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PubMed2003

[Disability retirement pension for patients with syndrome diagnoses. A registry study on the basis of data from the Social Appeal Board].

INTRODUCTION: Since the early 1990s, disability retirement pension may be granted on the basis of a syndrome diagnosis. Before the pension can be granted, local public authorities collect information on health and social matters and report to The Social Appeal Board. In 1998, a new diagnostic tool was introduced based on the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-10) diagnoses. The information available in The Social Appeal Board has made it possible to study the social consequences of a syndrome diagnosis. The purpose of the study was: 1) To estimate the incidence of patients granted disability retirement pension with the diagnoses whiplash, fibromyalgia, chronic pain disorder, chronic fatigue syndromee, chronic strain syndromee, and pelvic syndromee. 2) To estimate changes in the level of pension granted to patients with syndromee diagnosis. 3) To compare differences between patients with syndromee diagnosis granted disability retirement pension to patients with other diagnoses on the following parameters: sex, civil status, income when applying for pension, and attempts of rehabilitation. 4) To estimate comorbidity of psychiatric diagnosis in patients with syndromee diagnosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A register study of data on pension reported to The National Social Appeal Board in the period July 1st 1998 to December 31st, 2000. RESULTS: Of all patients granted pension in the period 8.3 per cent had a syndromee diagnosis, 11 per cent of the women and 5 per cent of the men. Both the relative and the absolute number of patients with syndromee diagnosis granted a pension were increasing. Comorbidity of psychiatric disorders was 3 per cent in the group with syndromee diagnosis. More patients with syndromee diagnosis than with other diagnoses had received sickness benefits and rehabilitation when pension was granted. DISCUSSION: The large number of patients with syndromee diagnosis granted pension calls for multidisciplinary prophylactic and treatment initiatives in order to reduce the number of patients in need of public support. The results are discussed in view of the new Pension's Act which will become effective as from January 1st, 2003.

Chronic Disease↗

PubMed1992

Long-term exercise training and retirement in genetically obese rats: effects on food intake, feeding efficiency and carcass composition.

Short-term physical exercise (EX) can reduce body weight and fat gain in obese humans and animals. However, the beneficial effects of physical exercise are not long-lasting. In this study, the effects of long-term physical exercise and retirement from exercise (R) on body weight, body composition and fat distribution were examined in genetically obese (OB) and lean (LE) female rats. Fifty OB and 45 LE rats, four weeks old, were divided into EX (swimming, 2h/day, 5 days/week) or sedentary (SD) groups. At the end of the 28th week of treatment, EX groups were further divided into continued EX or R groups for another 11-12 weeks. It was found that at the end of the 28th week EX had reduced the rate of weight gain in OB and LE rats. Percentage body fat was only reduced in OBEX rats and this was achieved by a significant reduction of subcutaneous fat mass. At the end of the 40th week, EX had further reduced the weight gain, fat mass and body fat percentage in OBEX rats while only body fat percentage was reduced in the LEEX group. Retirement from exercise reversed these phenomena. Thus there were no differences between OBSD and OBEX-R rats in body weight, fat mass and percentage body fat. However, the OBEX-R group had a significantly higher amount of internal fat than the other two OB groups. Therefore, exercise, even long-term to cover the entire fat cell proliferation period, still only exerted temporary beneficial effects in OB rats. After retirement, the beneficial effects all disappeared rapidly.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1980

[On the problem of retirement crisis.].

Retirement is first defined as a transitory period from a working situation to a situation of definite cessation of work. In order to understand this transitory process, the author looks into the importance of work as a determinant of life conditions and as a structuring influence in life conducts. The change brought about by retirement involves many upheavals on a social level (relationship, loss of income, economical dependency) as well as on a personal level (return to a home life, modification of relationships within the couple and the family life). The importance of these upheavals is such and their effects so acute that retirement is defined as a crisis situation.

English Abstract↗

PubMed1984

A comparison of life-span and spontaneous tumor incidence of male and female Han:WIST virgin and retired breeder rats.

