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At least 613 records · Page 34Linked to original sources
PubMed1993

Urban vs rural increase in hip fracture incidence. Age and sex of 901 cases 1980-89 in Olmsted County, U.S.A.

To determine if hip fracture incidence rates are greater in urban than in rural areas of the United States, as they appear to be in Scandinavia, we undertook a study in Olmsted County, Minnesota. During the decade 1980-89, the age- and sex-adjusted incidence of proximal femur fractures among urban residents of the central city of Rochester was 36 percent greater than among residents of the rural remainder of Olmsted County. The difference was almost entirely accounted for by an excess of fractures due to moderate trauma in elderly urban women. These first detailed results from the United States confirm earlier observations from Scandinavia that hip fracture rates are lower in rural areas.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Changes in the ocular and nasal signs and symptoms of aircrews in relation to the ban on smoking on intercontinental flights.

OBJECTIVES: This study determined the influence of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) in aircraft on measured and perceived cabin air quality (CAQ), symptoms, tear-film stability, nasal patency, and biomarkers in nasal lavage fluid. METHODS: Commercial aircrews underwent a standardized examination, including acoustic rhinometry, nasal lavage, and measurement of tear-film break-up time. Eosinophilic cationic protein, myeloperoxidase, lysozyme, and albumin were analyzed in the nasal lavage fluid. Inflight investigations [participation rate 98% (N=39)] were performed on board 4 flights, 2 in each direction between Scandinavia and Japan. Scandinavian crew on 6 flights from Scandinavia to Japan participated in postflight measurements after landing [participation rate 85% (N=41)]. Half the flights permitted smoking on board, and the other half, 0.5 months later, did not. Hygienic measurements showed low relative air humidity on board (2-10%) and a carbon dioxide concentration of <1000 ppm during 99.6% of the cruising time. RESULTS: The smoking ban caused a drastic reduction of respirable particles, from a mean of 66 (SD 56) microg/m3 to 3 (SD 0.8) microg/m3. The perceived CAQ was improved, and there were fewer symptoms, particularly ocular symptoms, headache and tiredness. Tear-film stability increased, and nasal patency was altered. CONCLUSIONS: Despite a high air exchange rate and spatial separation between smokers and nonsmokers, smoking in commercial aircraft may cause significant air pollution, as indicated by a large increase in respirable particles. This ETS exposure is associated with an increase in ocular and general symptoms, decreased tear-film stability, and alterations of nasal patency.

Air Pollution, Indoor↗
PubMed1999

The epidemiology of mentally disordered offending: a systematic review of studies, based in the general population, of criminality combined with psychiatric illness.

BACKGROUND: The international literature, from 1990 onwards, on the epidemiology of mentally disordered offending (MDO) was systematically reviewed. Studies based solely in the general population are reported in this article. METHODS: Database searches were made back to 1990, followed by citation tracing with the authors or major publications. RESULTS: Two cross-sectional surveys and seven cohort studies were found that have given rise to epidemiological data about MDO in the general population. The most useful data come from cohort studies in Scandinavia. In Scandinavia, the prevalence of MDO up to age 26-30 years is 2.1-2.8 per 100 for men and about half this amount for women. Conduct problems in childhood and deprivation seem to be predictors of future MDO. Mental disorder is associated with acts of crime, most particularly acts of a violent nature. CONCLUSIONS: No systematic epidemiological study of MDO in its own right was found. Those studies which provide data on MDO generally make poor use of statistical methodology. Professional epidemiological and statistical input is required to fully exploit existing data and adequately plan future studies of MDO.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Historical issues concerning animal experimentation in the United States.

