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At least 613 records · Page 34Linked to original sources
PubMed1991

[Diagnosis of streptococcal pharyngo-tonsillitis: clinical criteria or coagglutination?].

With the purpose of evaluating the usefulness of clinical data and a coagglutination test for the diagnosis of streptococcal pharyngeal tonsillitis, a study was carried out comparing both methods with the standard pharynx culture (gold standard). One hundred and forty-one patients clinically diagnosed with pharyngeal tonsillitis were analyzed. 80 other patients diagnosed with rhino-pharyngitis were used as control groups as well as a group of 66 healthy patients. It was found that the presence of pus in the tonsils and the absence of rhinorrhea and/or a productive cough were isolated clinical variables which showed a significant difference when comparing those cases with a positive or a negative culture (P less than 0.01). These clinical data had a sensitivity and adequate negative predictive values (68 to 83% and 90 to 92%, respectively); specificity was 44 to 74% and the positive predictive value from 24 to 36%. The gathering of combined clinical indexes with different symptoms and signs, were not greater than isolated data. The coagglutination test in those cases of pharyngeal tonsillitis showed greater better specificity (98%) and positive predictive value (93%), but saw no improvement in sensitivity (72%) nor in the negative predictive value (91%), which is why when faced with a negative coagglutination test, it is still necessary to perform a throat culture due to the risk which the patient may be exposed to when no treatment is given. The analysis of the advantages and disadvantages in the routine use of coagglutination and cultures in their particular cases, allows us to conclude that in daily clinical practice the use of clinical criteria is of greater usefulness.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Participation of different parts of the tonsils and the hippocampus in the regulation of the pituitary-adrenal cortex system in rats].

In experiments on rats the effect of electric coagulation of the tonsil and hippocamp on the functional activity of the pituitary-adrenal axis was studied. The weight of the adenohypophysis after the coagulation of the medial or lateral tonsils proved to decrease; the ACTH content in the hypophysis and the cortocosteroid level in the peripheral blood plasma diminished, and the compensatory hypertrophy of the remaining adrenal gland was intensified in rats with destroyed medial tonsil. The dorsal hippocamp coagulation was accompanied by a decrease in the adenohypophysis ACTH content, and the ventral hippocamp destruction led to reduction of corticosteroid secretion into the adrenal vein; in both cases the reaction to the irritation was potentiated. It was concluded that different parts of the tonsil and hippocamp influenced the pituitary-adrenal function unequally.

11-Hydroxycorticosteroids↗
PubMed1989

The tonsil and adenoid controversy.

This paper will review the anatomy, histology, immunology, bacteriology, indications, complications, and trends in modern tonsil and adenoid surgery. Information on tonsils and adenoids, both in their normal and abnormal states, has proliferated over the last two decades. A considerable variation in opinion remains on the subject. Historical fluctuations in the indications for tonsil and adenoid surgery have resulted in swings in the quantity of surgery performed. This paper will attempt to bring contemporary information together to provide reasonable guidelines for management of disease tonsils and adenoids.

Adenoidectomy↗
PubMed1989

The problems of tonsils and adenoids.

The tonsils and adenoids are secondary lymphoid organs which have evolved to protect the human host against microbial invaders entering the body via the cephalic gateway of the body, i.e. the nasopharyngeal aperture. There are special epithelial cells and macrophages which modify the microbial antigens to present to the B and T-lymphocytes of the tonsils and adenoids. The lymphocytes produce immunoglobulins which are transported to the circulation and also topical secretory IgA which is secreted into the salvia and mucous secretions to protect the human host. The changes in these secretions as a result of recurrent tonsillitis and hypertrophy of the adenoids and tonsils are discussed. Because these are part and parcel of the defence system of the body, their surgical removal may deprive the human host of one of its defence systems.

Adenoids↗
PubMed1988

Palatine tonsils--their evolution and ontogeny.

The structure of the palatine tonsils in an evolutionary line of mammals and its development in man was studied. The homologies between the thymus and tonsils were pointed out. Both primordia come from the same source and their epithelium reticulizes and can form concentric corpuscles. The tonsil develops from a doubled primordium and consists of two lobes. Attention is drawn to the close relation between tonsils and glands. In the evolution the glands diminish and more crypts are formed. After antigenous stimulation, proliferation of the crypt epithelium takes place which provokes the increase of venules. They bring new populations of lymphoid elements which penetrate into the reticulated epithelium and finally form new follicles.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Human tonsil lymphocytes in the transfer of cell-mediated immunity.

