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PubMed1999

Integration within a transgender social network and its effect upon members' social and political activity.

The purpose of this study is to examine the male to female transgender social networks and how they influence social and political activity. Four Transgender organizations within Northeast Ohio were contacted for this study. Members were asked to complete a questionnaire and to mail it back. Few of the network elements were useful in predicting social and political activity. Network size has a positive effect upon a person's social and political activity, as did meeting attendance. This study suggests the importance of social networks for Trans-people.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

The effects of reinforcement rate on the spontaneous social initiations of socially withdrawn preschoolers.

Social skills priming was used to increase the spontaneous social initiations of 2 socially withdrawn preschoolers, 1 of whom had been diagnosed with autism. During priming sessions, the teacher prompted and reinforced social behaviors (e.g., smiling, verbal initiations). We varied the rate of reinforcement during priming sessions and measured the effects of this manipulation on the rate of spontaneous social initiations during the subsequent classroom activity. Spontaneous initiations were more frequent after high rates of reinforcement than after low rates of reinforcement.

Autistic Disorder↗
PubMed2006

Social circumstances and education: life course origins of social inequalities in metabolic risk in a prospective national birth cohort.

OBJECTIVES: We investigated the relative importance of education and childhood and adult social class in the risk of metabolic syndrome. METHODS: We conducted a prospective birth cohort study of 1311 men and 1318 women aged 53 years in 1999, when metabolic syndrome components were measured. Logistic regression analyses were used to calculate relative index of inequality estimates. RESULTS: Relative to men and women at the highest education levels, men (odds ratio [OR]=2.0; 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.2, 3.2) and women (OR=2.7; 95% CI=1.5, 4.6) with the least education were at twice the risk or more of having the metabolic syndrome. Adjustment for childhood and adult social class strengthened this result among men and weakened it among women. Childhood social class was independently associated with the metabolic syndrome in women (OR=2.0; 95% CI=1.1, 3.6) but not in men (OR=1.1; 95% CI= 0.7, 1.8). Associations between adult social class and the metabolic syndrome or its components were largely accounted for by childhood socioeconomic measures. CONCLUSIONS: Educational differences should be considered in the design of interventions aimed at reducing the burden of the metabolic syndrome in socially disadvantaged groups.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1980

The social distribution of primary social isolation among the aged: a subcultural approach.

This is a report of research on subcultural variation in primary social isolation in a representative sample of older persons in an urban area. The research classifies the respondents by subcultural status and examines the rates of primary social isolation. Most persons (85%) can be classified in sixteen of forty hypothetical subcultures, but only seven subcultures contain enough respondents to be numerically important. Two subcultures are identified with above average rates of primary social isolation and three with below average rates of primary social isolation. Sociologically, it makes sense to look at primary social isolation as a group phenomenon.

Aged↗
PubMed1999

[Social networks and social support in a sample of mentally ill sex offenders].

OBJECTIVE: Characteristics of social networks and social support were investigated in a group of 35 imprisoned mentally ill sex offenders. METHODS: We compared current parameters (after an average of 3 years of psychosocial therapy) with those at the time of the offence. RESULTS: Analyses reveal a decrease in social network size but an increase in social support by the remaining or new social network members. These changes are discussed in reference to various influencing variables in a therapeutic prison facility. The impact of psychosocial interventions in relapse prevention of sexual offenders will be outlined.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

The treatment of childhood social phobia: the effectiveness of a social skills training-based, cognitive-behavioural intervention, with and without parental involvement.

Fifty children aged 7-14 years with a principal diagnosis of social phobia were randomly assigned to either child-focused cognitive-behaviour therapy (CBT), CBT plus parent involvement, or a wait list control (WLC). The integrated CBT program involved intensive social skills training combined with graded exposure and cognitive challenging. At posttreatment, significantly fewer children in the treatment conditions retained a clinical diagnosis of social phobia compared to the WLC condition. In comparison to the WLC, children in both CBT interventions showed significantly greater reductions in children's social and general anxiety and a significant increase in parental ratings of child social skills performance. At 12-month follow-up, both treatment groups retained their improvement. There was a trend towards superior results when parents were involved in treatment, but this effect was not statistically significant.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

[Work profile of social work in inpatient psychotherapy. Clinical fields and social rights implications].

