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At least 613 records · Page 34Linked to original sources
PubMed1989

Fusariosis in the shrimp Penaeus semisulcatus cultured in Israel.

The first case of a mycotic infection in shrimp in Israel is reported. Fusarium solani produced a large melanized lesion in a specimen of Penaeus semisulcatus cultured at Eilat, on the Red Sea. Fungal hyphae elicited a strong hemocytic response in cuticular and connective tissues. In the underlying muscle, the inflammatory reaction appeared weaker, suggesting a gradual failure by the host to resist mycelial invasion. Three cases of human keratomycosis by F. solani have been reported in recent years in Israel, suggesting that handling infected shrimp may represent a hazard to aquaculturists.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

The inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity in pink shrimp (Penaeus duorarum) by methyl parathion and its oxon.

The inhibition of acetylcholinesterase, E.C.3.1.1.7, (AChE) activity in the ventral nerve cord of pink shrimp (Penaeus duorarum) by methyl parathion (MPT) and methyl paraoxon (MPO) was investigated. When the animals were exposed to these compounds in water (in vivo), AChE activity of the isolated nerve cord was significantly depressed by MPT only in moribund shrimp after exposure for six hr to 1.3 micrograms/L (96 hr LC50 = 1.9 micrograms/L). Methyl paraoxon (96 hr LC50 = 13.6 micrograms/L) did not depress AChE activity in surviving animals after exposure for 74 hr to 0.98 micrograms/L. Exposure of the excised ventral nerve cord directly (in vitro) resulted in inhibition of 100% after exposure for one hr to 60 mg/L MPT, 100% after exposure for one hr to 300 micrograms/L MPO. Implications with regard to the use of AChE activity as a monitor of water pollution by inhibitors of this enzyme are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Cloning and sequencing analysis of three amylase cDNAs in the shrimp Penaeus vannamei (Crustacea decapoda): evolutionary aspects.

In Penaeus vannamei, alpha-amylase is the most important glucosidase and is present as at least two major isoenzymes which have been purified. In order to obtain information on their structure, a hepatopancreas cDNA library constructed in phage lambda-Zap II (Strategene) was screened using a synthetic oligonucleotide based on the amino acid sequence of a V8 staphylococcal protease peptide of P. vannamei alpha-amylase. Three clones were selected: AMY SK 37 (EMBL sequence accession number: X 77318) is the most complete of the analyzed clones and was completely sequenced. It contains the complete cDNA sequence coding for one of the major isoenzymes of shrimp amylase. The deduced amino acid sequence shows the existence of a 511-residue-long pre-enzyme containing a highly hydrophobic signal peptide of 16 amino acids. Northern hybridization of total RNA with the amylase cDNA confirms the size of the messenger at around 1,600 bases. AMY SK 28, which contains the complete mature sequence of amylase, belonged to the same family characterized by a common 3' terminus and presented four amino acid changes. Some other variants of this family were also partially sequenced. AMY SK 20 was found to encode a minor variant of the protein with a different 3' terminus and 57 amino acid changes. Phylogenetic analysis established with the conserved amino acid regions of the (beta/alpha) eight-barrel domain and with the total sequence of P. vannamei showed close evolutionary relationships with mammals (59-63% identity) and with insect alpha-amylase (52-62% identity). The use of conserved sequences increased the level of similarity but it did not alter the ordering of the groupings. Location of the secondary structure elements confirmed the high level of sequence similarity of shrimp alpha-amylase with pig alpha-amylase.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1996

Cloning and expression of cathepsin L-like proteinases in the hepatopancreas of the shrimp Penaeus vannamei during the intermolt cycle.

Cysteine protease activities have been characterized with benzyloxycarbonyl-lysine p-nitrophenyl ester as a synthetic substrate and E64 as a specific inhibitor in the hepatopancreas of the shrimp Penaeus vannamei. An optimum pH of 5.1 has been measured. To characterize these cysteine proteases, a hepatopancreas cDNA library was screened by hybridization to a Norway lobster cysteine protease cDNA fragment. Two cDNAs encoding P. vannamei cysteine protease precursors have been cloned and sequenced. The encoded polypeptides have 326 and 322 amino acid residues, respectively, each consisting of partial signal sequences (15 and 10 residues), a pro-region (93 and 94 residues), and a mature enzyme polypeptide (218 residues). Cys25, His159 and Asn175 form the catalytic triad in the putative active site of the mature enzymes. Compared with invertebrate cysteine proteases (Homarus and Fasciola), each of the two shrimp enzymes shows 70 and 52% amino acid sequence identity, respectively; 63% identity is shown with rat cathepsin L. Northern hybridization analysis showed the same size for the different cysteine protease transcripts in hepatopancreas tissue (approximately 1.1 kb). During intermolt cycles, variations in cysteine protease activity were correlated with the variations in the levels of specific mRNA.

