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PubMedDate not supplied

[Renal tubular function in children with hypercalciuria].

INTRODUCTION: Renal stone disease is commonly due to hypercalciuria [1, 2], which may be assessed either from a 24-hour urinary collection or from the fasting first morning urine. Hypercalciuria during childhood has been defined by a 24-hour calcium excretion greater than 3.5 mg/kg per day and/or calcium to creatinine ratio greater than 0.20 [3]. The alteration in the calcium transporting systems plays a pathogenetic role in promoting hypercalciuria [4, 5]. Since calcium reabsorption along the nephron is intimately related to that of other electrolytes and substances, it can be hypothesized that patients with hypercalciuria may have other renal tubular defects. The aim of the study was to investigate proximal tubular function (tubular reabsorption of sodium, potassium, phosphate and glucose) and distal tubular function (urinary concentrating capacity and acidifying capacity) in children with hypercalciuria. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Two groups of children were studied: hypercalciuric group included 23 children with hypercalciuria (10 males, aged 11.9 +/- 4.1 years), of whom 6 with nephrolithiasis, and control group included 42 healthy children (20 males, aged 11.2 +/- 3.8 years). All subjects had normal serum values for calcium, sodium, potassium, phosphate and glucose, as well as normal renal function. The urinary excretion of calcium, sodium, potassium, phosphate, glucose and creatinine was measured in a 24-hour urine specimen by standard laboratory methods. Urine osmolality and urinary specific gravity were measured following 12-hour water-deprivation test. A short ammonium chloride loading test was performed in 3 patients with urinary pH above 5.5. The fractional excretion of sodium, tubular phosphate reabsorption and renal threshold phosphate concentration were calculated according to standard formula. Statistical analysis was performed using the t-test and analysis of variance (ANOVA). Kruskal-Wallis method was used to compare urinary phosphate excretion between two groups. RESULTS: Table 1 summarizes urinary excretion of electrolytes in children with hypercalciuria compared with healthy controls. We found that urinary sodium excretion was significantly increased in patients with hypercalciuria when compared with controls (p < 0.05). Urinary phosphate excretion was significantly higher in patients with hypercalciuria in comparison to controls, and this was accompanied by a significant lowering of the tubular phosphate reabsorptive threshold (p < 0.05). Urinary potassium excretion tended to be lower, although not significantly, in the hypercalciuric children than in normal subjects. Table 2 shows the mean values +/- standard deviation of urinary specific gravity, urinary osmolality and urinary pH. Urinary specific gravity mean value was significantly lower in patients with hypercalciuria in comparison to controls (p < 0.05). Urinary pH was found below 5.5 in all patients. Glycosuria was detected in 3 patients (13.3%). As shown in Graph. 1, a significant correlation between the urinary excretion of calcium and sodium was demonstrated in both groups of children (r = 0.29; p < 0.01). DISCUSSION: The present study shows that children with hypercalciuria have significantly higher urinary sodium and urinary phosphate excretion in comparison to controls, while urinary potassium excretion is normal in both groups of children. According to some recent reports [6-9], these findings may indicated defects of the renal tubular transport of sodium and phosphate which may be interpreted as a cause or a consequence of the alteration of the calcium transporting system. Defects in both proximal and distal renal tubular functions have been demonstrated in patients with nephrolithiasis, particularly those with hypercalciuria. Proximal renal tubular defects include defects in sodium, fluid, phosphate and glucose reabsorption, which were evident also in our patients. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED)

Calcium↗
PubMed1984

Effectiveness of low sodium diets for recycling of egg production type hens.

