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At least 613 records · Page 34Linked to original sources
PubMed1984

The effect of television-mediated aggression and real-life aggression on the behavior of Lebanese children.

This study investigated the effect of television-mediated aggression and real-life aggression on the behavior of Lebanese children. The sample consisted of 48 boys and 48 girls of Lebanese origin who were students in an elementary school in Beirut, Lebanon. After controlling for pre-experimental aggression, the subjects were randomly assigned to one of the following treatment conditions: human-film aggression, cartoon-film aggression, neutral film, or real-life (act of war) aggression. The results indicated that boys as a group were more aggressive than girls and exhibited more imitative aggression after viewing both violent film and real-life violence. Girls were not more violent after viewing filmed aggression but were affected by the real-life violence. Comparisons of Bandura's work within the Lebanese culture are made.

Aggression↗
PubMed1985

Developmental differences in empathy with a television protagonist's fear.

An experiment was conducted to determine whether children at different ages (3-5 vs 9-11) differ in their tendency to share the emotion of a television character. Subjects were shown a videotape of either a frightening stimulus alone or a character's fear in response to a threatening stimulus that was suggested rather than shown directly. Contrasting predictions were made based on a cognitive-developmental view of the process of empathy vs an automatic conception. Both self-reported emotional reactions and physiological responses were consistent with the cognitive-developmental approach: The younger children were less emotionally aroused by the character's fear than by the fear-provoking stimulus, while the older children responded emotionally to both versions of the videotape. The younger children's lack of empathy was not due to a failure to recognize the nature of the character's emotion. There was some evidence that the older children exhibited a greater tendency to role take than did the younger children.

Arousal↗
PubMed1976

Television radiographic evaluation of periapical osseous radiolucencies.

Periapical lesions were experimentally induced in forty-five teeth of seven beagle dogs by both septic and aseptic techniques. Preoperative and postoperative serial radiographs were produced with a specifically designed animal head x-ray device, at 30-, 60-, and 90-day periods. Four anatomic study areas, which consisted of the cervical, interradicular, proximal root, and periapical areas of each tooth, were evaluated by viewbox observation of radiographs, television subtraction radiographic imagery, and histologic examination. The findings obtained with the subtracted image and histologic examinations were correlated with viewbox observations. Diagnostic evidence of periapical pathosis was identified in the subtracted image 7 to 42 days before this same evidence was noted on the viewbox radiograph. The periodontal membrane space, lamina dura, bone trabeculae, and medullary spaces were markedly enhanced, with defined outlines of the periapical lesions noted in the subtracted image.

Alveolar Process↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Visual screening via television.

Using a test developed in 1977, visual screening via television is now beginning to be carried out on a large scale. The test consists of two parts, a visual acuity test and a visual field test using a modification of the multiple pattern method of Harrington and Flocks. It has been useful and has been well received by the public. A great advantage of the testing method is that many thousands of people can be simultaneously screened in a 10-minute period. The accuracy of the test is discussed. The videotape program is now available for broadcast from the National Society to Prevent Blindness, Inc.

Diagnostic Errors↗
PubMed1982

A solid-state television pupillometer.

An application of an MOS-type solid-state imaging sensor to a television pupillometer is described. Its advantages over the conventional image-tube pupillometers using silicon vidicons are demonstrated with special emphasis on its excellent dynamics performance. Design considerations for an MOS-type solid-state TV camera and the schematic diagram of a pupillometer which detects the horizontal pupillary diameter are presented. Two methods of infrared illumination giving no heat sensation to subjects are also proposed: the effective use of an aquatic filter and solid-state illumination utilizing i.r.-LEDs.

Humans↗
PubMed1995

Facial morphometry of television actresses compared with normal women.

