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At least 613 records · Page 34Linked to original sources
PubMed1997

The "social determinants" of practice? A critical analysis of the discourse of health promotion.

Developments in the practice of health promotion have centred on considerations of what clients bring to their encounters with professionals. This changes in the provider-client relationship marks a significant departure from practice models that relied on the professional giving the client expert health instructions. The literature that seeks to illuminate these more contemporary relationships with clients tends to ignore what practitioners bring to the health promotion encounter and, significantly, the social conditions that underlie the encounter. This paper, drawing on research gathered during an ethnographic study of practice in a public health clinic, critically analyzes health promotion with a view to challenging researchers, educators, and practitioners concerning the health-promoting possibilities in existing practice settings.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

[Classical bacterial infections in the CSR].

In the CSSR Socialist Public Health has considerably restricted the existence of the so-called classical infectious diseases by the consequent introduction of effective protective vaccinations, but also by a series of further measures. By this means, however, the fight against infections has not yet been finished. New pathogens of infections are recognized, changed social conditions and modern therapeutic methods led to the occurrence of infections which were formerly not known. In detail a survey was given on presence, diagnostics and therapy of diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough, scarlet fever and erysipelas, bacterial meningitides, typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever, enteritis-salmonelloses, bacterial dysentery and other diarrhoeas as well as leptospiroses, tularaemia, brucellosis and ornithosis.

Communicable Disease Control↗
PubMed2005

Life-course influences on mortality at older ages: evidence from the Oslo Mortality Study.

Several studies have investigated the cumulative influence of disadvantage acting from early to adult life. And they suggest that risk of death increases in a cumulative fashion. Few studies have investigated the life-course influences on social inequality in mortality in early old age. In this study we wanted to follow a cohort through their adult working age into retirement and investigate pathways that may give increased risk of mortality. A cohort of all inhabitants in the age range 68-72 who lived in the municipality of Oslo on 1st January 1990 was selected. Data were obtained by linking censuses from 1960, 1970 and 1980 with tax registry in 1990 and death registry 1990-1998. Independent variables were occupational class in 1960, 1970 and 1980 and household income in 1990. Occupational class was coded as manual and non-manual and household income as above or below median household income. A cumulative model was developed by adding times of disadvantage. Then a pathway model was developed which investigated the specific trajectories individuals followed. Most of the increased risk of death was explained by individuals' social conditions in 1990. In the cumulative model, there was no clear gradient in the groups between the bottom and top categories. This suggests that the cumulative model is not important in the high mortality age and that the relative importance of a cumulative effect varies by stages of the life course.

Aged↗
PubMed1982

[Prognosis and treatment of tuberculosis in the pre-chemotherapeutical era].

After discovery of the agent, treatment of tuberculosis was carried out in a variety of ways, the main forms of approach including: 1. Direct action on the bacterium-failed. 2. Influencing the organism by rest and irradiation therapy. 3. Surgical intervention for cavity destruction. 4. Improvement of social conditions. Before surgical intervention was practiced on a large scale prospects for bacteria-excreting patients were very poor, two thirds of them dying within the first 3 years. Where de-bacillization was successful, more than 75 per cent of patients survived 10 years. Nevertheless, none of the forms of treatment had any decisive influence on the tuberculosis situation as a whole.

Disinfection↗
PubMed1993

[Organizational and social factors on performance among managers of the occupational health service (results of an opinion survey)].

This paper presents results of a questionnaire survey carried out among managers of the occupational health service (OHS). The main objective of the survey was to evaluate organisational and social conditions of work and to identify what is needed to improve managerial qualifications. The study provided information on managers' attitude towards goals and responsibilities of institutions run by them, the efficiency of decision-making process, proposed changes in organizational structures and man power management. The results of the study confirmed the need for improving postgraduate training designed for OHS managers.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Dental caries in postwar Bosnia and Herzegovina.