Peripheral blood lymphocytes have the ability to transfer cellular immunity. In this study, we investigated whether human tonsil lymphocytes could transfer cellular immunity. Human tonsil lymphocyte ultrafiltrates, after separation through gel filtration, showed five fractions in Sephadex-G-10, as well as four in Sephadex-G-25,4. The extracts and the fractions have characteristic biochemical as well as biological properties. The biological activity of ultrafiltrates from human tonsil lymphocytes was compared with the activity of ultrafiltrates prepared from human peripheral blood lymphocytes, for identification studies of a 'Transfer Factor' from human tonsils. Ultrafiltrates prepared from human peripheral blood lymphocytes (Ascher et al., 1976) and tested, showed similar biochemical and biological properties.

Humans↗
PubMed1983

Bacterial interference in the throat flora during a streptococcal tonsillitis outbreak in an apartment house area.

During an outbreak of streptococcal tonsillitis in an apartment house area the interfering capacity of alpha-hemolytic streptococci isolated from the inhabitants' throat flora on the beta-hemolytic streptococcal strains recovered during the outbreak was investigated. Strains of alpha-streptococci with an inhibiting capacity on beta-streptococci were isolated mainly from individuals seemingly resistant to streptococcal tonsillitis while patients with repeated tonsillitis often had beta-streptococcal strains inhibiting the growth of the patients own alpha-streptococcal flora. Inhibiting alpha-streptococcal strains were isolated in high frequency in healthy patients that had recently recovered from tonsillitis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

The accumulation of immunoglobulins in the human tonsil.

The concentration of 5 types of immunoglobulins in both serum and the faucial tonsil was determined. The level for all types was significantly higher in the tonsil. IgG was detected as the main immunoglobulin in the tonsil, while the concentration of the other types was in about the same range. With the shortening of the biological half-live the accumulation index increases. The results give evidence for the antibody formation in the tonsil.

Humans↗
PubMed1982

A bacteriological and/or immunological study of anaerobic streptococcal infection in chronic tonsillitis, paratonsillitis and periodontitis patients.

Anaerobic streptococci were isolated from 100% of tonsil tissue samples obtained from 36 chronic tonsillitis patients. The strains displayed antigenic and other differences. Sera of chronic tonsillitis, paratonsillitis and periodontitis patients exhibited significantly more often, and in significantly higher titres, antibodies to the anaerobic streptococci isolated from tonsils than did sera of normal persons.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Excretion of Mycobacaterium avium from lesions in the intestine and tonsils of infected swine.

Five 8-week-old pigs were given an oral dose of approximately 10(8) viable units of Mycobacterium avium and confined in such a way as to prevent ingestion of fecal material. At necropsy 70 to 79 days later, there were granulomatous lesions, some containing acid-fast organisms, in the tonsils, aggregated lymphatic follicles (Peyer's patches) of the jejunum and ileum, mucosa of the caudal portion of the ileum, ileocecal valve, and cecum. The organism was isolated from tonsils, intestine, and swabs from the surface of some of these tissues. Mycobacterium avium that apparently orignated from lesions in the pigs was first detected in the feces 20 to 23 days after the animals were inoculated. The number of organisms excreted began to decrease at 55 days, and none was isolated from feces at 69 days. It was concluded that lesions in the intestine and possibly the tonsils were the sources of the organisms in the feces. The role of tonsil and intestine lesions of swine as sources of perpetual herd infections is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Intercellular and lymphatic pathways of the canine palatine tonsils.

