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PubMed1999

The influence of decision criteria upon remembering and knowing in recognition memory.

One may recognise an item as 'old' on basis of a recollective experience or by a feeling of familiarity without specific recollection. The former is called a 'remember' judgement; the latter a 'know' judgement. It has been claimed that remember and know responses reflect qualitatively distinct components of recognition memory, and not just derive from gradual differences in perceived trace strength or subjective certainty (i.e. remember judgments include memories of which one is more confident). Nonetheless, the present study examined the possibility that the distinction does relate to decision criteria placed upon a single familiarity axis (see Donaldson, 1996; Hirshman & Master, 1997). To this purpose, two groups of subjects were compared: one, which was instructed to be very conservative in their old-new judgements, while the other group was stimulated to be very lenient instead. Remember hit rates increased with more lenient criteria, whereas know hit rates did not, but false alarm rates did. While remember sensitivity was equal in the two groups, know sensitivity was lower with liberal criteria. Also it correlated with overall response bias. This lends support to the possibility that subjects not only apply an old-new decision criterion, but also set a remember-know criterion, which is affected in a similar way by liberal versus conservative instructions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Effects of alcohol on word categorization and recognition memory.

Thirty-six subjects were given no alcohol on one day and 1 ml alcohol/kg body weight on another (the order of administration being counterbalanced across subjects). In both sessions, they performed a word categorization task involving surface and semantic processing of lists of 50 words followed by a recognition task (the presentation of those words in addition to an equal number of new words for speeded recognition). For categorization, subjects were slower and less accurate with alcohol than without. For recognition, alcohol resulted in a decrease in d' and an increase in beta. Categorization was slower and recognition more accurate for semantic processing than for surface processing. There was no evidence that the detrimental effects of alcohol on recognition memory can be reduced by deeper processing of the to-be-remembered items.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Conjunction error rates on a continuous recognition memory test: little evidence for recollection.

Two experiments examined conjunction memory errors on a continuous recognition task where the lag between parent words (e.g., blackmail, jailbird) and later conjunction lures (blackbird) was manipulated. In Experiment 1, contrary to expectations, the conjunction error rate was highest at the shortest lag (1 word) and decreased as the lag increased. In Experiment 2 the conjunction error rate increased significantly from a 0- to a 1-word lag, then decreased slightly from a 1- to a 5-word lag. The results provide mixed support for simple familiarity and dual-process accounts of recognition. Paradoxically, searching for an item in memory does not appear to be a good encoding task.

Humans↗
PubMed1996

Nonverbal visual attention, but not recognition memory of learning, processes are impaired in motor neurone disease.

Pathology outside the motor system is being increasingly recognised in motor neurone disease (MND) and up to 3% of patients may have overt dementia of frontal lobe type; it is not clear whether milder cognitive disturbance is a more frequent feature of the disease. Standard neuropsychological testing can be difficult in MND and we therefore used the microcomputer-controlled Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB), which allows accurate assessment in the presence of motor and bulbar dysfunction. The results of subtests evaluating nonverbal visual attention, recognition memory and learning from a large (n = 50) group of patients with MND compared to normal (n = 27) and neurological disease (n = 23) control groups are presented in this report. The MND group showed significant impairment in a focal attention (visual search) task, but no deficits in memory or learning. Inspection of the visual search data showed that up to a quarter of the MND patients scored two or more standard deviations below the mean control score. It is suggested that this reflects pathology in fronto-striatal circuitry.

Attention↗
PubMed1997

Sex differences in visual recognition memory: support for a sex-related difference in attention in adults and children.

The selectivity hypothesis of Meyers-Levy (1989) proposes that cognitive sex differences reflect underlying differences in information processing between males and females. Males are considered to be more likely to organize information in a self-related manner, whereas females are more likely to adopt a comprehensive approach to information processing. We tested this hypothesis in children (10-15 years) and adults using recognition memory tasks. Tests were devised which employed male-oriented objects, female oriented objects, or random objects. In both the child and adult samples, females performed significantly better than males on tests using random and female-oriented objects. Males performed at the level of females only when tested for recognition of male-oriented objects. These results demonstrate that this sex difference is present prior to puberty and support the concept of sex differences in information processing.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Nerve growth factor differentially affects spatial and recognition memory in aged rats.

