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At least 613 records · Page 34Linked to original sources
PubMed1983

Dose of thiopental, pentobarbital, and phenytoin for maximal therapeutic effects in cerebral ischemic anoxia.

Recent interest in pharmacotherapy for various cerebral insults with potentially dangerous drugs, such as barbiturate anesthetics, has created a need to determine the lowest or optimal dose resulting in maximal therapeutic effects. Our earlier studies suggested that whole brain free fatty acid (FFA) accumulation during complete global ischemia reflects the evolution of brain damage. Various drugs effective in ameliorating ischemic brain injury were also effective in attenuating FFA accumulation. The degree of attenuation by a given drug at various doses may indicate the optimal dose. We studied the attenuation of whole brain FFAs (i.e., 20:4, 18:0, 18:1, and 16:0) by 15-120 mg/kg of thiopental or pentobarbital, or 50-300 mg/kg of phenytoin or ketamine intraperitoneal (IP), during 10-min decapitation ischemia in rats. Plasma and brain drug levels were measured except ketamine. Maximal attenuation of FFAs occurred at pentobarbital, thiopental, and phenytoin doses of 15, 30, and 150 mg/kg IP reducing total FFA by 18, 22, and 31%, respectively. These results indicate that maximal therapeutic effects are obtained at subanesthetic doses of barbiturates and at the anticonvulsant dose of phenytoin.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

The effects of etomidate, thiopental, and propofol in induction on hypoperfusion-reperfusion phenomenon during laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

BACKGROUND: A hypoperfusion-reperfusion human model is observed during and soon after laparoscopic surgery. The aim of the study was to research the preventive effects of etomidate, thiopental, and propofol in induction on hypoperfusion- reperfusion phenomenon during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. METHODS: Thirty-six consecutive ASA I-II patients were randomized into three groups of 12 patients each. Anaesthesia was induced with etomidate in group 1, thiopental in group 2, and propofol in group 3. Venous blood samples were obtained at different time points for measurement of plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. Arterial blood and gastric juice samples were obtained for the calculation of gastric intramucosal pH (pHi). Also changes in aminotransferases, alkaline phosphatase and total bilirubin levels were assessed. RESULTS: There was a significant decrease in pHi at 1 min before desufflation (BD) and 20 min after desufflation (AD) compared with before insufflation (BI) in all groups. Plasma level of MDA was significantly increased in group 1 at 1 min BD and 20 min AD compared with before induction of anaesthesia (baseline). Malondialdehyde levels were decreased significantly in group 3 and increased non-significantly in group 2 at the same time points. Also AST and ALT levels were significantly increased in both groups 1 and 2 at 24 h postoperatively. CONCLUSION: Propofol with antioxidant activity may offer many advantages by scavenging reactive oxygen species and their metabolites in case of anticipated hypoperfusion-reperfusion phenomenon, such as would occur in laparoscopic surgery.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Chemical stability of thiopental sodium injection in disposable plastic syringes.

The chemical stability of thiopental sodium injection (2.5%) when stored at 25 degrees and 5 degrees in disposable plastic syringes of two manufacturers (Monoject and Becton Dickenson and Co.) has been studied using the USP-NF method. The injection appeared to be stable for five days at 25 degrees and 45 days at 5 degrees with a loss in potency of less than 7%. The thiopental sodium did not adsorb on the syringes. The pH values and the physical appearance did not change. An additional peak was obtained in the chromatogram from both the freshly prepared and the assay solution probably due to an impurity in the powder.

Disposable Equipment↗
PubMed1978

Postanaesthetic postural stability following thiopental or propanidid anaesthesia.

Using a quantitative Romberg-test performed on a computerized force-plate-system, postural stability was tested in 39 patients before and 3 hours after general anaesthesia with either thiopental (20 patients) or propanidid (19 patients). Sway-tendencies in the sagittal and the transversal direction were recorded. Comparing pre- and postoperative test results, patients anaesthetized with thiopental had a decreased postural stability 3 hours after anaesthesia, indicated by a significantly (P less than 0.05) increased sway-tendency of 22.6% in the sagittal direction. No change occurred in sway-tendency in the transversal direction in this group. In the propanidid group no significant differences were found between pre- and postoperative test results.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Routine induction of anaesthesia with thiopental and suxamethonium: apnoea without ventilation?

