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PubMed1990

Maturation of peripheral nerves in preterm infants. Motor and proprioceptive nerve conduction.

The peripheral nerve maturation (proprioceptive and motor nerve conduction velocities (PNCV and MNCV] was studied in 3 groups of newborn babies. Two groups of premature babies (PT), studied when they reached the expected date of birth (group I, gestational age (GA) at birth 27-31 weeks, n = 13, group II, GA at birth 32-35 weeks, n = 9), were compared to 10 normal full-term newborns (FT). The MNCV of PT babies was similar to that of FT babies: group I 22.8 +/- 3.3 m/sec (X +/- S.D.), group II 24.9 +/- 4.3 m/sec, FT 25.7 +/- 3.9 m/sec. PNCV was significantly lower in group I (18.1 +/- 5.9 m/sec) than in group II (28.3 +/- 6.4 m/sec) and in FT babies (32.0 +/- 7.4 m/sec) (P less than 0.001). Such a delay in maturation could be partly responsible for the neurological impairment often observed in PT babies.

H-Reflex↗
PubMed1984

Dependence of cerebellar tremor on proprioceptive but not visual feedback.

We studied the influence of proprioceptive and visual feedback on cerebellar tremor which occurred after arm perturbations and after voluntary elbow flexions. Cerebellar tremor was produced in monkeys by reversibly cooling through two probes implanted lateral and medial to the dentate nucleus. Cerebellar tremor was synchronized in different trials to torque pulse onset and to the end, but not the start, of voluntary movements. Addition of loads to the handle held by the monkey (increases in spring stiffness, viscosity, constant torque, and inertial load) changed the amplitude and frequency of tremor that follows arm perturbations or voluntary movements in the same way. In both situations EMG activity in each cycle of tremor followed stretch of its own muscle and attained a peak near peak velocity irrespective of the mechanical load. Removal of visual feedback did not alter the characteristics of the tremor or the associated EMG activity. We concluded that cerebellar intention tremor, which occurs when attempting to hold the arm in an intended position, is driven by stretch-evoked peripheral feedback and not by voluntary corrections based on vision.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Proprioceptive, chemoreceptive and sleep state modulation of expiratory muscle activity in the rat.

The purpose of this study was to assess the respiratory and tonic activity of the abdominal muscles and the postinspiratory activity of the diaphragm (stage 1 expiration) in rats during sleep while they breathed air, hypercapnic, and hypoxic gas mixtures. ECoG and neck EMG recordings enabled the differentiation to be made between nonrapid eye movement sleep (nREMS) and rapid eye movement sleep (REMS). EMGs of the rectus abdominis, internal and external oblique, and diaphragm muscles were displayed on a CRT and polygraph. During nREMS the rectus abdominis showed no respiratory activity, whereas the oblique muscles showed activity confined to stage 2 expiration. This activity was modulated by proprioceptive (sleep postures) and chemoreceptive activation (5% CO2 in air and 10-12% O2 in nitrogen): tonic activity was not consistently affected by such inputs. During REMS tonic activity disappeared, whereas phasic activity either remained unchanged or was abolished. If phasic activity ceased it could reappear periodically during the same REMS epoch. While breathing air, rats in nREMS showed postinspiratory diaphragmatic activity which was sustained or slightly increased while breathing a hypoxic gas mixture but was virtually abolished during hypercapnia. In REMS postinspiratory discharges almost disappeared. The data support the conclusion that the diaphragm provides expiratory braking and that the external and internal oblique muscles contribute to active exhalation during nREMS as well as priming the diaphragm for the next inspiration by improving its length-tension relationship. A three-phase neural respiratory pattern generator operates in nREMS: it changes temporarily to a two-phase system while breathing CO2 and during REMS due to the inhibition of the postinspiratory phase.

Abdomen↗
PubMed1986

Inspiratory augmentation during asphyxic hyperpnoea and gasping: proprioceptive influences.

