large-scale surveys conducted across Wales in 1985, 1988 and 1990. The results show a reduction in smoking prevalence between 1985 and 1990 among men and women, and a growing trend towards healthier eating, with reduced frequent consumption of salt and foods high in saturated fats. Encouraging progress towards healthier living has been made, but the results also indicate the extent of the remaining challenge: greater progress is particularly needed to encourage participation in exercise, and to reduce the numbers of people who drink alcohol in excess of recommended sensible limits.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Leprosy in England and Wales.

This paper reviews cases of leprosy notified in England and Wales to the Central Leprosy Register since its inception in 1951. Leprosy remains a rare condition in England and Wales, with fewer than ten cases notified on average in recent years. No definite case of indigenously acquired leprosy has been reported since the disease became notifiable. Although only a small number of patients present each year, leprosy remains a debilitating disease, and the unfamiliarity of clinicians with this condition can lead to delays in diagnosis and undernotification.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Can patient registers give an improved measure of internal migration in England and Wales?

This article describes a new source of internal migration data for England and Wales. These data are extracted from the 98 Family Health Service Authority (FHSA) patient registers that hold the details of people in England and Wales who are registered with the National Health Service. Migration estimates are derived from changes in postcodes on the patients' records. The findings presented in the article show that the registers provide high quality estimates of migration into and out of the constituent areas of the FHSAs (as compared to other sources). Where limitations are identified, compensatory adjustments can be introduced to further enhance the quality of the estimates.

England↗
PubMed1999

Dental service provision in private general practice for an insured population in New South Wales, Australia.

OBJECTIVE: To determine patterns of dental services provided to a cohort of the insured population 18 years and over, in private general practice in New South Wales, Australia. BASIC RESEARCH DESIGN: A cohort study using the person-years method and Poisson regression for analysis. SETTING: Data were derived from claims records submitted by members of a health insurance fund (Government Employees Health Fund-GEHF) for rebates during the study period 1 January 1992-31 December 1995. PARTICIPANTS: There were 133,467 members aged 18 years and over from New South Wales. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: To determine, by age group, for those members who used private general practice and made a claim (referred to as 'patients') the annual number of visits, total number of services received per year and number of services received at a visit. RESULTS: The mean number of visits per patient was 2.4 per year with patients under 45 years making fewer visits than the 45-54 age group reference category. Mean number of services utilised per patient-year was 5.9, with services provided increasing from 3.5 for the 18-24-year-old group, reaching a plateau of approximately 6.2 for those aged 45 years or more. The number of services received per visit was 2.4 and there were no differences by age. Service mix was dominated by restorative (35%), diagnostic (27%), and preventive services (18%); with age specific variations observed. CONCLUSIONS: Age was found to be an important determinant in the use of dental services, independent of membership duration and gender.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Cost of dental services provided in private general practice for an insured population in New South Wales, Australia.

OBJECTIVE: To determine cost of dental services provided to a cohort of insured population 18 years and over, who used private general dental practice in New South Wales, Australia. BASIC RESEARCH DESIGN: This cohort study used the person-years method and Weibull regression for analysis. Setting Data were derived from claims records submitted for rebates by members of a health insurance fund for services they received in private general dental practice during 1 January 1992-31 December 1995. PARTICIPANTS: 75,501 members from New South Wales. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: To determine, by age groups, the cost per item of dental service, cost of services received at a visit and cost of services received per year. RESULTS: The median cost per item of dental service received for all ages was A$36.7; with cost increasing with age until 55-64 year age group where an apparent plateau occurred. The median cost of services received at a visit for all ages was Australian dollars 93.5. Cost of services received at a visit increased with age, reaching a plateau in the middle aged groups. The median cost of providing services for all age groups per year was Australian dollar 183.6. The cost of services per year when compared with the youngest age group (18-24 years) increased by about 20% for each successive age group up to the 45-54 year age group. From 55 years onwards the cost levelled off at approximately 70% more than the youngest age group. CONCLUSION: The cost of providing dental services increased with age to reach a plateau in the middle age groups.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

The prevention of tetanus in England and Wales.