PURPOSE: The object of this investigation was to determine whether young women considered as beautiful differ in their three-dimensional facial characteristics from normal women of the same age and race. METHODS: The three-dimensional coordinates of 22 standardized soft-tissue facial landmarks were automatically collected in two groups of women using a noninvasive instrument. The first group consisted of 10 white television actresses selected only on the basis of their soft-tissue facial appearance ("beautiful" group); the second group included 40 healthy, white women selected according to criteria of dentofacial normality ("normal" group). The x, y, and z coordinates of the points collected on each woman were used to calculate several three-dimensional angles, linear distances, linear distance ratios, and facial volumes. RESULTS: The facial morphometric characteristics within the beautiful group were more uniform than within the normal group. On average, the beautiful women had a larger forehead, a larger middle facial third relative to the total face, a wider (left-right dimension) and less deep (anteroposterior dimension) face, a smaller nose, and a less convex face (in both the sagittal and transversal planes) than the normal women. CONCLUSION: The three-dimensional cutaneous facial characteristics of the beautiful women were significantly different from the characteristics of the normal women.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Evaluation of a closed circuit television patient education program: structure, process and outcome.

Few planners of a closed circuit television (CCTV) patient-education program have shared the evaluation of their program with other health agencies who are planning or considering such programs. This paper addresses the evaluation of the structure and process of developing and implementing such a program, and analyzes the outcome and cost effectiveness of one CCTV program. Two separate studies of patients at this hospital revealed that 6.5% and 1.7% of patients viewed the CCTV channel. The authors examined the possible factors contributing to the poor viewing habits of patients: (1) technical malfunctions, (2) low patient awareness, (3) minimal staff promotion, (4) nature of patient population. Planning processes and program structure are also examined to determine how they contributed to the outcomes. For example, incorrect planning assumptions and marketing strategies and failure to predict system barriers were possible factors. Finally, the costs involved in planning, implementing and monitoring the CCTV program are examined.

Costs and Cost Analysis↗
PubMed1991

Reading epilepsy with absences, television-induced seizures, and pattern sensitivity.

A 14-year-old right-handed girl suffering from absence seizures from age 6 began to have reflex seizures elicited by reading and watching television when she was 13. Neurophysiological studies showed pattern sensitivity and photo-sensitivity. VEPs, obtained with flash and pattern reversal stimulation, were normal. This atypical form of reading epilepsy suggests an interaction of pattern vision and cognitive functions as precipitating stimuli in reflex seizures.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Television viewing and cardiovascular risk factors in young adults: the CARDIA study.

Cross-sectional associations between self-reported hours of television (TV) viewing per day and cardiovascular risk factors were assessed in a biracial (black and white) study population of 4280 men and women, ages 23 to 35 years, undergoing the year-5 follow-up examination for the Cardiovascular Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study in 1990 to 1991. Number of hours of TV viewing per day was higher in blacks than in whites and was inversely associated with education and income. Relative to "light" TV viewers (0 to 1 h/d), "heavy" TV viewers (> or = 4 h/d) had a higher prevalence (P < 0.05) of obesity, smoking, and high hostility score in all race/gender groups, and of physical inactivity in all groups except black men. Among whites, "heavy" TV viewers had higher depression scores, and among blacks, reported more alcohol use. TV viewing was not associated with hypertension and lipid abnormalities. Heavy TV viewing is a modifiable behavior that is associated with increased prevalence of several cardiovascular risk factors.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Looking for boomerang effects: a pre-post experimental study of the effects of exposure of youth to television advertising for nicotine replacement therapy and Zyban.

In the context of concerns about unintended "boomerang" influences of advertising, this study aimed to examine effects of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) and Zyban advertising on youth perceptions of the ease of quitting, health risks of smoking and future intentions to smoke. 718 youth aged 14-16years were randomly allocated to view four television ads promoting either: NRT; Zyban; non-pharmaceutical cessation services (telephone Quitline); or non-cessation messages on sun protection. Questionnaire measures were administered before and after viewing ads. There were no effects of advertising exposure on perceived health effects of smoking or intentions to smoke. Compared with the sun protection ads, but not the Quitline ads, those exposed to NRT ads reported stronger perceptions about the ease of quitting, but non-susceptible non-smokers primarily drove this difference. This study suggests that exposure to NRT and Zyban advertising in an experimental context does not reliably influence youth smoking-related beliefs, especially those vulnerable to becoming regular smokers.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Effect of television advertisements for foods on food consumption in children.