Changes in Paco2 and Paco2 during the induction of anaesthesia with thiopental suxamethonium, and intubation were investigated in 20 patients who received preoxygenation for 2 min, but no ventilation before intubation. Both in fit patients below the age of 60 years (Group I) and in patients above the age-several suffering from cardiopulmonary disease - (group II), Pao2 increased to about 40 kPa during preoxygenation and remained at the level during apnoea. Mean Paco2 increased to 6.3 and 5.7 kPa in Groups I and II, respectively. No complications were seen, and it is concluded that the apnoea involved in the "crash induction" technique is sage. Pulmonary aspiration of acid gastric fluid may also occur in fasting patients, and it is suggested that even in elective cases ventilation might advantageously be replaced by preoxygenation when anaesthesia is induced with thiopental and suxamethonium.

Anesthesia, General↗
PubMed1983

Tissue distribution of thiopental and diazepam in rats at 71 atmospheres pressure.

35S-thiopental 15 mg/kg and 14C-diazepam 5 mg/kg were injected intravenously in separate groups of rats (n = 6) at 1 ATA air and at 71 ATA air-He. Total radioactivity was measured in the brain, liver, kidney, muscle and fat after 1, 3, 5 and 15 min. The thiopental content was significantly reduced at pressure in the brain at 3, 5 and 15 min. The diazepam content of the brain was significantly reduced at pressure at 1, 5 and 15 min. The liver, muscle and kidney tissue generally contained slightly less of either drug at pressure, particularly at the earliest sampling times.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Comparison of the effects of fentanyl on respiratory mechanics under propofol or thiopental anaesthesia.

Twenty patients were randomly anaesthetized with either thiopental 5 mg/kg followed by a 15 mg/kg/h continuous infusion, or propofol 2.5 mg/kg followed by a 9 mg/kg/h continuous infusion, paralysed with vecuronium 0.1 mg/kg, intubated and ventilated with nitrous oxide 50% in oxygen. Fifteen minutes after induction, fentanyl 5 micrograms/kg was injected. Inspiratory tracheal pressure (PT), gas flow (V) and volume (V) were continuously measured while the lungs were inflated with a constant inspiratory flow ventilator. Respiratory compliance (Crs) and resistance (Rrs) were calculated from the regression of PT on V. In both groups Crs decreased following anaesthesia. Fentanyl injection elicited an increase in Rrs (from 1.04 +/- 0.70 to 1.63 +/- 0.92 kPa x l-1 x s) and a further decrease in Crs (from 0.55 +/- 0.30 to 0.42 +/- 0.10 l x kPa-1) in the thiopental group but not in the propofol group (Rrs: 1.26 +/- 0.69 to 1.08 +/- 0.44 kPa x l-1 x s, Crs: 0.49 +/- 0.11 to 0.48 +/- 0.13 l x kPa-1). These results suggest that the dose of propofol administered in this study may prevent fentanyl-induced bronchoconstriction.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Anesthetic induction with thiopental: its effect on scalp topography of median nerve somatosensory evoked potentials.

The effects on median nerve somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) of analgesic doses of fentanyl, meperidine or morphine and of sodium thiopental (STP) anesthesia (4 mg/kg) were tested in 36 surgical patients. We also explored changes in SEP components as a function of their scalp location. Before and after medication, responses were recorded from the scalp overlying the parietal cortex (ipsi- and contralateral to the stimulated arm) and the precentral (contralateral) cortex. None of the three opiates affected SEP latencies or amplitudes. The barbiturate increased the amplitudes of subcortical and early cortical components (N18, N20, P22, P25), whose latencies, however, were not significantly modified. The effect of STP on later SEP cortical components depended on their scalp topography: parietal N33 and P45 underwent significant changes in both latency and amplitude, whereas precentral N30 showed a significant amplitude increase only. Thiopental anesthesia produces clearer short-latency SEP recordings, from both parietal (components N20-P25) and precentral (P22, N30) areas.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Fentanyl reduces desflurane-induced airway irritability following thiopental administration in children.