OBJECTIVES: The task profile of social work in (acute) inpatient psychotherapy--unlike psychiatric inpatient treatment--is only fragmentarily described by the so-called Psychiatrie-Personalverordnung (Psych-PV). The aim of the present investigation was, therefore, to provide valid and representative data to define its respective scope of duties. METHODS: During a prospective one-year assessment at the Department of Psychotherapy and Behavioral Medicine at the Philipps-University of Marburg/Germany, we recorded corresponding data of social work referring to three areas of interest, i.e., "education and occupation", "housing and family", and "psychotherapy support". RESULTS: Our data suggest a broad overlap with the corresponding task profile of social work at psychiatric hospitals, which clearly differs, however, from the more therapeutical approach in social work as practiced in Anglo-American countries. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings stress the need for a re-evaluation of social work in inpatient psychotherapy concerning its specific task profile and the respective time values.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

[Social participation of the 55-64 year olds: is the new generation more socially active than its predecessor?].

Nowadays people speak of the 'new' generation of young old who would be healthier and more socially active compared to the earlier generation. Using data from the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam it was examined to what degree this is a realistic image. The study compared the social participation level of 55-64 year olds in 1992 and the same age group in 2002, and aimed to explain the differences from cohort differences in four determinants of participation: level of education, labour participation, health and partner status. Descriptive analyses showed that the younger cohort was more actively involved in voluntary organisations and participated more often in cultural and leisure activities compared to the older cohort. In addition, the younger cohort was more highly educated, yet reported more functional disabilities, and more often hold paid jobs compared to the older cohort. No cohort differences were found with respect to the proportion of married persons. Logistic regression analyses showed that the higher level of social participation of the younger cohort was mainly due to the higher level of education, but that this effect was reduced by the larger disability of the younger cohort. Job and partner status did not explain the cohort differences in social participation. It is concluded that the current young old are more socially active and higher educated than their predecessors. Their (somewhat) worse health status, however, asks for a more nuanced image of the 'new' young old.

Age Distribution↗
PubMed1991

Social environment and vulnerability of low birth weight children: a social-epidemiological perspective.

This study examined the impact of low birth weight on children's health and assessed the influence of the social environment on various aspects of health in low birth weight and normal birth weight children. Data on 8661 children aged 2 through 11 from the 1981 Child Health Supplement of the National Health Interview Survey provided strong evidence for two major conclusions: (1) Low birth weight children in high-risk social environments are at increased for poor health outcomes compared with comparable normal birth weight children. This vulnerability was found across all age groups, suggesting that the effects of low birth weight are long-lasting. The poor health outcomes for low birth weight children in high-risk social environments were found for all seven aspects of child health status studied: excessive bed days, restricted-activity days, and school-loss days; school failure, low school-ranking, behavior problems, and maternal perception of child health status as fair/poor. (2) The mechanism of risk was complex and differed by birth weight group. Whereas certain combinations of individual risk factors protected normal birth weight children from several adverse outcomes, none for low birth weight children were identified. However, low birth weight children in low- or moderate-risk social environments were not at greater risk for poor outcomes compared with comparable normal birth weight children. This study underscores the importance of a healthy social environment for children who are already at high risk for poor health outcomes by virtue of being low birth weight.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1993

[Social medicine: why--how--what for? (Social medicine and anthropology)].

The speech held on the occasion of the Salomon Neumann Medal Award 1992 describes with biographical pointers how an internistic clinician (for outpatients) developed towards taking up social medicine as his specialty. The starting point was the management and care of patients suffering from chronic diseases. This was an important step in the direction towards "successful conditional healthiness". The conditions included in the concept are both of a personal and of a sociological nature, i.e. shared by many. They are dealt with by social medicine and also by medical sociology, the separation of which constituted an painful disappointment. Arguments against a dichotomy of social medicine and medical sociology are also supplied by looking back on the history of ideas with emphasis on ancient dietetics and ecology, the early Age of Enlightenment (Leibniz) and the 19th century (Virchow, Neumann). It is suggested to create an active link between social medicine as the overriding concept and epidemiology, social hygiene and medical sociology as subsumptions.