Egg type hens were recycled by the use of low sodium diet treatments compared to a conventional forced-molt procedure and an unrecycled control. Use of a low sodium diet containing .02 to .06% sodium for 6 weeks with reduction in daily photoperiod resulted in improvements in egg production, egg specific gravity, and albumen thickness similar to those of a forced-molt group in three separate experiments. Egg production was increased 11 to 13%, egg specific gravity was increased by .002 to .004, and albumen thickness was increased by 2 to 8 Haugh units over the 32-week posttreatment period for both treatments. Hens fed the low sodium diet for 3.5 or 4 weeks did not respond as favorably as hens fed this diet for 6 weeks. Eight weeks on the low sodium diet did not further improve performance. Results comparable to the forced-molt procedure were achieved with a decline in egg production at .03 to .07% sodium in the diet, a decline in feed intake at .03 to .07% sodium, a loss in body weight at .03 to .10% sodium, and an increase in molt score at .03 to .11% sodium during the experimental period. During the posttreatment period, results comparable to the forced-molt procedure were obtained for egg production increase at .03 to .08% sodium, for egg specific gravity increase at .03 to .12% sodium, and for egg albumen thickness increase at .03 to .12% dietary sodium. Mortality was unchanged.

Animal Feed↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Diagnosis and management algorithm of acute onset of central diabetes insipidus in critically ill children.

We devised a diagnosis and management algorithm for acute onset of central diabetes insipidus (CDI), and conducted a retrospective evaluation of its efficacy. Fourteen patients admitted to our pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) over a three year period were diagnosed with acute CDI secondary to various brain injuries. All patients were treated as per the algorithm guidelines. The initial dose of aqueous vasopressin ranged from 0.25 to 1.0 mU/kg/h. Low sodium content solution (0-0.5 normal saline) was used to replace urine output in excess of 3 ml/kg/h and for maintenance fluid therapy. The therapeutic goals included: urine output 2-3 ml/kg/h, urine specific gravity 1.010-1.020 and serum sodium 140-145 mEq/l. The pitressin dose was adjusted as deemed necessary to achieve the aforementioned goals. Our results indicate that urine specific gravity is the most sensitive parameter to respond to treatment. It was the best determinant of the adequacy of pitressin dose as it had the best linear correlation with it (r = 0.96; p = 0.009). Urine output was second best (r = 0.93; p = 0.02), whereas no linear correlation was established between pitressin dose and serum sodium concentration, nor with serum osmolality. We conclude that the algorithm developed and used by us for the management of CDI is generally efficacious. Changes in urine specific gravity follow changes in pitressin dose very closely and thus should be used as the primary parameter for determination of intravenous pitressin dose adjustment.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1987

Moderate hypothermia reduces postischemic edema development and leukotriene production.

Using the bilateral carotid artery occlusion model of cerebral ischemia in the gerbil, we studied the effect of moderate hypothermia (30 to 31 degrees C) on the postischemic production of prostanoids (cyclooxygenase pathway) and leukotrienes (lipoxygenase pathway) and accompanying changes in cerebral edema formation. Hypothermia capable of slowing central evoked potential conduction time was studied over the course of 40 minutes of cerebral ischemia and for up to 2 hours of reperfusion. The successful induction of cerebral ischemia was confirmed by somatosensory evoked potential amplitude changes. Measurements of 6-ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha (PGF1 alpha) and leukotriene B4 (LTB4) (radioimmunoassay) and cerebral edema (specific gravity) were made at early (10 minutes) and late (2 hours) reperfusion times. Although both white and gray matter showed no early significant difference in edema accumulation between normothermic and hypothermic gerbils at 10 minutes of reperfusion, hypothermic animals demonstrated significantly less white matter edema (specific gravity, 1.0397 +/- 0.0010 vs. 1.0341 +/- 0.0012, P less than 0.01) and gray matter edema (specific gravity, 1.0408 +/- 0.0009 vs. 1.0365 +/- 0.0008, P less than 0.01) by 2 hours of reperfusion. Production of PGF1 alpha was not significantly different between normothermic and hypothermic animals during the reperfusion period; however, hypothermic gerbils demonstrated significantly lower production of LTB4 at 10 minutes reperfusion time compared to normothermic animals (1.49 +/- 0.79 vs. 5.28 +/- 1.49 pg/mg of protein, P less than 0.05). This difference between the two groups in LTB4 levels was no longer detectable at 2 hours of reperfusion time.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Influence of calcium and environmental temperature on performance of first-cycle (phase 1) commercial leghorns.