Aging↗
PubMed1999

Spatial distribution of extractable organohalogens in northern pink shrimp in the north Atlantic.

Extractable organohalogens (EOX) are organic compounds that contain chlorine, bromine and/or iodine, which can be separated from the matrix by liquid/liquid or liquid/solid extraction. A combination of instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) and solvent extraction methods has been developed for the determination of EOX from the shrimp Pandalus borealis. Levels of EOX were evaluated for spatial trends for shrimp caught in several areas off the Labrador coast, off the coast of Nova Scotia, and off the coast of Maine. Muscle contained 1.09-6.05 micrograms EOCl/g tissue and 105-498 micrograms extractable organochlorine (EOCl)/g lipid; 0.0607-0.288 microgram extractable organobromine (EOB)r/g tissue and 4.74-10.5 micrograms EOBr/g lipid; and 0.014-0.048 microgram extractable organoiodine (EOI)/g tissue and 1.03-1.76 micrograms EOI/g lipid, respectively. The levels of EOCl in roe were 1.60-12.34 micrograms/g tissue and 39.0-146 micrograms/g lipid. In roe, the EOBr levels were 0.707-1.03 micrograms/g tissue and 6.96-13.5 micrograms/g lipid; and EOI levels were 0.123-0.349 microgram/g tissue and 1.42-4.11 micrograms/g lipid. The EOCl, EOBr, and EOI levels in roe increased noticeably from north to south along the coast of Labrador. Samples taken from the coast of Maine and from Canso Hole were typically higher in EOCl levels than those taken from Labrador. The results for EOBr and EOI were in the same range as those from Labrador.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Brine shrimp lethality of the compounds from Phryma leptostachya L.

Brine shrimp assay-guided fractionation and isolation of the EtOAc soluble fraction of Phryma leptostachya L. (Phrymacaceae) gave two active compounds, phrymarolin II (1) and ursolic acid (2), which were identified by physicochemical and spectroscopic methods. Compound 1 exhibited potent lethality with LD50 value of 0.0013 microg/ml, whereas 2 showed moderate lethality with LD50 value of 27.0 microg/ml against brine shrimp. The cytotoxic activities of 1 and 2 were also evaluated against one murine and five human cancer cell lines employing the sulforhodamin B (SRB) method. Compound 2 exhibited cytotoxic activity against L1210 and SK-MEL-2 cells with ED50 values of 3.70 and 9.27 mg/ml, respectively, whereas 1 was devoid of any cytotoxic activity against all cancer cells tested.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Intraspecific Genetic Diversity in the Marine Shrimp Penaeus vannamei: Multiple Polymorphic Elongation Factor-1alpha Loci Revealed by Intron Sequencing.

: Intron sequences from the elongation factor-1alpha (EF1alpha) gene from the marine shrimp Penaeus vannamei reveal extensive variation even among inbred populations of hatchery-raised shrimp. Among 44 individuals analyzed, we found 13 alleles varying by up to 7.5% sequence differences, and including several allele-diagnostic insertions and deletions. High heterozygosity contrasts with low genetic variation at allozyme loci, but we observed up to four alleles per individual, suggesting that we have identified two separate, polymorphic loci. We partitioned the observed alleles into two groups representing hypothetical duplicated loci. However, the alleles are so similar to one another that a phylogenetic analysis does not cluster them into monophyletic groupings. A possible explanation is that concerted evolution is acting to homogenize genetic variation among these two putative loci.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Increased production and excretion of urea in the kuruma shrimp (Marsupenaeus japonicus) exposed to combined environments of increased ammonia and nitrite.