OBJECTIVES: To present the prevalence of dental caries in postwar Bosnia and Herzegovina (BH). METHODS: A survey focused on dmft and DMFT indices was carried out in four cantons of the Federation of BH in 1997. The dental health of 6- and 12-year-olds was assessed in random samples (n = 238 and 318, respectively). DMFT index in adult population was assessed in clients coming to dental offices in the same area (35-44-year-olds; n = 401). All the subjects were clinically investigated. RESULTS: During the 1991-95 war, all four cantons were affected by the migration of population. The population per dentist ratio considerably increased in three cantons. In 6-year-olds, the average dmft (+/-SD) was 4.9 +/- 4.0, and 86% of the children were affected with dental caries. The average DMFT of 12-year-olds was 6.2 +/- 3.9. On the average, 94% of the 12-year-olds were affected with dental caries. Mean DMFT of adult clients was 15.1 +/- 7.0. Almost every adult (98%) was affected with dental caries. CONCLUSIONS: The dental status in postwar BH is rather poor and the mean DMFT in all investigated age groups may be considered high. The detrimental effect of 1991-95 war on social conditions and the health care system should be considered in explaining such poor dental health. Despite the limitations, the presented data may be used to assess the treatment needs, assure the visibility for dental issues in BH, and help the west European countries to plan dental services for refugees from BH.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Test of a method to determine socially acceptable occlusal conditions.

A method for determining the social acceptability for dental appearance across the full range of occlusal conditions found in a natural population was developed and tested. The strategy used in developing the Social Acceptability Scale of Occlusal Conditions (SASOC) was to present photographs of 100 dental study models to a large sample of high school students (n = 880) and their parents (n = 403) whose responses were measured by a semantic differential instrument. After refinement of the semantic differential instrument scale scores were derived for each study model by computing the mean individual scores. Ranks were assigned to the mean scores. The Pearsonian correlation obtained between parent and student subsamples was 0.95. The reliability and validity of SASOC were assessed. COCSTOC measures of specific occlusal traits for these 100 study models are available. The future task involves the development of a highly reliable regression equation for predicting social acceptability scores from a small number of objective physical measurements.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

[The politics of gender and of women's health in Latin America: Peru. 1].

This study includes a presentation and analysis about the woman's problematic. It considers the woman social condition according to the androgynors ideology of the society. Briefly it presents a historical evolution of the woman in accord with the gender analysis. On the other hand, it presents too, an analysis of the health and the public politics in relation to the woman in Latin America, mainly in Peru, since the Incanato period, justifying the motives of the formulation and implementation of the Family Planning Program, the Responsible Paternity Program and Child and Mother Attention Program.

Female↗
PubMed2004

The social situation of motherless children in rural and urban areas of Guinea-Bissau.

With the increasing prevalence of HIV infection and the high maternal mortality, orphans are a rapidly growing problem in Africa. However, few studies describe the social conditions of these children. Our study focuses on motherless children in urban and rural areas of Guinea-Bissau. A rural and an urban cohort of children (128 and 192, respectively) that had been followed by demographic surveillance since 1990 were identified and the relatives of these children interviewed. A control cohort of 808 individuals was also identified. Although orphan children remained disadvantaged, there were few differences between surviving motherless and control children in nutritional status, use of health care services, school attendance, quality of housing, and clothing. Motherless children moved more frequently and were more likely to live in small families, often with an older grandmother. The traditional extended family system appears to be capable of handling motherless children in a non-discriminatory fashion. However, the AIDS epidemic will continue to stress the extended family system and social services to the limit.

Age Distribution↗
PubMed1995

The epidemic of youth violence in America: using public health prevention strategies to prevent violence.

Violence is exacting an increasingly heavy toll on individuals across the country, causing a marked rise in fear and frustration. However, historical attempts to address violence have been both episodic and inconsistent. There has not been a comprehensive and coordinated, prevention-oriented approach. Many law enforcement experts now agree that violence must be met with solutions from disciplines other than law enforcement, those of public health included. These experts acknowledge that social conditions such as family stability, education, and other societal institutions directly affect the behavior of juveniles and thereby the safety of communities. No single strategy, institution, or discipline can create the changes needed to reduce violence in America. Preventing violence demands not only a long-term commitment but a comprehensive set of strategies and new partnerships. These combined efforts must focus on prevention and not solely on aggressive responses to violence.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Worry among Canadian seniors.

One hundred mobile and homebound elderly (65+) participants from Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada were administered Wisocki's Worry Scale, a thirty-five-item questionnaire relating to concerns about finances, health, and social conditions, and requested to self-monitor their worry behavior over a three-day period. Seniors were found to be relatively worry-free. Nevertheless, significant correlations were found between the Worry Scale and measures of mental and physical health. Self-monitoring by seniors provided a more direct validation of the Worry Scale. Results were comparable to those found in the literature with samples from the United States.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2004

Environmental health disparities: a framework integrating psychosocial and environmental concepts.