An experiment was conducted to determine whether optimizing profits, as well as eggshell and skeletal strength, by manipulation of dietary Ca level has any influence on either egg weight, egg production or feed consumption during the first 12 wk of production (Weeks 20 to 32, Phase 1). Hens were housed at two environmental temperatures (15.6 to 23.3 and 21.1 to 28.9 C) and fed six diets from 20 to 32 wk of age containing 2.5 to 5.0% Ca with increments of 0.5% and with ME levels ranging from 2,719 to 2,950 kcal/kg, respectively. Egg specific gravity, egg production, egg weight, and feed consumption were determined at weekly or biweekly intervals. At 32 wk of age, plasma Ca, bone density, and bone breaking strength were determined. Results indicated that environmental temperature had no influence on egg production but hens housed at the lower environmental temperature had an increase in egg weight, egg specific gravity, and feed consumption. Increasing dietary Ca level increased egg production, egg specific gravity, feed consumption, ionic plasma Ca, bone density, and bone breaking strength and had no adverse effect on egg weight. It was concluded that Hy-Line W-36 hens could be fed diets containing as much as 5% Ca with no adverse effect on egg production, egg weight, or feed consumption and that Hy-Line W-36 hens (Phase 1) under conditions described should be fed diets containing a minimum of 4.25% Ca (3.4 to 3.6 g per hen per d) to 4.5% Ca (3.6 to 3.8 g per hen per d). Calcium intake should range from 3.0 g per hen per d at 21 wk of age to 4.2 g per hen per d at 32 wk of age.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed1997

Magnesium status and the effect of magnesium supplementation in feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

Magnesium deficiency has been associated with the development of cardiovascular disease in several species. Cats may be predisposed to alterations in magnesium status because of recent changes in the composition of commercial feline diets. The purposes of this study were 1) to examine the dietary history of cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), 2) to study magnesium status of cats with HCM compared to normal cats, and 3) to determine the effects of magnesium supplementation in cats with HCM. In part 1 of the study, diets of 65 cats with HCM were examined retrospectively. Forty of the 45 cats for which diets could be determined (89%) ate a diet designed to be magnesium-restricted and/or to produce an acidic urine. In part 2 of the study, 10 cats with HCM were compared to 10 healthy control cats for serum creatinine and magnesium; urine creatinine and magnesium, urine specific gravity and pH, and fractional excretion of magnesium. Urine creatinine and specific gravity were higher in control cats than in cats with HCM. No other differences were found between the 2 groups. In part 3, cats with HCM were supplemented with either 210 mg magnesium chloride (n = 15) or 210 mg lactose (n = 15) for 12 wk. No differences between the 2 groups were found for changes in either magnesium status or echocardiographic parameters. However, the 30 cats with HCM, as a group, did show significant improvements in measures of cardiac hypertrophy over the 12-week period. This was likely the result of treatment with other medications, rather than the magnesium supplementation. The results of this study suggest that cats with HCM are likely to be fed magnesium-restricted diets, but that they do not appear to have altered magnesium status compared to healthy controls.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Water requirements of breast-fed infants in a hot climate.

To estimate the water requirements of exclusively breast-fed infants in a hot climate, theoretical calculations of water requirements were made and a field study was carried out in Jamaica. Three urine samples were collected from each of 16 infants. The specific gravity of individual urine samples ranged from 1.005 through 1.015, with a mean of 1.009 (SD +/- 0.002). Corresponding values for osmolality were calculated to be 103 through 468 mOsmole/liter with a mean of 258 mOsmole/liter. The mean specific gravity for an infant ranged from 1.006 through 1.012, or 139 through 358 mOsmole/liter. The mean outdoor temperature was 27.6 C and the humidity 76%. Because the values for specific gravity were universally low it was concluded that healthy, exclusively breast-fed infants living in a hot humid climate will manage well without additional water. Additional water may be desirable during illness.