Anthropology↗
PubMed1997

Substance abuse and homelessness: social selection or social adaptation?

Although substance abuse has for many years been documented as a serious problem among homeless populations, there is as yet no clear understanding of the nature of the relationship between substance abuse and homelessness. We evaluate alternative social selection and social adaptation models of this process. Using data from a random probability sample, the substance abuse and homeless experiences of 303 homeless people and people at risk of homelessness in Cook County, Illinois, were investigated. Proportional hazards regression models were employed to assess both social selection and social adaptation models. Drug but not alcohol abuse was associated with first homeless episode. Prior homeless experiences were found to be predictive of first symptoms of both alcohol and drug abuse. Other variables, including the availability of social and economic resources, were also associated with each of these outcomes. Models of both selection and adaptation processes are necessary to account for the association between homelessness and substance abuse, indicating that a multi-directional model is more appropriate. In addition findings suggest that, in recent years, drugs may have displaced alcohol as an important precursor of homelessness for many individuals.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Social disability in schizophrenia: the controlled prospective Burghölzli study II. Premorbid living situation and social adjustment--comparison with a normal control sample.

The assessment of premorbid adjustment in schizophrenia has gained increasing interest in psychiatric research. Numerous studies have provided evidence on the predictive power of premorbid adjustment in the course and outcome of schizophrenic psychoses, but only little systematic research has been done on this topic comparing schizophrenics and healthy persons. In this study we have analyzed the premorbid life situation and social adjustment of 69 first onset schizophrenics in contrast to 60 healthy subjects. The comparisons between these samples showed significant differences for nearly all areas assessed, indicating a premorbid disablement of the schizophrenics both for quantitative and qualitative aspects of social functioning. Compared to that of healthy people, the size of the schizophrenics' social network is markedly reduced and often characterized by a strong link to their family of origin. In general, the schizophrenics fail to establish close relationships or engage in social contact. Moreover, they tend to withdraw from existing relationships, especially heterosexual ones. Even when the schizophrenics appear quite normal on formal criteria (such as partnership or employment situation), further analyses often reveal problems, e.g., conflicts at work or reticence with partners. The results of this study clearly demonstrate the necessity of assessing not only formal criteria but also behavioral patterns and emotions of the persons concerned.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

d-Amphetamine in squirrel monkeys of different social status: effects on social and agonistic behavior, locomotion, and stereotypies.

The influences of social status on amphetamine-induced behavioral effects in squirrel monkeys were investigated. Social status was determined by constructing a sociogram. d-Amphetamine (0.3--1.0 mg/kg orally, 0.3 and 0.6 mg/kg IM) increased stereotyped head movements and reduced the time spent in the sitting posture in all monkeys (N = 25) regardless of sex, age, or social status. The high levels of locomotor activity in dominant and juvenile monkeys were decreased at higher amphetamine doses (0.6 mg/kg IM, 0.6 and 1.0 mg/kg orally), whereas the same doses increased locomotion in otherwise less active subdominant and submissive animals. Low doses of amphetamine (0.1, 0.3 mg/kg) decreased the incidence of agonistic behavior initiated by dominant monkeys, and higher doses (0.6, 1.0 mg/kg) caused these monkeys to change from predominant initiators of agonistic behavior into recipients. At 2 h after amphetamine administration (0.3 mg/kg IM), the high levels of locomotor behavior had returned to baseline, the social isolation began to disappear, and the disrupted agonistic behavior of dominant monkeys returned to control levels, yet the stereotyped head movements continued to occur with high frequency. In half of the monkeys, amphetamine produced a large increase in distress-like vocalizations. Amphetamine-mediated motor stereotypies may be mediated by mechanisms different than those responsible for agonistic behavior. The selective changes in agonistic behavior by dominant monkeys when challenged with amphetamine may reflect a status-related functional alteration of catecholaminergic processes upon which the drug acts.