Marsupenaeus japonicus (6.37 +/- 1.29 g) individually exposed to 9 different combined solutions of ambient ammonia (C) and nitrite (C') ammonia at 0.003 [control], 0.39, and 1.49 mmol/L combined with nitrite at 0.001 [control], 0.38, and 1.49 mmol/L in 30 ppt were examined for nitrogenous excretion accumulations of ammonia, nitrite, urea, and uric acid in tissues after 48 hours. M. japonicus exposed to 0.39 mmol/L ammonia-0.38 mmol/L nitrite displayed higher levels of urea-nitrogen (UNE) and organic-N (ONE) excretion by a factor of 2.2 and 5.7, respectively, compared with shrimp exposed only to 0.39 mmol/L ammonia. Exposure to 0.39 mmol/L ammonia-0.38 mmol/L nitrite resulted in lower levels of hemolymph uric acid (HUA), gill ammonia (GAM), gill urea (GUE), gill uric acid (GUA), hepatopancreas ammonia (HPAM), hepatopancreas urea (HPUE), and hepatopancreas uric acid (APUA), respectively, compared with shrimp exposed only to 0.39 mmol/L ammonia. We concluded that M. japonicus exposed to combined environments of ammonia and nitrite display increased nitrogen metabolism and production of urea-N and other organic-N.

Ammonia↗
PubMed2000

Multiple motor patterns in the stomatogastric ganglion of the shrimp Penaeus japonicus.

Motor patterns of the cardiac sac, the gastric and the pyloric network in the stomatogastric nervous system of the shrimp Penaeus japonicus, the most primitive decapod species, were studied. Single neurons can switch from the gastric or the pyloric pattern to the cardiac sac pattern. Some of the pyloric neurons fire with the gastric pattern. All of the gastric neurons fire with the pyloric pattern, unlike those in reptantians. Proctolin activates and modulates the cardiac sac and the pyloric rhythm, and promotes reconfiguration of the networks. Neurons of the three networks have so many interconnections that they construct a multifunctional neural network like those in Cancer. This network may function in different configurations under the appropriate conditions. Several modes of interactions between the networks found in different reptantian species can apply to the penaeidean shrimp. Such interactions are general features of the stomatogastric nervous system in decapods. Phylogenetic differences among the decapod infraorders are seen in the number and orientation of muscles and the innervation pattern of muscles. The multifunctional networks have existed in the most primitive decapod species, and types of configurations of the networks would have evolved to produce a wide range of motor patterns as the foregut structure has become complex.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1997

Electron microscopic observation on a non-occluded baculo-like virus in shrimps.

A severe disease of farm-raised shrimp, Penaeus chinensis has spread throughout Chinese coasts since 1993. Recently, a baculo-like virus has been diagnosed as the causative agent for this epidemic disease. The electron microscopic observation of the virus is described. Thin sections of hepatopancreatic and hypodermic tissue of diseased P. chinensis showed many rod-shaped, enveloped, baculo-like virions in hypertrophied nuclei of infected cells. The virion was filled with a highly electron dense core. No occlusion bodies have been found. Negative stained intact virions, purified from infected tissues by centrifugation on sucrose discontinuous gradients, demonstrated that the viral envelops had been broken, but the cylindrical nucleocapside could be observed clearly. The nucleocapsid of average 62 nm x 314 nm was composed of a helix system of capsomers, giving rise to an open stacked ring structure and repeating approximately every third ring. The number of repeating unit was 13 to 15. We propose that the virus described here could be designated as Non-Occluded Shrimp Virus (NOSV) or Penaeus chinensis Baculo-Like Virus (PcBLV).

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Nucleotide sequence of 3'-end of the genome of Taura syndrome virus of shrimp suggests that it is related to insect picornaviruses.

Taura syndrome disease, caused by Taura syndrome virus (TSV), is one of the most important viral diseases of penaeid shrimp in the Western Hemisphere resulting in catastrophic disease epidemics in farmed shrimp. We have cloned and sequenced a 3278 bp cDNA representing the 3' end of the TSV genome. Sequence analyses revealed that frame + 2 had the longest open reading (ORF) frame. This frame contained a 5'-terminal 19 non-coding bases followed by an ORF from nucleotides 20 to 3053 (encoding 1011 amino acids, aa) and a 3' untranslated region of 225 nts. The deduced aa sequence of TSV showed significant similarities with those of the coat proteins of insect picornaviruses, Rhopalosiphum padi virus, Plautia stali intestine virus, Drosophila C virus, Triatoma virus of Triatoma infestans and Himetobi P virus of brown plant hopper. A single transcript of approximately 10 kb was detected by Northern blot hybridization suggesting that the TSV coat protein gene is not expressed as a subgenomic RNA. We concluded that the genome organization of TSV is similar to insect picornaviruses. This is the first molecular evidence of occurrence of a picornavirus in the class Decapoda.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2004

Population genetic structure of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) from Mexico to Panama: microsatellite DNA variation.