The impact of television (TV) advertisements (commercials) on children's eating behaviour and health is of critical interest. In a preliminary study we examined lean, over weight and obese children's ability to recognise eight food and eight non-food related adverts in a repeated measures design. Their consumption of sweet and savoury, high and low fat snack foods were measured after both sessions. Whilst there was no significant difference in the number of non-food adverts recognised between the lean and obese children, the obese children did recognise significantly more of the food adverts. The ability to recognise the food adverts significantly correlated with the amount of food eaten after exposure to them. The overall snack food intake of the obese and overweight children was significantly higher than the lean children in the control (non-food advert) condition. The consumption of all the food offered increased post food advert with the exception of the low-fat savoury snack. These data demonstrate obese children's heightened alertness to food related cues. Moreover, exposure to such cues induce increased food intake in all children. As suggested the relationship between TV viewing and childhood obesity appears not merely a matter of excessive sedentary activity. Exposure to food adverts promotes consumption.

Advertising↗
PubMed2006

Does eating during television viewing affect preschool children's intake?

The objective of this study was to examine the effects of television (TV) viewing on children's lunch and snack intake in one condition when the children watched a 22-minute cartoon video on TV (TV group), and in another without the TV (no TV group). Participants included 24 children and their parents, recruited from a university child-care center. Parents reported children's TV viewing habits at home. Overall, children ate significantly less snack and lunch in the TV condition compared with the no TV condition. However, children who reportedly watched more daily hours of TV and who had a higher frequency of meals eaten in front of the TV at home ate more lunch in the TV condition. TV viewing may either increase or reduce children's intake, depending on prior experience with eating during TV viewing.

Body Mass Index↗
PubMed2006

Television viewing and physical activity in children.

PURPOSE: This study examined the relationship between television viewing (TV) and physical activity (PA) in children during the school year. METHODS: Participants were 80 children (n = 40 boys) aged 9 to 12 years. A four-day assessment of PA using an accelerometer was conducted, and a daily TV log was maintained. Correlational analyses were made to determine the associations between TV and PA across different days of the week and across different times of the day. RESULTS: The PA and TV relationship (r = -.086) for all children, while controlling for gender and body mass index (BMI) was not statistically significant. Additional results indicated three significant after-school time periods for PA and TV in boys (r = -.30, p = .03; r = -.37, p = .01; r = -.32, p = .02). Additionally, boys who watched no TV were significantly more active during two time periods immediately after school than boys who watched any TV (p = .006; p = .048, respectively). Similar trends were seen for girls; however, none were significant. CONCLUSIONS: If TV limits PA, it most likely occurs after school. After school, parents and others can provide active play opportunities and limit TV watching. If increased activity is the goal, then limiting TV watching and creating opportunities for activity should be made.

Child↗
PubMed2005

Links between parents' and girls' television viewing behaviors: a longitudinal examination.

OBJECTIVE: This longitudinal study examines links between parents' television (TV)-related parenting practices and their daughter's daily TV viewing hours. STUDY DESIGN: Participants included 173 non-Hispanic white girls and their parents who were examined when girls were age 9 and 11 years. Girls' daily TV viewing hours, mothers' and fathers' daily TV viewing hours, parents' use of TV as a recreational activity, family TV co-viewing, and parents' restriction of girls' access to TV were assessed. RESULTS: Approximately 40% of girls exceeded the TV-viewing recommendations (ie, < or =2 hours/day). Girls watched significantly more TV when their parents were high-volume TV viewers, relied heavily on TV as a recreational activity, watched TV with them, and failed to limit their access to TV. A parenting risk score was calculated by collapsing information across all parenting variables. In comparison with girls exposed to 1 or fewer parenting risk factors at age 9, girls exposed to 2 or more parenting risk factors were 5 to 10 times more likely to exceed TV viewing recommendations at age 9 and 11. CONCLUSIONS: Efforts to reduce TV viewing among children should encourage parents to limit their own TV viewing, reduce family TV viewing time, and limit their children's access to TV.