BACKGROUND: Airway irritation is a major drawback of desflurane anesthesia. This study was designed to evaluate the effect of intravenous fentanyl given before thiopental induction on airway irritation caused by a stepwise increase in desflurane in children. METHODS: Eighty children (2-8 years) were enrolled in a randomized, double-blind study. Forty received saline and 40 received 2 microg/kg of fentanyl intravenously; this was followed by thiopental sodium 5 mg/kg in both groups. Patients were assistant-ventilated with desflurane 1%, which was then increased by 1% every six breaths up to 10%. During this period, cough, secretion, excitation and apnea were graded and the desflurane concentration at which airway irritation symptoms first occurred was recorded. The results were analyzed using Pearson's chi-squared test. RESULTS: The incidence of typical airway irritation events was lower with fentanyl than with saline (cough, 2.5% vs. 42.5%; secretion, 27.5% vs. 82.5%; excitation, 10% vs. 82.5%; apnea, 20% vs. 65%; P < 0.05). The mean expired desflurane concentration at which the first airway irritation symptom occurred was greater with fentanyl than with saline (7.3% vs. 5.5%, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Intravenous fentanyl in children reduces airway complications caused by desflurane.

Analgesics, Opioid↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Comparison of cerebrospinal fluid pressure in propofol- and thiopental-anesthetized eucapnic dogs.

Cerebrospinal fluid pressure (CSFp) was measured as part of the neurologic assessment of dogs with suspected intracranial disease. Because propofol has not been shown to cause an increase in intracranial pressure in humans, the authors examined its effect on (CSFp) in dogs to determine if it would be an appropriate substitute for thiopental as an anesthetic agent for the measurement of CSFp. The CSF pressure in eucapnic propofol-anesthetized dogs (105 +/- 5.6 mm H2O) was not significantly different (p < .05) from CSFp in eucapnic thiopental-anesthetized dogs (103.8 +/- 6.6 mm H2O).

Anesthesia, Intravenous↗
PubMed1979

Determination of thiopental by high pressure liquid chromatography.

A specific and rapid reverse phase HPLC-method for the determination of thiopental in serum and in protein free solutions is described. No extraction is used. The detection limit is about 0.090 microgram/ml for serum and about 0.030 microgram/ml for buffer solutions. The retention time is 3.80 min. No interference is found with drugs commonly used in patients with heart diseases. The method was used to follow the serum concentrations in 7 patients who were given thiopental as an introduction to general anaesthesia.

Adult↗
PubMed1967

Effects of thiopental sedation on learning and memory.

Subjects who were administered thiopental showed a loss of memory for events discussed while they were under sedation. We tested the subjects for recognition memory of pictures and recall of associated pairs of letters and words, and found that the subsequent memory loss was correlated with the concentration of thiopental in the venous blood at the time the material was learned. Retention did not appear to be state-dependent because the subject, while under sedation, could recall material learned prior to sedation, and because recall was not facilitated by reinstatement of the sedation.

Female↗
PubMed1982

Influence of thiopental anesthesia on renal sodium and water excretion in the dog.

The influence of thiopental anesthesia on renal tubular sodium reabsorption was investigated in the well-trained dog. After administration of the anesthetic, renal sodium reabsorption was depressed, leading to the enhanced excretion of sodium and water. Associated with this response was a decrease in the plasma levels of epinephrine and norepinephrine. Neither renal hemodynamic functions nor the humoral factors, prostaglandin E, plasma renin activity, or arginine vasopressin appeared to be the major determinants of the natriuresis. These observations suggest that the administration of thiopental depresses renal sympathetic nerve activity, thereby diminishing the renal tubular transport of sodium.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Comparison of the EEG effects of midazolam, thiopental, and propofol: the role of underlying oscillatory systems.

The EEG effects of 3 intravenous sedative drugs from different chemical families were studied during conscious sedation in 47 normal volunteers. The drugs studied were midazolam (a benzodiazepine), propofol (an alkylphenol) and thiopental (a barbiturate). Though these drugs cause different degrees of amnesia, they have the common EEG effects of suppressing alpha-rhythm and increasing total beta-power. A large portion of the increase in beta-power can be accounted for by beta-rhythms. We used the UNIFAC-EEG technique to differentiate oscillatory systems underlying the rhythms induced by these drugs in a quantitative fashion. While thiopental induced beta-rhythms which were similar to those appearing during drowsiness, midazolam and propofol induced beta-rhythms with substantially different characteristics. The differences between the beta-rhythms induced by drug infusion and previously described 'sleep spindles' are discussed. We conclude that a quantitative analysis of beta-rhythms can differentiate the effects of these drugs on the EEG.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Corticosterone and growth hormone secretions during long-term thiopental anesthesia in the male rat.