In a long-term study, the life-expectancy of 320 female virgin Han:WIST rats was significantly lower than that of 320 male virgins, whereas no major differences existed in a successive study with retired breeders (296 females and 252 males) of the same stock. Within the sexes, the female retired breeders lived on average longer than the virgins, whereas the male retired breeders had a higher mortality between the 33rd and 36th month than their virgin counterparts. Differences in life-expectancy were mainly due to varying incidences of uterine adenocarcinomas in the females and an adverse development of pituitary gland tumors in the males. A sexual difference was found in both groups for tumors of the pituitary gland, the islet cells of the pancreas, mammary gland, subcutis and mesenteric lymph nodes. A possible hormonal influence on tumorigenesis is discussed.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1978

Older workers uninsured for retired-worker benefits.

This article estimates the number of persons who have worked in employment covered by the social security program but not enough to meet minimum requirements for retired-worker benefits. On the basis of a sample of persons near retirement age in 1973, it was found that about 70 percent of these persons are women, that they have worked an average of about 8 quarters, and that many of those ineligible have had no work in covered employment since 1950. An estimated 12 percent of men and 29 percent of women aged 57--64 in 1973, with some covered employment in the period 1937--73, will be ineligible for retired-worker benefits. When only those with more recent covered employment are considered, the percentage ineligible declines. Thus, of those who have worked since 1950, 6 percent of the men and 20 percent of the women will not qualify.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1992

Retirement decisions in a discrete choice model and implications for the government budget: the case of Belgium.

"The purpose of this paper was to analyse the determinants of the retirement decision of the elderly in Belgium, and, by making some simulations, to find out what would be the financial implications for the government budget of changes in the social security system.... The largest effect on labor supply is caused by changes in pensionable age. Giving a lump-sum pension to part-time workers seems an interesting policy to withdraw individuals from the labor market at a relatively low cost. Introducing flexible retirement also is beneficial for the government budget and has, especially for women, a relatively large positive effect on labor supply."

Adult↗

PubMed1991

The decision to retire: the case of Dutch men aged 50-64.

"The main aim of this paper is to determine the extent to which people respond to economic incentives with respect to the decision to retire from the labour force. The data used are for Dutch men aged 50-64. First, a brief description is given of the labour force status of the elderly in the Netherlands. Then an attempt is made to estimate the impact on the retirement decision of the replacement rate and the income of the spouse by estimating a five-equation model. It is concluded that these economic factors play a significant role." (SUMMARY IN FRE)

Adult↗

PubMed1997

The pension incentive to retire: empirical evidence for West Germany.

"In this paper, the impact of the West German pension system on the retirement decisions of elderly citizens is analyzed within the framework of a discrete-time hazard rate model deduced from a micro-economic decision rule. The model is estimated using a panel dataset of elderly West German citizens. In order to improve the precision of the estimates obtained, the data from the sample are combined with aggregate-level information on the labour force participation behaviour of the elderly. Policy simulations based on the estimates reveal that the probability of early retirement can be reduced significantly by appropriate changes in the pension system."

Adult↗

PubMed1995

[Transformations in the transition between work activity and retirement in Europe: new stakes for social security].

"The tendency towards early retreat from the work force observed in Europe over the past years can be attributed to social security measures other than old age security, and is not simply due to an advancing retirement age. Two programmes have been especially favoured for protecting ageing workers: disability insurance and unemployment insurance. Preretirement compensation packages have also facilitated the early departure of these workers from the labour force, whether employed or not. Such emerging models in the transition from work activity to retirement are revealing, both in terms of the social restructuring of the life cycle, and the overhaul of the social safety net. These transformations are analyzed in conclusion in relation with their potential role in new stakes for social security." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND SPA)

Developed Countries↗

PubMed1997

Migration and the life course: is there a retirement transition?