The palatine tonsils play a key role in initiating immune responses against antigenic material entering the mouth and their lymphatic pathways are important in disseminating immunological information to the lymph nodes and other mucosal surfaces. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy and Mercox casts were used to examine the intercellular and lymphatic pathways of the palatine tonsil in dogs. Intercellular fluid within the intraepithelial passageways of the reticular epithelium flows through pores in the basement membrane and intermingles with that of the subepithelial intercellular spaces. From there, tissue fluid enters initial lymphatics which form a plexus surrounding each follicle. No lymphatic vessels are seen entering or leaving the follicles but intercellular pathways of the follicles are continuous with those of the adjacent initial lymphatics. These pathways appear to provide the only route for lymphocytes leaving the follicles and directly entering the lymphatic pathway. Lymph then flows into sinuses adjacent to, and incompletely surrounding, the base of follicles; or it may enter a network of sinuses between and beneath the lymphoid follicles which convey lymph throughout the parafollicular tissue. Lymphoid cells enter the parafollicular sinuses which may be a major entry site of lymphocytes emigrating from the lymphoid parenchyma. Some lymph may bypass these sinuses by entering septal lymphatic vessels oriented perpendicular to the central connective tissue lamina of the palatine tonsil. All lymph is collected into basal lymphatic vessels where valves prevent retrograde flow. Basal vessels course within the central lamina and converge to form efferent lymphatic vessels which emerge at the caudal region of the palatine tonsil and convey lymph to the medial retropharyngeal lymph node.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Lymphatic drainage from the tonsil of the soft palate in pigs.

The tonsil of the soft palate, the predominant lymphoid tissue of the oropharynx in pigs, is important especially in initiating immune responses against antigenic material entering the mouth. The aim of this work was to describe the lymphatic pathways from the tonsils of the soft palate of pigs through lymph nodes of the head to the bloodstream. This was achieved by gross dissection, and by using Evans' Blue dye and Microfil casts. Efferent lymphatic vessels from the tonsil coalesce to form vessels which convey lymph to the primary nodes, the mandibular and medial retropharyngeal, and thence to the bloodstream, along two distinct pathways. In the superficial pathway, lymph flows through the mandibular lymph node, along lymphatic vessels closely associated with the linguofacial vein, to the ventral superficial cervical node (middle group) and the accessory mandibular node. Most efferent vessels from the accessory mandibular node enter the ventral superficial cervical node, but some may directly join the lymphatic vessels emanating from the ventral superficial cervical node. These vessels convey lymph to the dorsal superficial cervical node and thence, via the efferent lymphatics, to the circulatory system. In the deep pathway, lymph is conveyed directly to the medial retropharyngeal node and then to the tracheal trunk, as in other domestic animals. As the vessels from the tonsils course over the surface of the pharynx, the muscular movements of swallowing may help propel lymph towards the primary nodes and the bloodstream.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

[Importance of anaerobic bacteria in recurrent childhood non-streptococcal tonsillitis].

BACKGROUND: The presence of anaerobes in the oropharyngeal flora was already known, but they were infrequently involved in infections, except for specific diseases (abscesses, Vincent's angina). The involvement of anaerobes in more frequent by observed oropharyngeal diseases has been recently proposed. METHODS: We analyzed the tonsillar flora of 22 healthy children (control group) and 54 children diagnosed of recurrent tonsillitis. We compare the clinical response of children with recurrent tonsillitis to two treatments: penicillin, and penicillin plus metronidazole. RESULTS: We isolated Streptococcus pyogenes from 22.2% of children with tonsillitis, and did not isolate it from any healthy children. The rest of tonsillar flora was qualitatively similar in both groups. Both populations showed a high proportion of beta-lactamase-producer bacteria. In children from whom S. pyogenes was isolated, the response to the treatment was similar for both treatments. In those cases where S. pyogenes was not isolated, penicillin + metronidazole cured the 77.2% of children treated, but penicillin cured only 30% of cases. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that anaerobes might be involved, at least, in recurrent tonsillitis when S. pyogenes is not found, and justify further studies about the etiology and treatment of this disease.

Bacteria, Anaerobic↗
PubMed1977

[Treatment of tonsillitis with dequalinium chloride].

44 children with acute tonsillitis were treated without the usual penicillin therapy. 22 children received lozenges containing Dequalinium chloride, 22 children received void lozenges under conditions of a double blind study. The results show that the treatment with Dequalinium chloride did not influence conditions caused by haemolytic streptococci -- verified by bacteriological examinations of pharyngeal smears -- inspite of its efficiency in vitro. Also general symptoms like fever, leukocytosis and rapid erythrocyte sedimentation rate were not influenced by Pequalinium chloride. Local symptoms like sore throat, tonsillar redness and exsudation were influenced beneficially. It can therefore be assumed that in cases of acute tonsillitis penicillin therapy is not necessary except in cases of streptococci infections. These should be excluded by pharyngeal smear. The medium of Liebermeister and Braveny is a very simple indicator to differentiate between tonsillitis caused by streptococci and tonsillitis of other origin.

