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At least 613 records · Page 34Linked to original sources
PubMed1976

Modulation of cycloheximide-resistant memory by sympathomimetic agents.

Amphetamine overcomes the amnesia caused by cycloheximide (CXM) provided it is administered closely following the learning trial. In day-old chickens with one trial passive avoidance learning, there is a short-term, labile memory existing for 90 min following training under the influence of CXM. Amphetamine has been shown to keep the memory at precisely the level exhibited by the labile, cycloheximide-resistant memory trace at the time of injection. Norepinephrine, methoxamine (an alpha adrenergic stimulant) and isoprenaline (a beta adrenergic stimulant) each mimic the amphetamine effect in CXM-pretreated chickens. That the action of amphetamine could be due to its release of norepinephrine is supported by the finding that it could be blocked by both alpha adrenergic (piperoxane) and beta adrenergic antagonists (propranolol). It has been suggested that this labile memory trace depends on the functioning of a sodium pump. Norepinephrine may be modulating memory formation by an action on the sodium pump since in preliminary biochemical assays norepinephrine stimulated the sodium pump (Na+/K+ ATPase) activity in chicken forebrain total homogenate.

Amphetamine↗
PubMed1983

Anticholinergic and sympathomimetic combination therapy of asthma.

The role of the anticholinergic drug, ipratropium bromide, in maintenance antiasthmatic therapy was evaluated in a double-blind crossover trial of three bronchodilator regimens: (1) inhaled ipratropium, placebo, and oral oxtriphylline; (2) inhaled fenoterol, placebo, and oral oxtriphylline; and (3) both inhaled ipratropium and fenoterol plus oral oxtriphylline. Twenty-two asthmatics were treated with all three regimens, each for 1 mo, allocated in random sequence. On the first and last treatment days of each month, spirometric measurements were performed before and 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6 hr after administration of the test drugs. On the first treatment day of each month, all regimens produced significant bronchodilatation at 30 min after dose, an improvement that declined between 3 and 6 hr after dose. After continuous administration for 1 mo the two combinations employing fenoterol showed a decline in bronchodilator responsiveness from the initial treatment day, measured as the level of response (V50) or duration of response (FEV1, VC). Ipratropium plus oxtriphylline showed no such decline, suggesting the development of tolerance to long-term administration of fenoterol. Overall benefit at the end of 1 mo, measured as the area under the curves of FEV1, VC, or V50 vs time after dose, was greatest for the triple drug regimen. There were no differences in heart rate, blood pressure response, or side effects among the three treatments. It is concluded that when the anticholinergic drug ipratropium is administered concurrently with an inhaled beta 2 agonist and an oral theophylline derivative, increased bronchodilatation occurs with no detectable additional side effects.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Mucosally-directed adrenergic nerves and sympathomimetic drugs enhance non-intimate adherence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 to porcine cecum and colon.

The sympathetic neurotransmitter norepinephrine has been found to increase mucosal adherence of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 in explants of murine cecum and porcine distal colon. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that norepinephrine augments the initial, loose adherence of this important pathogen to the intestinal mucosa. In mucosal sheets of porcine cecum or proximal, spiral and distal colon mounted in Ussing chambers, norepinephrine (10 microM, contraluminal addition) increased mucosal adherence of wild-type E. coli O157:H7 strain 85-170; in the cecal mucosa, this effect occurred within 30-90 min after bacterial inoculation. In addition, norepinephrine transiently increased short-circuit current in cecal and colonic mucosal sheets, a measure of active anion transport. Norepinephrine was effective in promoting cecal adherence of a non-O157 E. coli strain as well as E. coli O157:H7 eae or espA mutant strains that are incapable of intimate mucosal attachment. Nerve fibers immunoreactive for the norepinephrine synthetic enzyme dopamine beta-hydroxylase appeared in close proximity to the cecal epithelium, and the norepinephrine reuptake blocker cocaine, like norepinephrine and the selective alpha2-adrenoceptor agonist UK-14,304, increased E. coli O157:H7 adherence. These results suggest that norepinephrine, acting upon the large bowel mucosa, modulates early, non-intimate adherence of E. coli O157:H7 and probably other mucosa-associated bacteria. Sympathetic nerves innervating the cecocolonic mucosa may link acute stress exposure or psychostimulant abuse with an increased microbial colonization of the intestinal surface. This in turn may alter host susceptibility to enteric infections.