Agonistic Behavior↗
PubMed1986

Social networks and social competence: exploring the effects of early adolescent friendships.

This study explored the relationship between friendship social network variables and social competence indices using a sample of 98 young black lower SES adolescents. Analyses indicated that perceived emotional support received from friends and the number of reciprocated best friends in an adolescents' social network were related positively. Multivariate hierarchical regression analyses indicated that perceived friend emotional support and number of reciprocated best friends contributed independently to school competence, peer competence, and perceived self-competence measures. The friendship network's school achievement orientation was related positively to school competence but was unrelated to peer or perceived self-competence. Friendship network density did not add to the variance explained by the other network variables. Methodological contributions of this study include the development of a computer program to map friendship networks and the expansion of network analysis beyond the examination of social support functions.

Achievement↗
PubMed1993

[Social inequality, illness risk and life expectancy: criticism of social epidemiological injustice research].

The inquiry of the association between social class and illness/life expectancy lacks as well on theory orientated conceptualization of the complex causal chain from social inequality to individual consequences as on differentiation of each of its links. In order to eliminate these deficits a hierarchical multidimensional process model will be introduced, in which the position in the system of social inequality (macro dimension) is connected with the dimension of social action (meso dimension, esp. family and professional context) and this again with the dimension of the individual (micro dimension: personality/organism) in different stages of the life course.

Hierarchy, Social↗
PubMed1985

Heavy users of an emergency department: psycho-social and medical characteristics, other health care contacts and the effect of a hospital social worker intervention.

A small proportion of the patients coming to emergency departments of general hospitals account for a substantial share of the department's resources by making repeated visits. Repeater behaviour is a complex product of many, sometimes concurrent factors. This study has focused on the medical and psycho-social factors. A group of patients with repeated visits to an emergency department of a middle-sized Stockholm hospital was studied in 1980. The repeater group had a heavier load of psycho-social problems than the source population. The repeater behaviour profile included: feeling of loneliness, living alone, contacts with social agency, disability pension, high sick absenteeism from work and alcoholism. The repeater group had numerous contacts with health-care providers outside the emergency department. Some of the repeaters needed and received help by a social hospital worker. Of those that received such help 80% significantly decreased their emergency department visiting rate.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1990

Between social and somatic disorders: the promotion of health as part of general social work practice.

The population of the highly industrialized countries have access to an increasing range of possibilities for influencing their own state of health in both positive and negative ways. Health maintenance behavior is part of a general 'way of life' which is determined by chosen life styles. While the clients of professional social work may have a more restricted range of options, the interdependence of their individual life situations and health disposition remains a factor in their case as well, usually with negative results. There is a constant mediation of social disorders in somatic disorders (and vice versa, especially in cases of chronic illness, disability and addiction). This paper discusses aspects of assessment, coping styles and social support along the socio-psycho-somatic axis. There are many arguments for a conscious integration of health promotion into social work practice in general.

Health Promotion↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The alliance of adaptive behavior and social competence: an examination of relationship between the scales of Independent Behavior and the Social Skills Rating System.

This study examined the relationship between ratings of adaptive behavior and social competence in a population of 208 students in kindergarten through third grade with a variety of disabilities using the Scales of Independent Behavior (SIB; Bruininks, Woodcock, Weatherman, & Hill, 1984) and the Social Skills Rating System (SSRS; Gresham & Elliott, 1990). Moderate yet statistically significant relationships between the SIB adaptive behavior scores and the SSRS social competence scores were found, with strongest correlations occurring between the SSRS and the Social and Communication subscale (r = .51) and Work Skills subscale (r = .60) on the SIB. Weak to near zero correlations were found between the SIB adaptive behavior scores and SSRS Problem Behaviors scores. This investigation provides new evidence for the concurrent criterion-related validity of both the SIB and the SSRS.

Activities of Daily Living↗