"This paper focuses on pre-elderly (ages 55-64) net migration in the United States for the period 1980-90, to explore the hypothesis that there exists a ¿retirement transition' that characterizes pre-elderly migration.... This research uses ordinary least squares regression to compare the effects of demographic, economic, and amenity factors on county-level net migration rates for five age groups: the young (25-44), the middle-aged (45-54), the pre-elderly (55-64), the young-old (65-74), and the old-old (75+). Pre-elderly migration patterns emerge as distinct from those of both younger and older age groups. Their net migration patterns are not fully shaped by labour force considerations. At the same time, pre-elderly migration appears to be driven by factors beyond retirement. These findings are discussed in the context of life-course change and their implications for the ageing baby-boom cohorts [considered]."

Age Factors↗

PubMed1984

Lead in finger-bone analysed in vivo in active and retired lead workers.

In 75 active lead workers the median lead level in finger-bone (bone-Pb), as determined in vivo by an X-ray fluorescence method, was 43 micrograms/g (range less than 20-122). In 32 retired workers the median level was even higher, 59 micrograms/g (range less than 20-135), which indicates a slow turnover rate of lead in finger-bone. This was confirmed in 18 of the "active" workers, in whom bone-Pb was studied in connection with an exposure-free period. In spite of a significant decrease in blood-lead levels (B-Pb), no systematic change of bone-Pb occurred. There was an increase of bone-Pb with time of employment, but with a large interindividual variation. No association was found between bone-Pb and present B-Pb in the active lead workers. However, in the retired ones, B-Pb rose with increasing bone-Pb. The bone-lead pool thus causes an "internal" lead exposure.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

Utilitarian pension and retirement policies under population ageing.

The author analyzes population aging and its impact on pension and retirement policies by utilizing a simple utilitarian model for alternative types of pension finance. Findings indicate that "when specific adjustments to population ageing are necessary, changes in the retirement age are preferred to changes in pensions or contributions." A geographical focus on developed countries is implied.

Age Factors↗

PubMed2005

Post-retirement voluntary work and psychological functioning among older Chinese in Hong Kong.

This study examined demographic and psychosocial differences between older Chinese volunteers and non-volunteers. The influences of work-related factors on older Chinese volunteers' post-retirement psychological functioning and life satisfaction were also explored. A total of 501 older Chinese in Hong Kong were individually interviewed. About 65% of them were involved in community voluntary work since their retirement, with an average of four hours per week. Compared to those without voluntary work experiences, older Chinese volunteers had higher educational attainment and reported better physical health, higher self-efficacy, greater life satisfaction, and less psychological distress. Results from hierarchical regression analyses showed that salient correlates of a low level of psychological distress in older Chinese volunteers were high educational attainment, high self-efficacy, perceived good physical health, and high levels of perceived rewards and satisfaction from voluntary work. Self-efficacy and perceived rewards from voluntary work were also salient correlates of life satisfaction for older Chinese volunteers. As hypothesized, work-related factors of perceived rewards and work satisfaction remained significant correlates of older volunteers' psychological well-being, even after controlling for demographic and individual psychosocial factors. Limitations and implications of the study were also discussed.

Aged↗

PubMed1992

Psychosocial factors as predictors for early retirement in patients with chronic low back pain.

The incidence of disability pensions was followed up for an approximate period of 4.5 yr in 476 patients with chronic low-back pain. Most of the psychosocial factors assessed at the beginning of the study predicted subsequent early retirement. In the final logistic regression analysis associations with early retirement were found for self-employment, free-floating anxiety, internal back pain locus of control, beliefs in control by others, and accomplishment of back exercises. An early detection of these factors is emphasized.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1987

Alleviating depression in the unemployed: adequate financial support, hope and early retirement.

Results of a longitudinal study on older blue-collar workers in the Federal Republic of Germany (Soc. Sci. Med. 25, 173-178, 1987) showed that people who retired out of unemployment improve in depression similar to those people who found a job. Furthermore, financial problems and disappointed hope were important in the development of depression in the unemployed. These results are relevant for measures to alleviate depression in the unemployed in three areas: early retirement and an increase of financial unemployment compensation are recommended. Furthermore, all those programs (like counseling or therapeutic programs) that increase hope to find a job without increasing the chances to find a job have to be viewed with skepticism because they might actually turn out to be dysfunctional.