The use of animals for research and teaching has now become an issue of great concern in the United States. In contrast to the legislative systems in Britain, Scandinavia and many European countries, American scientists can pursue research projects with relative freedom. Recent activities in the United States may effect this practice and future animal experimentation may be subjected to restriction and control by legislation. Events leading to this possibility are similar in many ways to those in 19th century Britain prior to the passage of the Cruelty to Animals Act in 1876 (which licenses scientists, regulates experimentation and carries out inspections). Historically, it seemed that the immediate effect of the 1876 act was to decrease the number of scientists who could conduct experiments on live vertebrate animals in Great Britain and hence the number of experiments and animals. Yet, antivivisection activity in Britain did not decrease but continued toward its goal of abolishing all research with animals. By 1882, the medical scientific community established the Association for the Advancement of Medicine by Research which began to advise the Home Secretary on licensing scientists.... Although the first Humane Society in the United States was established in 1866, it was not until the end of the 19th century when scientific disciplines were necessary for the education of physicians that protests against the use of animals for experimentation became organized. Activities by American animal protection groups have increased since that time and have now culminated in proposed legislation which if passed would not only restrict the use of animals for research but would also interfere with the kinds of research that could be conducted. Legislation in Britain, Scandinavia and in many European countries appears to be efficient and effective because of the relatively small number of research institutions and scientists in those countries. Is legislation in the United States feasible considering the extremely large number of scientists and research institutions? American scientists are facing three possibilities: mandatory regulation (legislation), self-regulation, or some combination of both. Self-regulation of animal experimentation appears to be the optimal choice. It would reflect the success of animal protection groups in raising the consciousness and concerns of scientists about the humane treatment of experimental animals: (1) reducing the numbers of animals used for experimentation, (2) unnecessary duplication of experiments, and (3) minimizing pain and distress. Although scientists are proceeding toward a program(s) of self-regulation, this approach will be based on the scientific method and will not satisfy completely the differences between scientific and animal protection groups. Scientists have become concerned with "the moral and ethical responsibility for the humane treatment of animals in experimentation" whereas animal protection groups are concerned with "the moral rights of animals...."

Animal Care Committees↗
PubMed1964

INTERLIBRARY COOPERATION IN SWEDEN AND THE MEDICAL PART OF THE SCANDIA PLAN.

In Sweden, as in Scandinavia generally, the interlibrary loan service is widely extended. The large research libraries traditionally follow a very liberal lending policy. Of fundamental importance to the Swedish interloan system is the maintenance of a union catalog. The free flow of materials from one library to another is facilitated by the franking privilege accorded public institutions. During the fifties, the idea arose of establishing acquisitional cooperation among the research libraries in Sweden. The highly developed interlibrary loan service was of basic significance for the realization of this project. In 1956 the possibilities were investigated of further expanding the acquisitional cooperation to include the greater libraries of Scandinavia. Thus, the so-called Scandia Plan was born. In 1960 the time was ripe to discuss the possibilities of applying the Scandia Plan to medical literature. At a meeting that year it was agreed that such cooperation could apply only to the literature which from a Scandinavian point of view would be considered peripheral. The plan was to include periodicals only, and be restricted to materials which, mainly for language reasons, are infrequently used in Scandinavian research. The task of acquiring such periodicals could be divided between the different libraries of the four countries. Such an arrangement would make it economically possible to increase the common stock of medical periodicals and avoid unnecessary duplication of material least in demand.

Humans↗
PubMed2003

[Mateo Orfila: a biography].

Mateo J. B. Orfila, illustrious doctor and chemical, native of Mahon, where he was born April 24th, 1787 and he died in Paris March 12th, 1853, buried in this city in the cemetery of Montmartre. He studied Medicine and Chemistry in Valencia, Barcelona and Paris. Chemical expert, toxicologist and medical jurist, Dean of the Faculty of Medicine of Paris during 18 years, in which he made the great Educational Reformation of Medicine that deserves to take his name, model for many Universities of France, Germany, Denmark, Scandinavia, etc... and in certain way of Spain and Italy. It carried out the Chair of Chemistry and Legal Medicine in the Faculty of Medicine of Paris, he projected his teaching internationally toward the United Kingdom, Germany, Netherlands, Spain, Italy, Scandinavia and North America. It diffused the toxicological knowledge and legal, experimental and clinical doctor, elevating his scientific range at universal level with methodical original, innovative constat, creator of the Toxicological Science. Author of countless works and publications of Chemistry, Legal Medicine and Intoxications in diverse countries, "doctor honoris causa" of the most noted universities and academies. Creator of new Chairs, Museums and Centers of Investigation. For their works he received honors like chemist, toxicologist and medical jurist. Orfila was "glory" of Spain, country where he was born, and of France, where it developed intense and fruitful work, in which occupied the most important positions, among others, Academic of the Academy of Medicine of France and President of it.

Chemistry↗
PubMed1991

Breast cancer data collection for surgical audit.