In rats, object discrimination depends on the integrity of the cholinergic system, thus it could be expected that nerve growth factor (NGF) can improve the behavior in aged subjects. The interactive effect of age and cholinergic improvement was assessed behaviorally in young and aged rats. Animals were injected by infusion of NGF into the lateral ventricles and they were tested in two behavioral tasks: an object-location and an object-recognition task. Spatial and recognition memory were assessed in an open field containing five different objects. Rats were submitted to six consecutive sessions. Both age-groups showed comparable habituation of exploratory response in Session 1-4. Discrimination index (DI) was calculated to assess responses to spatial change in Session 5 and object change in Session 6. Control young and aged rats were able to discriminate between familiar and novel object, however DI was lower in aged rats. Treatment with NGF induced decline of object discrimination in both age-groups. Different results were obtained in spatial displacement test. NGF was able to improve spatial memory in aged rats, but had no effect in young controls. These data confer on NGF potential role in improving spatial but not episodic memory in aged rats.

Aging↗
PubMed2006

Lipopolysaccharide impairs long-term potentiation and recognition memory and increases p75NTR expression in the rat dentate gyrus.

The role of the neurotrophins, including nerve growth factor, in synaptic plasticity is well established. These proteins exert their effects via activation of Trk receptor tyrosine kinases and the p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR). While Trk receptor activation is associated with functions such as cell survival, learning and enhancement of synaptic transmission, p75NTR can modulate long-term depression and has been reported to be a regulator of apoptosis. Peripheral administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) has been shown to exert a number of effects centrally, including inhibition of hippocampal synaptic plasticity. Here we report that LPS induces a blockade of long-term potentiation and recognition memory that is concomitant with increased expression of the p75NTR in dentate gyrus. In addition, LPS blocks plasticity-associated changes in nerve growth factor expression, TrkA activation and extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that synaptic plasticity in the dentate gyrus is associated with changes in neurotrophin signaling and that the inhibition of these plastic changes by LPS may be due in part to its ability to impact on these signaling cascades.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1982

Hippocampal resections impair associative learning and recognition memory in the monkey.

Damage to the hippocampus has been implicated in the permanent loss of memory in patients with medial temporal lobe resections. In two previous studies, it was established that bilateral ablations of the hippocampus in the monkey impaired performance on an associative learning task and on an object discrimination retention task. The two objectives of the present study were to assess the long term effects of hippocampal resections in the monkey and to extend the analysis of the effects of these resections to recognition memory. Therefore, the performance of monkeys with either hippocampal ablations or fornix transections, sustained 5 years earlier, was compared (1) on a concurrent discrimination task--a previously unencountered associative learning task--and (2) on a nonmatching-to-sample recognition task with either delays interposed between the presentation of the sample object and the recognition trial or with lists of either 1-, 3-, 5-, or 10-object samples. Significant impairment on both tasks was found after hippocampal, but not after fornix, damage. Though monkeys in the hippocampal group were impaired on both delays and lists, the impairment was more severe on the lists, with abnormal sensitivity to pro- and retroactive interference as a possible source of difficulty. Thus, in parallel with clinical findings, ablations of the hippocampus in the nonhuman primate produce an enduring disruption of memory.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

[Asymmetric confusability effects in recognition memory of butterfly pictures].