Today, tetanus is a rare disease in England and Wales although in less developed and less affluent areas of the World it is still a major cause of morbidity and mortality, particularly in neonates and women following childbirth. An estimated 400,000 deaths worldwide occur annually from neonatal tetanus and in 1989 the World Health Organization adopted the goal of eliminating neonatal tetanus as a public health problem by 1995-2000. This goal has not yet been achieved worldwide; however in England and Wales tetanus in neonates and young women has been extremely rare for the last 50 years. We can attribute the success in eliminating tetanus in the UK to the adoption of highly effective preventative measures as we know that the causative organism is still ubiquitous in the environment. This article outlines how we have achieved the elimination of tetanus in the UK through the development and introduction of appropriately targeted immunisation, combined with an appreciation of the importance of adequate wound toilet measures. The discovery of tetanus toxoid and its applicability for vaccination has been of great benefit and the new challenges which we face relate to the introduction of new multi-component vaccines and how we might better protect the elderly. In other parts of the world, for the cost of a few pence, one dose of tetanus toxoid can still mean the difference between life and death.

Communicable Disease Control↗
PubMed1999

The missing relative: the home help service in England and Wales 1918-1974 part I.

Although recent work in social policy has illustrated how the work of home helps means that they straddle the health-social services boundary, there has been relatively little work on the earlier history of this service. In this the first of two articles, the author attempts to remedy this neglect, and considers the development of the home help service in England and Wales between 1918 and 1974, examining the overall evolution of the service. In the second article (to be published in the next issue of the journal), three themes are discussed in greater detail: the issue of training, regional variations in provision, and what home helps actually did for their clients. Although the focus is on England and Wales as a whole, in the second part the author illustrates particular themes through a case study of the Midlands city of Leicester, a local authority in which the home help service was particularly highly developed.

England↗
PubMed2002

A population-based case-control study for examining early life influences on geographical variation in adult mortality in England and Wales using stomach cancer and stroke as examples.

BACKGROUND: Geographical variation in mortality is influenced by factors operating in early life and in adulthood. The relative contributions of these factors may be examined by comparing the extent to which adult mortality is related to places of residence in early life and at death. We describe a population-based case-control design, in which all deaths are used as cases and the Office for National Statistics (ONS) Longitudinal Study (LS) survivors are used as controls. METHODS: Cases were all deaths from stomach cancer and stroke in England and Wales 1993-1995 amongst people born between January 1930 and September 1939 and for whom place of enumeration in 1939 could be imputed from the first three characters of their National Health Service number. Controls were all LS members born in the same period, enumerated in the 1991 census, resident in England and Wales in mid-1994 and for whom place of enumeration in 1939 could be similarly imputed. Logistic regression was used, adjusting for birth year, sex and social class. A previous mapping exercise by ONS generated comparable geographical units (counties) for 1939 enumeration and area of residence in 1991 or at death. 'Non-migrant' (i.e. 1939 'county' the same as county in 1991 or at death) case:control ratios were calculated to indicate background mortality risk in counties, with adjustment for imprecision using Bayesian smoothing methods. These ratios were then used in modelling risk for inter-county migrants. RESULTS: There were 2590 stomach cancer and 7778 stroke deaths and 28,400 men and 28,180 women as controls. For men, 64%, 61% and 67% of stomach cancer deaths, stroke deaths and controls respectively could be assigned a county of enumeration in 1939. The corresponding percentages for women were 76%, 72% and 75%. For stomach cancer, after adjustment for county of enumeration in 1939, a significant association with the non-migrant case:control ratio for county of residence in 1991 or at death was observed (P= 0.010), indicating an association between current area of residence and stomach cancer mortality. There was no evidence of an independent effect of county of enumeration in 1939. For stroke, there was a highly significant trend in relation to 1939 county (P = 0.0004)and a less significant association with county of residence in 1991 or at death(P = 0.016). CONCLUSIONS: The method described is able to detect the effect of place of residence in early life on geographical variation in adult mortality and will be useful for investigating specific characteristics of areas of enumeration in 1939 in relation to subsequent risk of mortality from a range of diseases.