To study the temporal correlation of secretory profiles of corticosterone (CS) and growth hormone (GH) in adult male rats in the continuous-sleep state, CS and GH concentrations were measured in blood sampled at 10-min intervals through an intracardiac cannula for 11-12 h under long-term thiopental anesthesia. The cortical electroencephalogram (EEG) was monitored to maintain stable sleep during the sampling period. Sixteen rats were subjected to the experiment. By analysis of power spectrum and least-squares methods all the time series of CS and GH concentrations in blood were revealed to have three major ultradian rhythms with periodicities of 1.5 h and its multiples. Although there were no significant positive or negative cross-correlation coefficients between the periodicities of CS and GH, a tendency was evident for GH concentrations to be high when CS concentrations were low, and CS concentrations to be high when GH concentrations were low. The results demonstrate that CS and GH secretions are able to manifest the same ultradian rhythms as those in the unanesthetized, freely moving condition even in the continuous-sleep state due to thiopental anesthesia. Combined with our previous findings, the CS, GH and sleep-wakefulness rhythms appear to be governed by separate pacemakers, although sharing the same basic ultradian rhythm.

Activity Cycles↗
PubMed2002

High-dose thiopental in the treatment of refractory status epilepticus in intensive care unit.

The authors studied prospectively the effects of thiopental anesthesia on seizure control, hemodynamics, and the course of intensive care in 10 patients with refractory status epilepticus. Clinical and electrophysiological seizures were terminated in every patient. Hemodynamically, thiopental was well tolerated, but slow recovery from anesthesia prolonged the need for intensive care.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Neonatal neurobehabioral tests following vaginal delivery under ketamine, thiopental, and extradural anesthesia.

Scanlon's neurobehavioral tests were administered to 274 neonates on the 1st and 2nd days of life. Ketamine-N2O anesthesia had been given to 45 mothers, thiopental-N2O to 52, and lumbar extradural anesthesia with chloroprocaine to 177. All babies delivered from mothers receiving meperidine within 5 hours of delivery were excluded. All babies tested were over 2500 grams in weight, apparently normal, and with Apgar scores of at least 8 at 1 minute and 10 at 5 minutes. All were delivered from healthy women aged 18 to 35 years following a normal labor. Lumbar extradural anesthesia was associated with the greatest percentage of high scores on both the 1st and 2nd days for overall assessment, tone, rooting, sucking, Moro's response, placing, alertness, and habituation to pinprick. The scores were lowest after thiopental and intermediate following ketamine. No relationship was found between neurobehavior and low-forceps extraction, oxytocin augmentation, parity, or duration of labor.

Anesthesia, Epidural↗
PubMed1991

Cardiodynamic effects of propofol in comparison with thiopental: assessment with a transesophageal echocardiographic approach.

In 40 patients, the cardiovascular effects of low- and high-dose propofol anesthesia (single bolus of 1.5 mg/kg in group A, 2.5 mg/kg in group C) were examined and compared with those of low- and high-dose thiopental (4 mg/kg in group B, 6.5 mg/kg in group D) (n = 10 patients per group). After induction of anesthesia with etomidate, all patients were ventilated with 70% nitrous oxide in oxygen. Peripheral arterial systolic blood pressure (SAP) and transesophageal echocardiographic short-axis measurements were used to calculate the end-systolic pressure-volume relationship (E) as an index of global myocardial contractility. In all groups SAP decreased significantly below baseline levels for the duration of the measurements (15 min after drug administration), except for the lower dose of thiopental, where SAP returned to baseline values within 10 min. Propofol at a dose of 1.5 mg/kg significantly decreased cardiac output (CO) (from 5.1 +/- 0.25 [mean +/- SEM] to 4.2 +/- 0.23 L/min), stroke volume (SV) (from 64 +/- 3 to 56 +/- 3.6 mL), and the slope of E (from 71 +/- 3.5 to 65 +/- 4.2 mm Hg/mL) until 4 min after drug administration. The higher dose of propofol significantly decreased CO (from 5.1 +/- 0.29 to 4.1 +/- 0.26 L/min), SV (from 64 +/- 3 to 52 +/- 4.6 mL), and the slope of E (from 71 +/- 3.6 to 62 +/- 3.7 mm Hg/mL) until 10 min after drug administration.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