Breast Feeding↗
PubMed1964

EFFECT OF ACTIVE ACCUMULATION OF CALCIUM AND PHOSPHATE IONS ON THE STRUCTURE OF RAT LIVER MITOCHONDRIA.

Rat liver mitochondria allowed to accumulate maximal amounts of Ca(++) and HPO(4) (=) ions from the suspending medium in vitro during respiration have a considerably higher specific gravity than normal mitochondria and may be easily separated from the latter by isopycnic centrifugation in density gradients of sucrose or cesium chloride. When the mitochondria are allowed to accumulate less than maximal amounts of Ca(++) and HPO(4) (=) from the medium, they have intermediate specific gravities which are roughly proportional to their content of calcium phosphate. Maximally "loaded" mitochondria are relatively homogeneous with respect to specific gravity. Correlated biochemical and electron microscopic studies show that Ca(++)-loaded mitochondria contain numerous dense granules, of which some 85 per cent are over 500 A in diameter. These granules are electron-opaque not only following fixation and staining with heavy metal reagents, but also following fixation with formaldehyde, demonstrating that the characteristic granules in Ca(++)-loaded mitochondria have intrinsic electron-opacity. The dense granules are almost always located within the inner compartment of the mitochondria and not in the space between the inner and outer membranes. They are frequently located at or near the cristae and they often show electron-transparent "cores." Such granules appear to be made up of clusters of smaller dense particles, but preliminary x-ray diffraction analysis and electron diffraction studies have revealed no evidence of crystallinity in the deposits. The electron-opaque granules decrease in number when the Ca(++)-loaded mitochondria are incubated with 2,4-dinitrophenol; simultaneously there is discharge of Ca(++) and phosphate from the mitochondria into the medium.

Calcium↗
PubMed1992

[Lobenzarit disodium (CCA)--induced diabetes insipidus in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis].

A 44-year-old female with 16-year history of rheumatoid arthritis visited Akiru Hospital with complaints of a thirst, a dry mouth and a general fatigue. One week prior to admission, the patient manifested excessive thirsty feeling, a body weight loss and a sleepless by the polyuria. She has been given 5-10 mg of prednisolone and 240 mg of lobenzarit disodium (CCA) in a day for 11 months. A hematologic examination showed no abnormality, and the examination of her serum showed the following values: BUN, 9.3 mg/dl; creatinine, 0.9 mg/dl; sodium, 139 mEq/l; chloride, 102 mEq/l; potassium, 3.9 mEq/l; osmolality, 290 mOsm/l. Plasma antidiuretic hormone (ADH) level increased slightly (6.0 pg/ml). Examination of her urine revealed specific gravity, 1.005; no trace of glucose, protein, blood and ketones; normal sediment; and osmolality, 209 mOsm/l. The patient was given exogenous ADH (10 units of vasopressin tannate in oil, intramuscularly) to obtain a diagnosis, and she was found to be unable to concentrate her urine more than 1.008 in the specific gravity. A water restriction, as a test for diabetes insipidus, also failed to concentrate her urine in the specific gravity and in the osmolality. Together with these findings, the patient was diagnosed to be a diabetes insipidus, and CCA was seemed to account for the disease. This unfavorable effect of CCA appeared to be reversible, since the patient recovered her urinary concentrating ability after the medication of CCA was discontinued.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Ketamine decreases cerebral infarct volume and improves neurological outcome following experimental head trauma in rats.