The relation between recognition of butterfly pictures involving feature changes (additions, deletions, or no change) and discordance to expectation for those pictures was examined. The addition of deletion of features was applied to original butterfly photographs to generate changed pictures. Forty subjects were asked to rate the discordance of these pictures to expected butterflies. Other subjects were shown original pictures and then given a recognition test of original pictures and changed pictures with features added or deleted. The results showed that (a) additions or deletions increased discordance more markedly than no changes; (b) additions were easier to correctly rejected than deletions; and (c) recognition performance was not dependent on discordance. It was concluded that addition superiority over deletion was not mediated by the factor of discordance to expectation.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Event-related potentials of 4-7-week-old infants in a visual recognition memory task.

Event-related brain potentials were recorded from 4-7-week-old infants viewing a visual oddball task. During the task the duration of the infant's visual fixations of the stimuli was recorded. The latency of a frontally predominant negative component (Nc) and magnitude of an early slow wave (NSW) changed as a function of stimulus experience, thereby indicating a sensitivity to the infant's attention, stimulus discrimination and, perhaps, recognition memory. Nc latencies were faster and NSW magnitude was larger to the oddball stimulus than to the frequent stimulus. In addition, the latency of a component over occipital scalp. (N378) was faster to the oddball stimulus and may reflect the first perceptual registration of stimulus change. The latencies of the components allow an analysis of the infant's chronometry of processing. Analysis of looking behavior indicated that the infants also gave longer oddball looks than frequent looks. The relation of the ERP data to the infant's looking behavior suggests that fixation duration and the ERP components can be used as complementary measures of different aspects of the infant's attentional-cognitive processes.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1993

Effects of structure and clustering on recall and recognition memory in clinical depression.

The present study compared retrieval of high, medium, and low structured material, using word lists consisting of uncategorized words and categorized words presented in randomized and clustered order. Clinically depressed subjects were found to be significantly impaired relative to controls only on the medium level of structure and the randomized categories list when measured by free recall. There were no effects of group nor any interactions for recognition memory, although there was a main effect for group on d' when signal detection analysis was applied. The implications of the findings for models of memory deficits in depression are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Switch and bait: probing the discriminative basis of odor identification via recognition memory.

When people misidentify everyday odors, as they often do, their errors may conceivably lie in faulty perceptions or in faulty access to the names. Discussions of the matter usually focus on the latter, as if people had no problems with perceptual accuracy. (The problem of faulty access may get attention because its high subjective impact makes it particularly memorable, when it does occur.) However, studies have demonstrated breakdowns in ability to discriminate quality, from which it follows that people will misidentify items through perceptual confusions. Furthermore, misidentifications often contain considerable information about the identities of items, as if people simply did not perceive the items accurately, but perhaps fuzzily or with some perceptual bias. Recognition memory, with a 2-day interval between inspection and test, provided a vehicle to address two questions on this topic: (i) Would people notice that we had switched items and had presented for recognition items that matched their misidentifications rather than the original items inspected? (ii) Would people not only fall for the false bait, but actually identify the switched items correctly, and thereby imply that they were 'tuned' to perceive those odors? People commonly failed to notice the switches, i.e. took the bait and commonly identified the switched items with veridical names. Although subject to further study, the outcome suggests that when people give such names as garlic for vinegar, orange for lime, soy sauce for molasses and many others, the errors often lie largely at a perceptual stage of processing, i.e. at input rather than output.

Female↗
PubMed2004

Study time effects in recognition memory.

We empirically tested the assumption that study time increases recognition accuracy because the storage of information is better when study time is longer as Shiffrin and colleagues have reported, an assumption common to parallel models of recognition. In the present study with 123 subjects, we examined the effect of item strength on four measures: hit rate, false alarm rate, d', and beta, for a single-word recognition task with longer study times than those usually used in the literature. Analysis indicated significant increase for hit rate and d' and a decrease in false alarm rate, as one goes from weak to stronger study conditions, and a change in ln(beta) when study time is greater than 1 sec. These results suggest that familiarization is one, but not the only, factor underlying the strength-mirror effect.

Humans↗
PubMed1999

Postacquisition scopolamine treatments reveal the time course for the formation of lamb odor recognition memory in parturient ewes.