Data are available about the mortality, the incidence, the stage, the survival, and the treatment of breast cancer. In this country mortality data are published by the OPCS and HIPE and evidence exists to show that there is a considerable shortfall in both these sources. The incidence of breast cancer is recorded by the Regional Cancer Registries and published by OPCS. The registries supply OPCS with a minimum data set which does not include the stage of the disease, which is important, and does include the quadrant, which is not. Audit shows marked regional variations in completeness of registration. International comparisons with Scandinavia are unfavourable and show what can be achieved. Patients who develop breast cancer but do not die from it may be cured. The discrepancy between incidence and mortality, which varies both geographically and historically, should therefore provide a valuable insight into changing survival, but does not do so because the data are unreliable. Wide variations in survival figures in the medical literature are probably due to variations in staging conventions rather than different treatments. It is clear that cancer stages carry a more favourable prognosis, but it still cannot be proved that earlier diagnosis in a particular individual prolongs the life of that individual. This unproven hypothesis is the rationale for mammographic screening. Data on treatment in hospitals do not link diagnosis to operation, so that it is impossible to separate operations for benign breast disease from those for cancer. The OPCS classification of operations is complex with many open-ended choices. Doctors do not participate in the coding process and clerks cannot make up for this. Radiotherapy and chemotherapy data are not collected nationally and the four regional registries who do collect it also rely on their clerks' interpretation of medical notes. Data on the use of tamoxifen are consistent and of high quality.An extensive data gathering mechanism is in place for breast cancer. A huge body of information exists about the disease which should form a valuable database. The poor quality of this information reduces its usefulness. It is the responsibility of doctors to agree on a data set and to ensure its collection. They do it in Scandinavia.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Pulpotomy medicaments for vital primary teeth. Surveys to determine use and attitudes in pediatric dental practice and in dental schools throughout the world.

Surveys were sent to all Canadian pediatric dental specialists and to Heads of Departments of Pediatric Dentistry of selected dental schools throughout the world, in order to determine the use of and attitudes toward pulpal techniques on vital primary teeth. The preferred pulpotomy medicament of Canadian pediatric dental specialists was the 1:5 formocresol dilution, which was used by 50 percent of the respondents. The second most prevalent medicament was full-strength formocresol, used by 42.2 percent of respondents. The most prevalent medicament utilized in pediatric dental departments of dental schools was full-strength formocresol (40.8 percent) followed in popularity by the 1:5 formocresol dilution (36 percent). Scandinavia was the only geographic region to deviate from formocresol as the preferred pulpotomy medicament. Seventy percent (70 percent) of the pediatric dental departments in Scandinavia preferred calcium hydroxide for pulpotomies. Although 50 percent of the pediatric dental specialists and 55.2 percent of pediatric dental departments expressed concern about harmful effects of the preferred pulpotomy medicament, only 21.2 percent of the dentists and 29.6 percent of the schools were contemplating a change to another material. Because of its long history and lasting popularity, formocresol has been the most widely studied of the many pulpotomy medicaments. Although other techniques have been proposed and studied, the vast majority of pediatric dental practitioners in Canada (92.4 percent) and dental schools worldwide (76.8 percent) utilize either the full-strength or the 1:5 dilution of formocresol as the preferred pulpotomy medicament for vital primary teeth.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1997

Teaching of all-ceramic restorations in central European dental schools: a survey.

The teaching of all-ceramic restorations in Central European dental schools in the mid 1990s has been surveyed. Based on a 65% response, the findings indicate that the majority of undergraduate (pre-doctoral) students receive instruction in all-ceramic restorations with >75% gaining clinical experience in the use of such restorations prior to graduation. When clinical experience was not received, formal instruction, either in the regular curriculum or in elective studies was generally available. All the schools, with one exception, anticipated that the importance of teaching all-ceramic restorations would increase or at least stay the same. In general, the findings were similar to those reported in studies of the teaching of all-ceramic restorations in North America, Scandinavia, and the UK and Ireland, especially in relation to luting systems, contraindications and finishing instrumentation. However, clinical requirements for all-ceramic restorations in Central European dental schools were more common than in dental schools in North America, Scandinavia and the UK and Ireland.

Clinical Competence↗
PubMed1993

Origin and population structure of the Icelanders.

The Norse and Celtic contributions to the founding population of Iceland have been estimated previously on a pan-Icelandic basis using gene frequency data for the entire island. Accounts of the settlement of Iceland, however, suggest that different regions received different proportions of Norse and Celtic settlers, indicating the need to incorporate geographic variation into Icelandic admixture studies. A formal likelihood ratio test rejects the null hypothesis of regional homogeneity in admixture proportions. Here, regional admixture estimates for Iceland are reported; they are in agreement with the settlement pattern inferred from historical accounts. The western, northern, and southern regions of Iceland exhibit a moderate Celtic component, consistent with historical indications that these regions were settled by Norse Vikings from the British Isles, accompanied by Celtic wives and slaves. Eastern Iceland, believed to have been settled chiefly by Vikings from Scandinavia, is characterized by a large Norse component of admixture. The northwestern peninsula is also found to be predominantly Norse. Regional genetic data are used to elucidate the contemporary population structure of Iceland. The observed structure correlates well with patterns of Icelandic geography, history, economy, marriage, urbanization, and internal migration. The northeastern region is strongly isolated, the urbanized areas of the north and southwest are representative of the overall population, and the remaining regions exhibit small-scale variation about the genetic central tendency. A high level of genetic homogeneity is indicated (RST = 0.0005), consistent with the high internal migration rate of the Icelanders. A regression of mean per-locus heterozygosity on distance from the gene frequency centroid reveals a greater than average external gene flow into the eastern region, whereas the northwestern peninsula has received less than average external gene flow. Iceland is compared with possible founding populations and was found to have diverged markedly from other northern European countries.