In brain injury, concentrations of extracellular excitatory amino acids are increased and stimulate glutamate receptors in general and the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-preferring subtype in particular. That stimulation causes substantial calcium influx, which appears to initiate a cascade of events leading to neuronal death. Blockage of NMDA receptors with specific antagonists or noncompetitive ion channel blockers provides protection against excitatory amino acid-induced neurotoxicity. We previously reported that the NMDA receptor antagonist dizocilpine maleate improved the neurological severity score (NSS) after head trauma in rats. The present study was designed to determine whether ketamine, a NMDA receptor antagonist like dizocilpine maleate, improves neurological outcome following head trauma in rats. Thirty-two male Sprague-Dawley rats (235-250 g) were divided into four groups. Groups A and B were surgically prepared only. Groups C and D were surgically prepared and then a nonpenetrating impact was delivered to the cranium over the left hemisphere. Groups A and C received no treatment. Groups B and D were treated with ketamine, 180 mg/kg i.p., 1 h after head trauma. The NSS was determined at 1, 2, 4, 10, 24, and 48 h following head trauma. After killing at 48 h, cortical slices were taken adjacent to the lesion on the traumatized hemisphere and from comparable sites on the nontraumatized hemisphere to measure the tissue specific gravity and water content. Brains were then placed in 4% formaldehyde and the volume of hemorrhagic necrosis measured 4 days later. Head trauma increased the NSS and, in the traumatized hemisphere, decreased the specific gravity, increased the water content, and caused cerebral infarction. With ketamine, the NSS at 24 and 48 h following head trauma was 7.4 +/- 2.6 and 6.7 +/- 2.6 (mean +/- SEM), respectively, significantly improved compared to the NSS in the untreated group of 12.6 +/- 2.6 and 11.3 +/- 2.6, respectively (p <0.02, Mann-Whitney U test). With ketamine, the volume of hemorrhagic necrosis was 88.0 +/- 23.1 mm, significantly less than that in the untreated group (147.4 +/- 22.4 mm; p <0.05, unpaired t test). The brain tissue specific gravity and water content at 48 h and the rectal temperature at 4 and 48 h after head trauma were not significantly different between treated and untreated groups. It is concluded that in this model of closed cranial impact, ketamine improves neurological outcome and decreases the volume of hemorrhagic necrosis without altering brain edema.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

Evaluation of calciotropic hormones in cats with odontoclastic resorptive lesions.

OBJECTIVE: To assess associations between epidemiologic and laboratory variables and calciotropic hormones in cats with odontoclastic resorptive lesions (ORLs). ANIMALS: 182 client-owned cats older than 1 year of age with oral disease. PROCEDURE: Information on medical history, behavior, living environment, and feeding management was assessed by use of a questionnaire. After induction of general anesthesia, oral examination was performed following standardized protocols and included dental probing and full-mouth radiography. Laboratory analyses included evaluation of FeLV-FIV status, serum biochemical analyses, CBC, urinalysis, and serum concentrations of intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH), parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP), 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD), free thyroxine (fT4), and ionized calcium (iCa). RESULTS: ORLs were identified in 72.5% of cats. Mandibular third premolars were the most commonly affected teeth. Cats with ORLs were significantly older (mean, 9.2 years) than cats without ORLs (mean, 6.6 years). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that 25-OHD, urine specific gravity, jaw-opening reflex on probing, and missing teeth were significant variables, even after accounting for age. Cats with ORLs had significantly higher mean serum concentration of 25-OHD (112.4 nmol/L) and significantly lower mean urine specific gravity (1.0263), compared with cats without ORLs (89.8 nmol/L and 1.0366, respectively). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results did not indicate associations between iPTH, PTHrP, or fT4 and development of ORLs. In affected cats, the importance of high serum 25-OHD and low urine specific gravity has not been determined.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

The effects of shear force on the formation, structure and metabolism of aerobic granules.