Genetic variation and population structure of wild white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) from 4 geographic locations from Mexico to Panama were investigated using 5 microsatellite DNA loci. The genetic diversity between populations was indicated by the mean number of alleles per locus and mean observed heterozygosity, which ranged from 7.4 to 8.6 and from 0.241 to 0.388, respectively. Significant departures from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium were found at most locations at each locus, with the exception Guatemala at Pvan0013, and were caused by high heterozygote deficiencies. Genetic differences between localities were detected by pairwise comparison based on allelic and genotypic frequencies, with the exception of locus Pvan1003. Significant pairwise F (ST) values between locations and total F (ST) showed that the white shrimp population is structured into subpopulations. However, population differentiation does not follow an isolation-by-distance model. Knowledge of the genetic diversity and structure of L.vannamei populations will be of interest for aquaculture and fisheries management to utilize and preserve aquatic biodiversity.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Molecular cloning and expression profile of putative antilipopolysaccharide factor in Chinese shrimp(Fenneropenaeus chinensis).

A new antimicrobial protein gene of the anti-lipopolysaccharide factor family (tentatively named as ALFFc) has been cloned from hemocytes of the Chinese shrimp Fenneropenaeus chinensis by rapid amplification of 3' and 5' complementary DNA ends with polymerase chain reaction. The full-length complementary DNA of ALFFc consists of 600 bp with a 369-bp open reading frame, encoding 123 amino acids. The deduced peptide contains a putative signal peptide of 25 amino acids and mature peptide of 98 amino acids. The molecular mass of the deduced mature peptide is 13799.16 Da. It is highly cationic, with a theoretical pI of 10.3. The deduced amino acid sequence of ALFFc showed 56% homology with sequences of Tachypleus tridentatus and L. polyhemus. The tissue expression profile of this gene was studied by Northern blot, and ALFFc transcripts were mainly detected in hemocytes, gill, and intestine. RNA in situ hybridization showed that ALFFc was constitutively expressed in hemocytes. Capillary electrophoresis reverse transcriptase PCR was used to quantify the variation of messenger RNA transcription level during the artificial infection process with Vibrio anguillarum. Significant enhancement of ALFFc transcription appeared during the first 24 hours in response to Vibrio infection. These results provide useful information for understanding the function of ALFFc in shrimp.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2006

Identification of a putative egg-laying hormone in neural and ovarian tissues of the black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon, using immunocytochemistry.

The existence of an egg-laying hormone (ELH) was identified for the first time in the black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon, by means of immunoenzyme and immunofluorescence techniques. This was achieved using a polyclonal antibody produced against expressed recombinant ELH of the female Australian blacklip abalone, Haliotis rubra. The shrimp ELH reactive material was found to be localised within female neurosecretory tissues and the secretory tissue of the antennal gland, but was not identified in the X-organ sinus gland within the eyestalk. It was also present in the ovary, where the amount of ELH present was observed to be greatest in the period prior to spawning. These findings implied that the induction of P. monodon spawning might be involved with humoral regulation relating to ELH expression.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Behavioral changes and acute toxicity to the freshwater shrimp Atyaephyra desmaresti Millet (Decapoda: Natantia) from exposure to acid mine drainage.