Depression↗

PubMed1994

Change of occupation and retirement among Swedish farmers and farm workers in relation to those in other occupations. A study of "elimination" from farming during the period 1970-1988.

A number of studies carried out in different countries have shown that farmers have a low morbidity and mortality in comparison to those in other occupations. However, this has been questioned on the basis that some type of selective process may be operating, in that persons having health problems will avoid farming, or are forced to leave farming for other occupations. To determine the occurrence of a so-called 'healthy worker effect', this postal survey of 'elimination' from farming and farming-associated occupations has been carried out. A total of 1283 male farmers and 334 male farm workers born in 1935 and active in Sweden in 1970 were taken as the study group. As controls, a similar number of occupationally active men of the same age and living in the same municipalities were randomly chosen. The results showed that farmers changed occupation or retired early less often than those in other occupations did, whereas more farm workers changed occupation and retired than did other workers of the same age. Among the different reasons given for work change/retirement, low income/poor earning capacity was more common among the farmers and farm workers than among the controls. Illness was less common among farmers but tended to be more common among farm workers as cause of work change. Few farmers changed their occupation because they were offered other work, in comparison to those in other occupations. Allergic disease more often led to an occupation change among farmers, while they less often gave cardiac disease and locomotor problems as a reason for change of occupation, this was probably also true for the farm workers.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Self-efficacy for managing pain is associated with disability, depression, and pain coping among retirement community residents with chronic pain.

UNLABELLED: Little is known about cognitive and behavioral factors that influence older adults' adjustment to chronic pain. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship of self-efficacy for managing pain to reports of pain intensity, pain-related disability, depressive symptoms, and pain coping strategy use among 140 retirement community residents (88% female; age mean = 81.7, range 66-99 years) with chronic pain. The 8-item Arthritis Self-Efficacy Scale, modified to specify pain rather than arthritis, demonstrated good psychometric characteristics (Cronbach alpha = .89, minimal floor and ceiling effects, and validity) in this sample. Controlling for age, gender, and pain intensity, self-efficacy was associated significantly and negatively with pain-related disability and depressive symptoms (P values < .001), and positively with use of pain coping strategies previously found to be associated with better outcomes (task persistence, exercise/stretch, coping self-statements, activity pacing; P values < .05). Self-efficacy for managing pain appears to be important in the adjustment of older adults with pain. Research is needed to determine whether interventions designed to increase self-efficacy improve quality of life and prevent functional declines in this population. PERSPECTIVE: Among retirement community residents (mean age of 82 years) with chronic pain, higher self-efficacy for managing pain is associated with less disability and depression and with the use of pain coping strategies related to better adjustment. This suggests the potential value of interventions to increase self-efficacy in this population.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed2006

A preliminary investigation into the long-term injury consequences reported by retired baseball players.

Seventy-five retired baseball players participated in a survey (37.8% response rate) in order to establish the long-term consequences of injuries sustained during their playing careers. Respondents had a mean age of 55.8 (+/-11.4) years with a mean age of 41.3 (+/-11.4) years at retirement from play. The mean overall rate of injury suffered per player/playing career was 5.6 (+/-7.1). 54.7% of respondents experienced a major injury (i.e. injury resulting in 5 or more consecutive weeks absence from training and play) with a mean major injury per player/playing career of 1.5 (+/-2.2). The rate for significant injuries (i.e. injury resulting in more than 1 week but less than 5 weeks absence from training and play) was 4.1 (+/-6.5) per player/playing career. Catchers had significantly less injuries than all other positions (p=0.027). 18.7% of all respondents reported suffering from arthritis, 24% from restricted joint mobility and 4% from chronically stiff fingers; all of these conditions were associated with their participation in baseball based on medical examination by their GP or medical specialist. 29.3% of respondents indicated that they had incurred additional medical costs and 12% reported significant loss of income associated with their injuries. Some injuries were severe enough that they resulted in extended stays in hospital producing costs carried by the health care system.

Adolescent↗