The effect of shear force on aerobic granulation was studied in four column-type, sequential aerobic sludge blanket reactors. Hydrodynamic turbulence caused by upflow aeration served as the main shear force in the systems. Results showed that aerobic granulation was closely associated with the strength of shear force. Compact and regular aerobic granules were formed in the reactors with a superficial upflow air velocity higher than 1.2 cm s(-1). However, only typical bioflocs were observed in the reactor with a superficial upflow air velocity of 0.3 cm s(-1) during the whole experimental period. The characteristics of the aerobic granules in terms of settling ability, specific gravity, hydrophobicity, polysaccharide and protein content and specific oxygen utilization rate (SOUR) were examined. It was found that the shear force has a positive effect on the production of polysaccharide, SOUR, hydrophobicity of cell surface and specific gravity of granules. The hydrophobicity of granular sludge is much higher than that of bioflocs. Therefore, it appears that hydrophobicity could induce and further strengthen cell-cell interaction and might be the main force for the initiation of granulation. The shear-stimulated production of polysaccharides favors the formation of a stable granular structure. This research provides experimental evidence to show that shear force plays a crucial role in aerobic granulation and further influences the structure and metabolism of granules.

Aerobiosis↗
PubMed1985

A potential diagnostic reagent for bovine cysticercosis.

A fraction of larval Taenia hydatigena cyst fluid was shown to have high sensitivity and specificity in the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of bovine antibodies to the heterologous parasite Taenia saginata. This antigenically active lipoprotein fraction was isolated by ultracentrifugal density flotation using either ammonium sulfate (specific gravity = 1.231 g per ml) or NaCl/KBr (specific gravity = 1.225 g per ml), followed by ion-exchange chromatography. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) indicated that this fraction was composed of high molecular weight (65,000 to 77,000 Mr) and low molecular weight (9,500 to 16,000 Mr) proteins. Electrophoresis under non-denaturing conditions in either acrylamide (5%) or agarose (1%) resulted in 1 major diffuse band staining for both protein and lipid. The high and low molecular weight proteins observed on SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions could not be resolved by gel filtration chromatography and emerged as a single lipoprotein peak. This T. hydatigena cyst fluid fraction appears promising as a diagnostic reagent in the ELISA for bovine cysticercosis.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Serum immunoglobulin G concentration in goat kids fed colostrum or a colostrum substitute.

To determine the suitability of a new colostrum substitute derived from goat serum and to determine the amount of colostral IgG needed to achieve serum IgG concentration > 800 mg/dl, twin kids from 14 does were fed colostrum or a colostrum substitute. The volume of colostrum or colostrum substitute fed was calculated so that half the kids in each group received IgG at a low dosage (1.5 g/kg of body weight) and the other half received IgG at a high dosage (3 g/kg). Kids were bottle fed the colostrum or colostrum substitute and then fed pooled goat's milk until 18 hours old, at which time they were allowed to nurse their dams. Does were milked manually every 2 hours after parturition until specific gravity of mammary secretions was < 1.02, the specific gravity of goat's milk. Serum IgG concentration of each kid was determined by means of single radial immunodiffusion at birth and 12, 18, and 24 hours and 7, 21, and 42 days after birth. Kids were weighed at each blood collection and monitored for illness daily. None of the kids had measurable serum IgG concentrations at birth. Mean serum IgG concentration was significantly higher in kids fed colostrum than in kids fed colostrum substitute at all times, except days 7 and 42 (P < 0.05). By 24 hours after birth, serum IgG concentration was > 800 mg/dl in all kids fed colostrum, in 4 of 7 kids fed the substitute at the higher dosage, and in 2 of 7 kids fed the substitute at the lower dosage.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1986

Ahemeral light-dark cycles and intermittent photoperiod effects on laying hens.