Institut National de Recherche Agronomique/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Within 4 hr after parturition, ewes learn to recognize the odor of their lamb. Whether scopolamine, a muscarinic antagonist, interferes with lamb odor retention was studied. After 4 hr of mother-young contact, ewes were separated from their lambs for 3 hr. During separation, they received intramuscular injections of saline, methylscopolamine (peripheral muscarinic antagonist), or scopolamine. Only scopolamine (100 microg/kg) prevented subsequent lamb recognition. To assess whether this effect depended on the duration of the learning phase, mothers remained with their lambs for 4, 8, or 16 hr before the 3-hr separation period and the scopolamine treatments. Ewes treated after 4 or 8 hr of contact displayed disturbed lamb recognition, whereas those having 16 hr of contact did not. Activation of central muscarinic receptors is therefore important for the formation of lamb odor recognition memory during a critical period of less than 16 hr postpartum.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

The effects of intravenous diazepam and hyoscine upon recognition memory.

Diazepam and hyoscine are known to have amnesic effects when administered intravenously. Nevertheless, they achieve these effects by entirely different neurochemical mechanisms, and so the question arises whether they can be differentiated in terms of their effects upon different categories of encoding operations. Sixteen normal volunteers received intravenous administrations of diazepam, hyoscine, and saline following a double-blind procedure. Both drugs completely eliminated the subjects' ability to discriminate between successive lists of words in a test of recognition memory. Moreover, both drugs also impaired the subjects' ability to reject homophones or synonyms of presented words. Thus, both diazepam and hyoscine appeared to impair the use of list tags, phonemic coding, and semantic coding in storing individual stimulus items in long-term memory.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Neuronal evidence that inferomedial temporal cortex is more important than hippocampus in certain processes underlying recognition memory.

Amnesia has been reported to result from combined damage to the amygdala, hippocampus and inferomedial temporal cortex in man and monkey. Evidence is presented that neuronal activity in the monkey inferomedial temporal cortex reflects memory for the previous occurrence of visual stimuli: 26 (15%) of 173 single units responded more strongly to first than to subsequent presentations of unfamiliar stimuli. No such responses were found for neurones recorded in the hippocampus and subicular cortex. The findings suggest that the inferomedial temporal cortex plays a central role in processes necessary for recognition memory.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Impaired spatial information processing in aged monkeys with preserved recognition memory.

Spatial information processing was examined in a non-human primate model of cognitive aging, using procedures formally similar to tasks designed for rats. The test apparatus was a large open field containing eight reward locations. Monkeys rapidly learned to visit each location once per trial, and probe manipulations confirmed that young animals navigated according to the distribution of cues surrounding the maze. In contrast, aged monkeys solved the task using a response sequencing strategy, independent of extramaze spatial information. Object recognition memory was normal in the aged group. The results reveal substantial correspondence in the cognitive effects of aging across rat and primate models, and they establish appropriate procedures for testing the long-standing proposal that the role of the hippocampus in normal spatial learning is similarly conserved.

Aging↗
PubMed1992

Is verbal recognition memory really different in Huntington's and Alzheimer's disease.

Verbal recall and recognition were examined in Huntington's disease (HD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. Subgroups of HD and AD patients were matched for overall severity of dementia. Subjects were administered the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test, a list-learning task with three free-recall trials followed immediately by one yes/no recognition trial with semantically related and unrelated distractors. The matched AD and HD groups did not differ in the number of words recalled, although the HD patients showed slightly greater improvement over trials. Recognition performance was evaluated with measures of accuracy and response bias that are independent of each other. The matched groups did not differ in overall recognition accuracy, but the AD patients tended to have a more liberal ("yea-saying") response bias than did the HD patients. In addition, only the AD patients were differentially enticed to false-positive responding by semantically related distractors. The results suggest that the rule for making decisions when uncertain, rather than memory strength per se, distinguishes the recognition memory performance of AD and HD patients.

Alzheimer Disease↗