Although it is often acknowledged that social and environmental factors interact to produce racial and ethnic environmental health disparities, it is still unclear how this occurs. Despite continued controversy, the environmental justice movement has provided some insight by suggesting that disadvantaged communities face greater likelihood of exposure to ambient hazards. The exposure-disease paradigm has long suggested that differential "vulnerability" may modify the effects of toxicants on biological systems. However, relatively little work has been done to specify whether racial and ethnic minorities may have greater vulnerability than do majority populations and, further, what these vulnerabilities may be. We suggest that psychosocial stress may be the vulnerability factor that links social conditions with environmental hazards. Psychosocial stress can lead to acute and chronic changes in the functioning of body systems (e.g., immune) and also lead directly to illness. In this article we present a multidisciplinary framework integrating these ideas. We also argue that residential segregation leads to differential experiences of community stress, exposure to pollutants, and access to community resources. When not counterbalanced by resources, stressors may lead to heightened vulnerability to environmental hazards.

Environment↗
PubMed1994

Caries prevalence in Africa and the People's Republic of China.

Problems arise when attempting to compare caries data collected in both Africa and the People's Republic of China. These difficulties are not only the result of differences in the criteria used for the diagnosis of caries but are also due to the diversity of cultural and social conditions existing within each of the geographical areas. However, interpreted with caution, the data seem to suggest that caries experience among children is still fairly stable and at a low level, in contrast to the predictions of a decade ago. When comparing data from adult and elderly cohorts, however, caries is seen to be a widespread disease with continuing slow progression throughout life.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Interrupted work histories: retired women telling their stories.

The issue of women and work is a contemporary one which affects the private as well as the public sphere of women's lives. The social conditions which affect the present cohort of retired older women, have their roots in their work lives. In this article, we analyzed the oral histories of 7 retired women using a modified grounded theory approach to explore the long-term effects of having interrupted their work histories in order to care for family members. The core variable that emerged was the "valuing process" that occurred when these older women relieved their past experiences. We defined this as the relative merit that each participant attributed to her lifetime work achievements.

Caregivers↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Devaluation of the African Financial Community franc and the dietary strategies of families in Bamako (Mali)].

This survey, conducted in 1996, evaluated changes in the way families feed themselves caused by the effects of devaluation of the CFA franc. It involved semi-directed interviews with 64 subjects from various socio-economic backgrounds (affluent, middle-class, poor). The subjects spoke of the difficulties of daily life, lack of money and rapid, unpredictable rises in the prices of essential goods caused by the devaluation. They did not understand the reasons for the devaluation, which has caused rapid changes in the social conditions and nutrition of urban families and has exacerbated the inequality of access to foodstuffs. Affluent families have adopted strategies that increase the family food budget, compensating for price increases. The meals of poor and middle-class families have been directly affected in both structure and content. Poor families have been particularly badly affected. All the changes in strategy, and substitutions of one product for another described by middle-class families were already being used by the poor families before devaluation.

Attitude↗
PubMed2003

Inequalities in health: the value of sex-related indicators.

My laboratory has previously shown that the sex differences in tumor incidence in Europe can be related to the female social condition and that the pattern of this relationship varies according to the different historical contexts. In this article, I have extended the study worldwide to all cancer registries, and I present the sex differences in life expectancy at birth. A close link between the health of the populations and socioeconomic and cultural factors was confirmed. The sex-related indicators had a distribution independent from the parent variables cancer incidence and life expectancy; thus, they carry complementary information and provide an additional, sensitive probe for monitoring the health of the populations.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Using grounded theory to generate a theoretical understanding of the effects of child custody policy on women's health promotion in the context of intimate partner violence.

Women's health is frequently influenced by social and structural factors, largely beyond women's control, and often entrenched in public policy. Although health is acknowledged to be socially determined, the ways that social conditions affect health are rarely explicated. Grounded theory is a useful method for discovering how structural conditions influence patterns of behavior. We used grounded theory to generate a theoretical understanding of how justice system policy and services related to child custody influence health promotion processes of women and their children after leaving abusive male partners/fathers. In two diverse Canadian provinces, we interviewed single mothers who had left abusive partners as well as frontline workers and policymakers in the justice system. We identified the key dimensions of policy and services that influence the ways in which women and their children promote their health in the context of varying levels of ongoing intrusion as information, eligibility, accessibility, timeliness, human resources, safety, and diversity. In this article, the interplay between theses policy and service dimensions and women's health promotion after leaving abusive partners is discussed and suggestions are made for strengthening "healthy" custody policy.

Battered Women↗