To compare the effects of using continuous (C) vs. intermittent (I) photoperiods with normal (24 hr) and a long but decreasing light-dark cycle (LDLDC) on production performance and egg quality, 240 White Leghorn hens of the University of Missouri-Columbia strain were individually caged in light-controlled rooms. Treatments applied at 21 weeks of age were light-dark cycles (LDC) of 25 hr gradually reduced to 23.5 hr with C or I photoperiods, and 24-hr LDC (controls); C or I photoperiods were gradually increased from 13.75 to 16 hr for the 25- to 23.5-hr LDC, and from 13.75 to 15 hr for the 24-hr LDC. Data were obtained on hen-day egg production, egg weight, egg mass, egg specific gravity, Haugh units, feed consumption, and feed efficiency. Hen-day egg production was significantly greater (P less than .01) for the combined C photoperiod treatments, while hens consumed significantly less (P less than .05) feed exposed to the combined I photoperiod treatments. Egg specific gravity was significantly better (P less than .05) for the LDLDC vs. the 24-hr LDC program with the difference being attributed to an increase (P less than .05) in initial egg specific gravity with the use of a 24-hr LDC. Egg weight, egg mass, Haugh units, and feed efficiency were not affected (P greater than .05) by LDC or photoperiod treatments.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Protective effect of radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Composita on cerebral ischemia.

The protective effects of Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Composita (RSMC) on cerebral ischemia in gerbils produced by unilateral ligation of left common carotid artery and on the development of ischemic cerebral edema were studied. It was found that the administration of RSMC resulted in a very significant decrease in neurological deficits and the time for exhibiting first signs of neurological deficit delayed compared with untreated animals. Although the values of specific gravity of fresh cerebral tissue on the ligated side of common carotid artery in untreated animals (1.0406 +/- 0.0039 SD) and in RSMC-treated animals (1.0453 +/- 0.0009) were decreased significantly compared to that (1.0468 +/- 0.0003) of sham-operated animals, the specific gravity of cerebral tissue in RSMC-treated animals was significantly heavier than that in untreated animals (t = 5.5022, P < 0.001), i.e. the administration of RSMC decreased the severity of cerebral edema. A significant negative correlation was found between stroke index and specific gravity, and it suggests that one of the protective mechanisms of RSMC might be related to its ameliorating cerebral edema.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Patterns of urinary excretion among patients with self-induced water intoxication and psychosis.

Parameters of water metabolism were measured serially in nine patients with the syndrome of self-induced water intoxication and psychosis (SIWIP). Clinical and laboratory findings indicated that SIWIP patients are type A of the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis. Estimated 24-hour urinary excretion of creatinine and early morning urinary creatinine concentration measurements were used to calculate 24-hour urine volumes. Polyuria was considered present for male patients when excretion was estimated to be greater than 2,600 ml of urine/24 hours or early morning urinary specific gravity was less than or equal to 1.003. Male patients with a specific gravity of less than or equal to 1.003 predictably excreted 28,000 ml of urine/day. Severe hyposthenuria may be a biological marker for a population at risk to develop complications of SIWIP, including seizures, coma, and death.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Maternal hydration increases amniotic fluid index in women with normal amniotic fluid.

OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that maternal oral hydration would increase the amniotic fluid (AF) index in pregnancies with normal AF. METHODS: Forty women with a normal AF index (7.0-24.0 cm) were randomized to either the control or hydration group. Women in the hydration group drank 2 L of water and returned for the post-treatment AF index in 4-6 hours, whereas women in the control group drank only 100 mL of water during the same time period. The investigator performing the AF index was blinded to the subject's group. The pre- and post-treatment AF indexes and maternal urine specific gravities were compared between the groups. RESULTS: The mean AF index in the hydration group increased significantly by 3.0 +/- 2.4 cm (P < or = .0001) whereas it declined significantly by 1.5 +/- 2.7 cm in the control group (P < or = .02). The maternal urine specific gravities also changed significantly in the expected direction, with those in the hydration group decreasing and those in the control group increasing (P < or = .0001). There was a regression coefficient of -0.6 (P < or = .0001) between the change in urine specific gravity and the change in AF index. The mean time between the pre- and post-treatment AF indexes was not different between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: Maternal oral hydration increased the AF index by approximately 16%, whereas fluid restriction decreased the AF index by 8% in women with normal AF. These findings support previous data that maternal hydration increased the AF index by 31% in women with decreased AF and suggest that maternal fluid volume or osmolality may have a role in maintaining the AF volume.

Amniotic Fluid↗