Case-Control Studies↗
PubMed2002

Geography for the 2001 Census in England and Wales.

This article provides an overview of 2001 Census geography systems in England and Wales, concentrating primarily on the creation of output geography. It is important to note that there are significant differences between the systems being implemented in England and Wales and those which apply to Northern Ireland and Scotland. The Northern Ireland system is broadly similar to that described here, whereas the entire data infrastructure and output area design process in Scotland are different.

Censuses↗
PubMed2002

Estimating the burden of serogroup C meningococcal disease in England and Wales.

In 1999 a new conjugate vaccine for serogroup C meningococcal disease was licensed for use in the UK. In order for an appropriate vaccination strategy to be developed the burden of serogroup C disease in England and Wales needed to be established. This was done using data from an enhanced surveillance scheme alongside routine laboratory reports and a total of 5,052 cases of serogroup C disease in England and Wales between 1993 and 1998 were estimated. Among these, an estimated 398 died and 1,767 were admitted to intensive care units (ITUs). The greatest burden of disease was in young children and teenagers. The current literature identified four studies reporting sequelae following serogroup C meningococcal disease. These provided estimates of sequelae in the range of 6.5% and 45% and presented some evidence of higher levels than occur following serogroup B meningococcal disease. This information was provided to the Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation to inform policy to implement a serogroup C conjugate vaccination programme in the UK. The vaccination programme has since been justified by the dramatic reduction in serogroup C meningococcal cases.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

The effect of changes in timing of childbearing on measuring fertility in England and Wales.

Changes in the ages at which women give birth to their children mean that fertility measured at a particular point in time (period) may not be a good representation of the ultimate fertility of those women. The common measure of period fertility is the total fertility rate, which in 2001 has fallen to the lowest level since records began in England and Wales. This article presents various methods that have been proposed to adjust period fertility data to take account of changes in the timing of childbearing, applied to England and Wales data. The article concludes that while these adjustment methods provide useful insights, for example, that the total fertility rate has underestimated period quantum fertility since the 1970s, the measures produced are difficult to interpret. This is in part because the concept they are trying to measure, period quantum is itself imprecise. The adjustments do not necessarily provide a reliable indicator of underlying cohort fertility.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

How important are intergenerational cycles of teenage motherhood in England and Wales? A comparison with France.

Teenage fertility has fallen substantially in every Western European country except the United Kingdom. This article examines the hypothesis that repetition of teenage motherhood from mother to daughter is a major cause of the UK being the exception. A simple demographic model of fertility across generations is estimated with comparable data from England and Wales and France. The main finding is that mother-daughter repetition can account for only a minor part of the total difference in teenage childbearing between the two countries, especially over the long term. The higher teenage childbearing in England and Wales of those whose mothers began childbearing after their teenage years dominates.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1961

The problem of gonorrhoea in England and Wales.

In England and Wales, as in a number of other countries, the incidence of gonorrhoea, having lessened appreciably in the immediate post-war period, has in recent years shown a substantial rise. A variety of epidemiological factors are believed to be responsible for this, including immigration from overseas and apparently increased promiscuity among teenagers. Difficulties in laboratory diagnosis of gonorrhoea, particularly in women, and limitations in smear, culture and complement-fixation techniques also contribute to the present failure to control this disease; and the authors review the efforts being made in the United Kingdom to bring about improvements in technique.The emerging problem of lessened sensitivity of the gonococcus to penicillin is, of course, one of the greatest importance, to which, the authors believe, no more than a temporary solution can be provided by increases in therapeutic dosages.Finally, consideration is given to the preventive measures against the venereal diseases adopted in England and Wales; these are based in the main on the provision of free and confidential facilities for diagnosis and treatment.

Adolescent↗