Child↗
PubMed1996

Differences in the germinal centres of palatine tonsils and lymph nodes.

The germinal centres of human palatine tonsils typically have four clearly recognizable compartments. The dark zone is identified by the presence of centroblasts and a thin follicular dendritic cell (FDC) network. The dense FDC network is divided into a CD23(low/-) portion adjacent to the dark zone (the basal light zone) and a CD23(high) portion, the apical light zone). The outer zone, which lies between the apical light zone and the follicular mantle, has only fine CD23- FDC processes. While these compartments were seen in 48 follicles from eight tonsils, the compartmental structure of 54 germinal centres in lymph nodes from 11 individuals was markedly different. The CD23+ FDC network in lymph node follicles extended into part of the dark zone and the inner part of the follicular mantle, and consequently no outer zone or basal light zone was identified. In both the lymph nodes and tonsils most T cells were CD4+ and located outside the dark zone; the concentration of these cells at the edge of germinal centres was typical of tonsil centres but was noted only occasionally in lymph nodes. The substantial minority of T cells that were CD4,CD57+ were located mainly in the dense FDC network.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Systemic immune response to Streptococcal and Staphylococcal lipoteichoic acids in children with recurrent tonsillitis.

The antibodies to LTA of Streptococcus pyogenes (S. pyogenes) and of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) in sera from 110 children with or without recurrent tonsillitis were assayed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The antibody of IgA class was not detected in any sera. There was a significant positive correlation between IgG and IgM antibody levels to LTA of S. pyogenes and those to LTA of S. aureus. There was no significant correlation between anti-LTA IgM antibody and age or episodes of tonsillitis. However, serum anti-LTA IgG levels in younger patients ( < or = 7 y.o.) were significantly lower than those in their elders (>7 y.o.) (anti-S. pyogenes; p = 0.0007, anti-S. aureus; p = 0.007). Serum anti-LTA IgG antibody levels correlated inversely with episodes of tonsillitis in younger patients ( < 7 y.o.) (S. pyogenes: r = -0.362, p = 0.0082, S. aureus: r = -0.276, p = 0.047). These findings suggest that systemic hyposensitivity to LTA of S. pyogenes and S. aureus may be a possible cause of habitualness of tonsillitis in young children.

Child↗
PubMed1996

Reactive arthritis induced by tonsillitis.

We describe 13 adult patients with reactive arthritis induced by tonsillitis. Arthritis occurred 710 days after tonsillitis and involved the wrists, knees, feet and sternoclavicular joints. Some cases had pain in the Achilles tendon areas. Synovial fluid examined in 4 patients was sterile. All patients except 3 showed unequivocal elevation of serum ASO and/or ASK. Streptococcus was isolated from tonsillar swabs in 7 patients. One had maculopapular erythema and 2 had abdominal pain of unknown origin, but none had cardiac involvement, chorea and subcutaneous nodule. HLA examination revealed that 4 had B39 (p <0.005). Eight cases were treated with antibiotics. Five cases underwent tonsillectomy. All tonsils had cryptic abscess. No exacerbation was seen thereafter. These cases probably represent reactive arthritis induced by tonsillitis and should be distinguished from other rheumatic diseases.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

A study of apoptosis in the human palatine tonsil.

Apoptosis is a morphological involution caused by a cellular suicide program which is associated with programmed cell death. Several reports have shown that Fas antigen mediated apoptosis and death of immunocytes in lymphoid tissues are induced through apoptotic mechanisms. The present study was designed to investigate apoptotic cells in human palatine tonsils by using in situ end-labeling (ISEL) technique and flow cytometric analysis with anti-Fas antibody. The ISEL technique showed that a number of apoptotic cells were present in the subepithelial area of the tonsil. Flow cytometric analysis showed that the number of anti-Fas positive cells in the tonsil was larger in adults than in children. Further, tonsillar lymphocytes were examined for mRNA expression of the Fas antigen using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method. Fas mRNA expression was confirmed in tonsillar lymphocytes. The results suggest that apoptosis may be related to morphological and immunologic involutions of the tonsil.

Apoptosis↗