Emigration and Immigration↗
PubMed1999

Growth of international contributors to dermatologic literature.

BACKGROUND: In the past, authors from a few countries dominated the publication of articles in dermatologic journals that were cited. The growth of dermatology in many additional countries has set the stage for a broader national representation of the authorship of the most frequently cited dermatologic articles. OBJECTIVE: To quantify changes in the number and proportion of citations and articles credited to authors from various countries from 1981 to 1996. DESIGN: We obtained a citation database from the Institute for Scientific Information, Philadelphia, Pa. From this database, we quantified the average number of articles and citations according to the year of publication, journal, and the countries from which authors came. SETTING: Dermatology journals. SUBJECTS: All articles published in 24 dermatology journals between 1981 and 1996. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Country of origin of articles and number of citations of these articles. RESULTS: Authors from 121 countries were credited in whole or in part with authorship of original articles. Ten countries accounted for 82% of all articles published as original articles and 87% of citations to these articles. From 1981 to 1996, the proportion of citations attributed to most western European except Scandinavian countries grew significantly (P<.05, t test), but the proportion credited to authors from the United States fell significantly (P<.05, t test). CONCLUSIONS: International representation of author-cited articles appearing in the dermatology literature is increasing. The growth of scholarly contributions has been especially great for authors from western Europe except Scandinavia.

Dermatology↗
PubMed1991

Epidemic nephropathy in children.

Epidemic nephropathy, a form of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome, caused by the Puumala serotype of hantaviruses and occurring endemically in northern Scandinavia, was studied in 13 children. The clinical symptoms and signs were somewhat different from those reported in adults; none of our patients had hemorrhagic manifestations despite low thrombocyte counts. The most common presenting symptoms were fever, abdominal pain, and renal tenderness with oliguria followed by polyuria. The predominant laboratory findings were proteinuria and/or hematuria and elevated serum creatinine levels. Thrombocytopenia was a constant finding in the children in whom thrombocyte count was obtained. Most children had a decreased serum sodium concentration during the oliguric phase of the disease. All the children recovered, with no long-term renal disease. Epidemic nephropathy is an important alternative for differential diagnosis in children with findings suggesting nephritis, especially in endemic areas. An awareness and knowledge of this syndrome and an ability to diagnose it by means of a specific antibody measurement will probably improve our understanding of its epidemiologic features in children.

Alanine Transaminase↗
PubMed1996

The 1996 Albert Lasker Medical Research Awards. Prevention of systemic infections, especially meningitis, caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b. Impact on public health and implications for other polysaccharide-based vaccines.

The development of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) conjugate vaccines has led to the virtual elimination of systemic infections caused by that pathogen, has provided insights into the pathogenesis of and immunity to other capsulated bacteria, and has contributed to the development of new vaccines. Meningitis, a common and serious infection of children, and other infections caused by Hib have been virtually eliminated in countries that have achieved widespread vaccination with Hib conjugates, including the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, Iceland, Scandinavia, France, and Germany. Hib conjugates have also been shown to be highly effective in developing countries. The principles derived from the use of these vaccines, along with studies of other capsulated pathogens, should allow the rapid inclusion of new polysaccharide-based conjugates into routine vaccination schedules of infants, and should help to realize further reductions in serious systemic infectious diseases.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

A retrospective anonymous pilot study in screening newborns for HFE mutations in Scandinavian populations.

We have retrospectively analyzed 837 random anonymized dried blood spot (DBS) samples from neonatal screening programs in Scandinavia for mutations in HFE, the candidate gene for hemochromatosis. We have found C282Y allele frequencies of 2.3% (+2.0%) (-1.3%) in Greenland, 4.5%+/-1.9% in Iceland, 5.1%+/-2.3% in the Faeroe Islands, and 8.2%+/-2.7% in Denmark. The high prevalence of HFE mutations in Denmark suggests that population screening for the C282Y mutation could be highly advantageous in terms of preventive health care. Long-term follow-up evaluation of C282Y homozygotes and H63D/C282Y compound heterozygotes will give an indication of the penetrance of the mutations.