Short-term 48 h laboratory bioassays with water from an acid mine drainage (AMD: pH 3.3, 4.4, 5.0, 5.5, 6.4, control) and water from an arsenic containing reservoir were performed with the freshwater shrimp Atyaephyra desmaresti Millet, validated in situ and compared to acidified control water (ACID). Behaviour, mortality and time to death were monitored with the Multispecies Freshwater Biomonitor (MFB). The shrimps had equal 24 h-LC50s at pH 4 in AMD and ACID. However, after 48 h AMD proved more toxic (48 h-LC50 at pH 5.2) than ACID (48 h-LC50 at pH 4.5). Stress behaviour in AMD consisted at pH < or = 6.4 of a pH-dependent decrease in activity, with disappearance of circadian rhythmicity, and at pH 4.4 a clear increase of ventilation. At pH 5.5 bioaccumulation of metals was higher and locomotion lower than at pH 5.0. In ACID, only at pH < or = 4.4 locomotion became abated and arythmic. Locomotion in the field was equal or higher compared to the laboratory, whereas the ventilation was higher in the laboratory. A. desmaresti is a valuable species to be used in short term behavioural bioassays of AMD in Europe.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

The biosynthesis of crustacean chitin. Isolation and characterization of polyprenol-linked intermediates from brine shrimp microsomes.

The biosynthesis of crustacean chitin appears to involve the participation of a lipid-linked intermediate. A microsomal preparation from larval stages of the brine shrimp Artemia salina was found to catalyze the glycosylation of exogenous [3H]dolichol phosphate, yielding a product which was insoluble in chloroform:methanol (2:1) but soluble in chloroform:methanol:water (10:10:3). Artemia microsomes catalyze the transfer of N-acetylglucosamine from UDP-N-acetylglucosamine to a lipid acceptor. After extraction of labeled lipids with either chloroform:methanol (2:1) or chloroform:methanol:water (10:10:3), labeled compounds could be purified by ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sephacel. Mild acid hydrolysis of 3H-N-acetylglucosamine labeled material soluble in chloroform:methanol:water (10:10:3) yielded a series of oligosaccharides ranging from 2 to about 8 glycosyl units in size. The larger components were shown to be sensitive to chitinase digestion but resistant to treatment with alpha-mannosidase. Such 3H-N-acetylglucosamine containing compounds, prepared by both in vivo and in vitro procedures, appear to be chitin oligosaccharides. Brine shrimp microsomes also catalyze the transfer of mannose from GDP-mannose to a lipid acceptor. Mild acid hydrolysis of mannosyl lipids soluble in chloroform:methanol:water (10:10:3) yielded oligosaccharides which were sensitive to alpha-mannosidase digestion and resistant to treatment with endochitinase. The results suggest 3H-N-acetylglucosamine-labeled oligosaccharide-lipids are distinct from the mannose-labeled fraction and may participate in the formation of an endogenous primer for chitin synthesis after their transfer to a protein acceptor.

Acetylglucosamine↗
PubMed1988

In vitro biosynthesis of the beta-subunit of the Na+/K+-ATPase in developing brine shrimp: glycosylation and membrane insertion.

We demonstrate here translation, glycosylation, and membrane insertion of the beta-subunit of the Na+/K+-ATPase of the developing brine shrimp, Artemia, in a reticulocyte lysate translation system. The apparent molecular weight of the primary translation product as determined by SDS-PAGE is 33,000 +/- 1000 (n = 7). When microsomal membranes are present during the entire translation period, a new band with an apparent molecular weight of 37,000 +/- 1000 (n = 7) appears. This change in apparent molecular weight is due to the addition of about two N-linked oligosaccharides. The temporal relationship between protein synthesis and glycosylation have also been examined. Glycosylation and membrane insertion could be achieved if membranes were added after completion of about 70% of the peptide chain. However, glycosylation did not occur if membranes were added after the completion of translation of the beta-subunit. The beta-subunit was synthesized on membrane-bound polysomes, where about two N-linked oligosaccharides were added to the growing polypeptide chain. These studies demonstrate that in vitro translation systems will be useful for studying the biosynthesis of the beta-subunit of the brine shrimp, which is a good model system to examine the developmental regulation of the Na+/K+-ATPase.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Structure of a light-adapting hormone from the shrimp, Pandalus borealis.

The structure of a light-adapting hormone of the shrimp, Pandalus borealis, has been determined. The hormone, which had been isolated from Pandalus eyestalks and which adapts the shrimp to brighter light conditions by causing the pigment in the distal retinal pigment cells of the eye to move into a more proximal position, is the peptide: Asn-Ser-Gly-Met-Ile-Asn-Ser-Ile-Leu-Gly-Ile-Pro-Arg-Val-Met-Thr-Glu-Ala-NH2. The structure was obtained by sequence analysis by the dansyl-Edman method of the intact hormone and of isolated tryptic and thermolytic peptides.

Adaptation, Ocular↗