Body Mass Index↗
PubMed2005

Television viewing in early childhood predicts adult body mass index.

OBJECTIVES: To examine the effects of duration, timing and type of television (TV) viewing at age 5 years on body mass index (BMI) in adult life. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: 1970 British Birth Cohort, followed up at 5 (N=13,135), 10 (N=14,875), and 30 years (N=11,261). OUTCOME MEASURES: Weekday and weekend TV viewing at 5 years, type of programs, and maternal attitudes toward TV at age 5 years. BMI z-score at 10 and 30 years. RESULTS: Mean daily hours of TV viewed at weekends predicted higher BMI z-score at 30 years (coefficient=0.03, 95% CI: 0.01, 0.05, P=.01) when adjusted for TV viewing and activity level at 10 years, sex, socioeconomic status, parental BMIs, and birth weight. Each additional hour of TV watched on weekends at 5 years increased risk of adult obesity (BMI > or =30 kg/m2) by 7% (OR=1.07, 95% CI 1.01, 1.13, P=.02). Weekday viewing, type of program and maternal attitudes to TV at 5 years were not independently associated with adult BMI z-score. CONCLUSIONS: Weekend TV viewing in early childhood continues to influence BMI in adulthood. Interventions to influence obesity by reducing sedentary behaviors must begin in early childhood. Interventions focusing on weekend TV viewing may be particularly effective.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Individual, social and home environment determinants of change in children's television viewing: the Switch-Play intervention.

Understanding potential determinants of change in television (TV) viewing among children may enhance the effectiveness of programs targeting this behaviour. This study aimed to investigate the contribution of individual, social and home environment factors among 10-year-old Australian children to change in TV viewing over a 21-month period. A total of 164 children (49% boys) completed a 19-lesson (9-month) intervention program to reduce TV viewing time. Children completed self-administered surveys four times over 21 months (pre- and post-intervention, 6- and 12-month follow-up). Baseline factors associated with change in TV viewing during the intervention and follow-up periods were: 'asking parents > or =once/week to switch off the TV and play with them' (21.6 min/day more than those reporting <once/week, p=0.007); being able to 'watch just 1h of TV per day' (26.1 min/day less than those who could not, p=0.010); 'watching TV no matter what was on' (36.6 min/day more than those who did not, p<0.001); and 'continuing to watch TV after their program was over' (33.0 min/day more than those who did not, p=0.006). With every unit increase in baseline frequency of TV viewing with family and friends, children spent on average 4.0 min/day more watching TV over the 21-month period (p=0.047). Baseline number and placement of TVs at home did not predict change in children's TV viewing over the 21 months. Greater understanding of the family dynamics and circumstances, as well as the individual and social determinants of TV viewing, will be required if we are to develop effective strategies for reducing TV viewing in children.

Child↗
PubMed2004

Disaster at a distance: impact of 9.11.01 televised news coverage on mothers' and children's health.

Families enrolled in a research program examining children's health behaviors and media habits before September 11, 2001 were analyzed to assess the impact of media coverage of the terrorist attacks on children's and mothers' stress levels, coping strategies, and health behaviors. After the attacks, 68% of mothers and 38% of children reported experiencing one or more symptoms of distress. These results indicate that children were more susceptible to experiencing distress symptoms if their families had preexisting relational difficulties and increased television viewing during the days after the attacks. Implications for research and preventive clinical interventions are discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