Adhesins, Bacterial↗
PubMed2005

Cerebrovascular and cardiovascular complications of alcohol and sympathomimetic drug abuse.

Alcohol and stimulant abuse represents a major cause of cerebrovascular and cardiovascular disease in young adults. Although mild-to-moderate alcohol consumption has been linked to a decreased risk for stroke and CVD, excessive use is associated with an increased risk for intracranial hemorrhage and cardiomyopathy. Cocaine represents the single largest,cause of medical complications related to illegal drug use. Cocaine has been associated with cerebral infarction, intracranial hemorrhage, myocardial infarction, cardiomyopathy, and cardiac arrhythmias. Abuse of amphetamines is associated with complications similar to those of cocaine. The complications associated with stimulant abuse are thought to be primarily mediated through excess catecholamines, resulting in acute arterial hypertension, vasospasm, thrombosis, and accelerated atherosclerosis. Because many complications of alcohol and stimulant abuse are preventable and reversible, it is important to screen for these in patients with cerebrovascular and cardiovascular disease.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed1999

The sympathomimetic agent, 6-hydroxydopamine, accelerates cutaneous wound healing.

Using pharmacological stimulation of sympathetic terminals, the present study examines the role of sympathetic post-ganglionic neurons in cutaneous wound healing. Effects of local stimulation of sympathetic post-ganglionic neurons with 0.2 mg/kg 6-hydroxydopamine were studied on the healing of full-thickness skin incisions in rats. Epidermal wound healing was measured by a novel non-invasive quantitative method based on the increasing electrical resistance of healing skin. Dermal healing was determined by measuring wound breaking strength using an Instron Universal Testing device. We report a 35% increase in the rate of epidermal wound healing (P < 0.05. n(e) = 21, n(c) = 18) and a 43% increase in dermal strength (P < 0.05, n(e) = 13, n(c) = 10) after 6-hydroxydopamine treatment. Thus, our results show that pharmacological stimulation of sympathetic post-ganglionic neurons markedly accelerates skin wound healing at both the epidermal and dermal levels. This is the first study to show that peripheral nerve stimulation and specifically sympathetic stimulation accelerates cutaneous wound healing. We discuss these results in relation to neurogenic inflammation.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

The effect of sympathomimetic drugs on post-lymphadenectomy aspermia.

A double-blind controlled study of the effects on semen quality of 4 alpha-adrenergic agents with and without antihistamines was conducted in a patient who had failure of emission secondary to retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy for testis cancer. No other controlled studies are available. All of the alpha-adrenergic drugs allowed the patient to produce an ejaculate. The effects were similar. The addition of antihistamine did not improve the semen quality. Four days of treatment were consistently more effective than a single dose, especially for sperm motility. A pregnancy resulted. It is concluded that long-term treatment with alpha-adrenergic drugs is indicated in men with failure of emission secondary to retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Pseudoephedrine, a sympathomimetic agent, induces Fos-like immunoreactivity in rat nucleus accumbens and striatum.

The pharmacological properties of the ephedrine derivative pseudoephedrine were investigated at the nuclear level. Following intraperitoneal injection of Sprague Dawley rats with pseudoephedrine, Fos induction was measured in various brain areas by Western blots and immunocytochemistry. Pseudoephedrine induced Fos-like immunoreactivity in the nucleus accumbens and striatum in a time and concentration-dependent manner with maximal effect at 60 mg/kg 2 h after injection. Immunocytochemical studies confirmed that the majority of the signal was detectable in the nucleus accumbens and striatum. Pre-injection with the D1 dopamine receptor antagonist SCH23390 partially and completely blocked pseudoephedrine-induced Fos-like immunoreactivity in the striatum and nucleus accumbens, respectively, suggesting that the action of pseudoephedrine is mediated via dopamine release and results in the activation of D1 dopamine receptors. With the exception of the higher doses required, the actions of pseudoephedrine were similar to those previously described for the psychostimulant amphetamine.

Amphetamine↗