Alleles↗
PubMed1999

Apolipoprotein A-IV-2 allele: association of its worldwide distribution with adult persistence of lactase and speculation on its function and origin.

Apolipoprotein A-IV (apo A-IV) is a 46-Kd plasma glycoprotein that may play a major role in intestinal lipid absorption. A genetic polymorphism in the apo A-IV gene, apo A-IV-2, encodes a His-->Gln substitution at codon 360 that alters the biological function of this apolipoprotein. As the worldwide distribution of the apo A-IV-2 allele appeared similar to the frequency of a genetic polymorphism that determines the persistence of lactase into adulthood, we examined the relationship between the apo A-IV-2 and lactase persistence polymorphisms by compiling the prevalence of adult lactase persistence in all populations in which the frequency of the apo A-IV-2 allele has been determined. Across 29 groups, there was an extremely strong correlation (4 = 0.937, P < 0.000001) between apo A-IV-2 allele frequency and the prevalence of adult lactase persistence. Apo A-IV-2 allele frequency was highest in Iceland, an ancient Viking colony, and decreased across Europe in a north-to-south and west-to-east gradient, generally following hypothetical isoclines for the lactase persistence gene. There were no correlations between the population frequencies of the apo E2, E3, or E4 alleles and either the prevalence of lactase persistence or the frequency of the apo A-IV-2 allele. In light of the effects of the apo A-IV-2 polymorphism on lipid metabolism, we speculate that the apo A-IV-2 allele may have originated in ancient Scandinavia, spread by conferring a nutritional advantage in the setting of a lifelong high milkfat intake, and was later carried southwards by the Viking incursions into Europe.

Alleles↗
PubMed1982

Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency in Southern African hepatocellular carcinoma patients. An immunoperoxidase and histochemical study.

An increased frequency of alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) has been reported in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in Scandinavia and England. Using a specific immunoperoxidase technique for alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT) and periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) with and without diastase predigestion, the authors examined nonneoplastic autopsy liver tissue from 58 black southern African patients with HCC and from 54 controls. No periportal PAS-positive diastase-resistant globules containing AAT (specific for AATD) were found in liver tissue from either group. A finely granular diffuse cytoplasmic AAT staining (not removed by diastase predigestion) was present in hepatocytes in a "checkerboard" pattern within the lobule in 33 (57%) HCC patients and in 20 (37%) controls (P greater than 0.1), and was particularly prominent adjacent to tumor in 11 HCC patients. Alpha-1-antitrypsin was present in neoplastic cells in 18 of the 40 HCC examined (45%). These findings suggest no major role for AATD in the etiology of HCC in southern Africa.

Carcinoma, Hepatocellular↗
PubMed1983

Malignant tumors in renal transplant patients. The Scandia transplant material.

In Scandinavia, between 1956 and 1974, 2672 kidney transplantations were performed on 2272 patients. Until 1974, 39 de novo malignant tumors were diagnosed among the 1872 patients who received their first and only graft in the period, and among the entire group of patients an additional 58 tumors were diagnosed until 1978; over 1/4 of these tumors were of mesenchymal origin and of these, over one half were reticulosarcomata, and one half were cerebral. Among 566 Danish recipients who received their first and only graft in the period 1969-1974, there was a highly significantly (P less than 0.00001) increased tumor incidence in relation to the background population. A significant (P less than 0.0005) relationship was found between the occurrence of tumors and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) mismatch. In the entire material no correlation was found to the number of transplantations given to the individual patient; there were significantly (P less than 0.01) more tumors in recipients of necrokidneys compared with related kidneys; and there was a significant (P less than 0.006) overrepresentation of recipients with chronic interstitial nephritis.

ABO Blood-Group System↗
PubMed1993

Psychometric tests for assessment of brain function after solvent exposure.

Psychometric testing is a key issue in neuropsychological toxicology assessment. Evaluation of methods for assessing general intellectual impairment is necessary as conventional neurology has been shown to be insensitive to the neurotoxic effects of solvents and metals. This study presents an analysis of a psychometric test battery from an investigation of psycho-organic syndrome in a historical cohort of 96 metal degreasers with long-term exposure to solvents, particularly trichloroethylene. The neuropsychological test battery was a combination of Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS), Luria, and tests developed in Scandinavia. Linear regression analysis showed a significant dose-response relation between increasing cumulative solvent exposure and impaired psychometric test performance in 9 out of 15 tests. Multivariate analysis, however, suggests that much of the variance was due to confounding variables, especially age, and to a lesser degree, primary intellectual function and word blindness. After control for confounding factors the strongest association with solvent exposure occurred for the following three tests: acoustic-motor function, Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT), and the visual gestalt test.

Brain Diseases↗