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At least 613 records · Page 34Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

NCI Thesaurus: a semantic model integrating cancer-related clinical and molecular information.

Over the last 8 years, the National Cancer Institute (NCI) has launched a major effort to integrate molecular and clinical cancer-related information within a unified biomedical informatics framework, with controlled terminology as its foundational layer. The NCI Thesaurus is the reference terminology underpinning these efforts. It is designed to meet the growing need for accurate, comprehensive, and shared terminology, covering topics including: cancers, findings, drugs, therapies, anatomy, genes, pathways, cellular and subcellular processes, proteins, and experimental organisms. The NCI Thesaurus provides a partial model of how these things relate to each other, responding to actual user needs and implemented in a deductive logic framework that can help maintain the integrity and extend the informational power of what is provided. This paper presents the semantic model for cancer diseases and its uses in integrating clinical and molecular knowledge, more briefly examines the models and uses for drug, biochemical pathway, and mouse terminology, and discusses limits of the current approach and directions for future work.

Biomedical Research↗
PubMed1998

Oral health systems in Europe. Part II: The dental workforce.

OBJECTIVE: To describe and compare the practice of dentistry and the dental workforce in eighteen European countries. BASIC RESEARCH DESIGN: Semi-structured, in-depth validation interviews were carried out with key-informants from the main national dental associations of EU and associated countries. The interviews were structured around the responses to a previously completed questionnaire, whose topics and terminology had been agreed in advance with the collaborating associations. The resulting descriptions of dental practice and the dental workforce in each country were returned for further validation and correction by the collaborating associations. Ultimate editorial control over the review of each country's oral health system rested with the academic unit from which the associations jointly commissioned the study. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: With the exception of Austria the primary training and registration of dentists is now more or less standard across Europe. However, wide international variation exists in the official recognition of dental specialists and auxiliaries. The Nordic countries of Sweden, Finland and Iceland recognise the broadest range of specialties. In contrast Spain, Portugal, Luxembourg and Belgium currently do not formally recognise any types of specialist practice. Fee-for-service is the dominant form of remuneration for dentists across Europe, but considerable variation exists in the level of fees, how they are decided and the proportion paid by the patient. When based upon standard questionnaires, semi-structured interviews with key informants are an effective method for capturing both the specifics of how an oral health system works, and the general similarities and differences between countries.

Delivery of Health Care↗
PubMed1998

Oral health systems in Europe. Part I: Finance and entitlement to care.

OBJECTIVE: To describe and compare the oral health systems in 18 European countries. BASIC RESEARCH DESIGN: Semi-structured, in-depth validation interviews were carried out with key informants from the main national dental associations of EU and associated countries. The interviews were structured around the responses to a previously completed questionnaire, the topics and terminology of which had been agreed in advance with the collaborating associations. The resulting descriptions of dental practice and the dental workforce in each country were returned for further validation and correction by the collaborating associations. Ultimate editorial control over the review of each country's oral health system rested with the authors. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Oral health care is mainly financed by government-regulated or compulsory social insurance in seven of the 18 countries examined here: Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Luxembourg, The Netherlands and Switzerland. Providing universal or near-universal coverage by membership of insurance institutions, these systems provide oral health care for about 180 million people across Europe, and almost half of all EU citizens. In the Nordic countries and the UK entitlement to care is typically based upon residence or citizenship, and apart from in Norway and Iceland is provided within a tax-funded and government-organised health service. In southern Europe, Norway, Ireland and Iceland oral health care is largely financed directly by the patient, with occasional support through private insurance. Some publicly-funded and organised services do exist in these countries but generally only for specific population groups (e.g. children, unemployed), or in particular regions.

Child↗
PubMed1984

What every chemical engineer should know about environmental health hazards.

This paper is the text of a lecture given to an audience composed, for the most part, of students of chemical engineering at a major university. The objective of the paper is to inform such a young, intelligent, and highly technical audience of the basic facts and perceptions--scientific, technical, societal, regulatory, and legal--concerning environmental health hazards. Topics such as toxicity, hazard, and risk--and ways in which risk has been approached and perceived--are discussed as are various public and private efforts to reduce the risks of environmental health hazards. The great uncertainties encountered in this field and seriousness with which it must be taken--including a brief description of possible personal legal liabilities an engineer can face--are stressed. Despite all difficulties, progress has been made in bringing order to a chaotic field and more progress is both needed and possible.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Religion and spirituality defined according to current use in nursing literature.

The nursing literature published from 1963 to 1989 was screened for definitions to distinguish the concept of religion from that of spirituality. Following concept analysis procedures, definitions were selected from journal articles and textbooks and the key words in the definitions were listed in order of frequency. In definitions of religion, six words appeared most frequently--system, beliefs, organized, person, worship, practices; in definitions of spirituality, nine words appeared most frequently--personal, life, principle, animator, being, God (god), quality, relationship, transcendent. Only the word person(al) appeared on both lists. Using these two lists, the words (defining attributes) that appeared most frequently were formed as consensus definitions. It was concluded that spirituality is currently the broader term and may subsume aspects of religion. If these concepts are not clearly defined, the care related to personal life principles, relationships, and transcendent experiences may be confused with care for personal beliefs and worship practices.

Holistic Health↗
PubMed2004

Web resources for the carbohydrate chemist.

Bioinformatics has played a pivotal role in advancing genetics and protein sciences. The large amount of information generated by genomics, and now proteomics, has been a driving force. By comparison, glycobiology still generates small amounts of data. The need to organize our knowledge about carbohydrates is however growing constantly and has given rise to an increasing number of public databases and freely available tools. This review gives an overview of the carbohydrate-oriented resources currently available on the Internet. Many of the resources are seldom referred to in the literature and difficult to find, in part because of the constant flux of the net itself, but also because many efforts have been lead by a single individual. As the World Wide Web has matured the number of 'permanent' resources, maintained by organizations rather than individuals, has increased. In this paper, we present some of the more useful and accessible public tools and databases. There are also a few commercial initiatives but these have not been reviewed.

Biochemical Phenomena↗