The relative inspiratory augmentations of sternomastoid, scalene, external intercostal, interchondral and diaphragmatic electromyographic activities were examined during the progressive asphyxia induced by rebreathing in pentobarbitone/urethane anaesthetized rabbits. Diaphragmatic activity augmented significantly less than that of the scalene, intercostal and interchondral muscles in response to the asphyxic increase in inspiratory drive (hyperpnoea). Cervical vagotomy significantly increased the levels of inspiratory activity during the asphyxic hyperpnoea but did not abolish these relations. Dorsal rhizotomy at levels appropriate for the respective recording sites significantly limited the intercostal and interchondral augmentations, and depressed diaphragmatic activity to a less pronounced extent, but did not affect scalene activity. The asphyxic apnoea succeeding the hyperpnoea was terminated by gasping respiration. Excepting the interchondrals each muscle exhibited significantly greater electromyographic amplitudes during gasping than during the terminal hyperpnoeic efforts. Only during gasping were the sternomastoid muscles recruited. The intercostal and scalene gasps were significantly greater than those exhibited by either the interchondrals or the diaphragm. Such disproportionate responses were not affected by vagotomy or dorsal rhizotomy. The disparate inspiratory contributions during progressive asphyxia can therefore only be partially accounted for by differences in proprioceptive control.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Proprioceptive knowledge of eye position.

The peripheral and central apparatus for extraretinal (non-visual) sensing of eye position by proprioception (inflow) is documented. The functional significance of this inflowing signal is shown by its role in (1) providing oculomotor stability in fixation and conjugacy, (2) specification of visual direction, (3) development of some visual functions, and (4) depth and vergence responses. Inflow is seen as a slowly-operating calibrator of eye position, with outflow signals read out from the underlying inflow signal. Good "preparations" for studying inflow include humans having their extraocular muscles surgically manipulated in some way for treatment, or those with some deficit in the afferent pathways. A complete understanding of the oculomotor system, in normal and pathological conditions, demands the inclusion of inflow.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Lack of neurotrophin-3 leads to deficiencies in the peripheral nervous system and loss of limb proprioceptive afferents.

Neurotrophin-3-deficient (NT-3-deficient) mice were generated by gene targeting. Mutant mice displayed severe movement defects of the limbs, and most died shortly after birth. Substantial portions of peripheral sensory and sympathetic neurons were lost while motor neurons were not affected. Significantly, spinal proprioceptive afferents and their peripheral sense organs (muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs) were completely absent in homozygous mutant mice. This correlated with a loss of parvalbumin and carbonic anhydrase-positive neurons in the dorsal root ganglion. No gross abnormalities were seen in Pacinian corpuscles, cutaneous afferents containing substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide, and deep nerve fibers in the joint capsule and tendon. Importantly, the number of muscle spindles in heterozygous mutant mice was half of that in control mice, indicating that NT-3 is present at limiting concentrations in the embryo.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Temporal limits of the susceptibility of depth perception to proprioceptive deafferentations of extraocular muscles.

In a previous study, extraocular muscle proprioception (E.O.M.P.) was shown to play an important role in the postnatal development of depth perception: following unilateral or bilateral sections of the ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve (V1th nerve) performed at 6-8 weeks of age, the binocular thresholds were 2 to 3 times higher than in control animals. Since the V1-sections produced no deficits when performed in adults, the temporal limits of a period of susceptibility remained to be determined. In order to assess the lower and upper limits of the period during which these perceptual deficits could be induced, unilateral or bilateral V1-sections were performed in kittens at different ages. Depth perception thresholds were measured by using the jumping stand technique. Sections of the V1 nerve only produced significant impairments of the binocular depth thresholds when performed after 3 weeks of age. They could be observed when unilateral sections were performed at up to 13 weeks of age and with bilateral sections at up to 10 weeks of age. These functional impairments appeared to remain permanently through adult life.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Development of visual cortical orientation specificity after dark-rearing: role of extraocular proprioception.

Six-week-old dark reared kittens exposed to light for 6 h: (1) with head and body tightly cast into plaster; or (2) free to move around in the animal room. A few days before the visual experience, the ophthalmic branch of the 5th nerve was severed bilaterally in experimental kittens, in order to suppress most of the proprioceptive afferents from extraocular muscles. Electrophysiological analysis of the properties of the receptive fields of visual cortical cells shows that only 6% (group 1) and 11% (group 2) of the cells were selective to orientation as opposed to 67% (group 1) or 32% (group 2) observed in the non-operated kittens.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Disturbed proprioception following a period of muscle vibration in humans.

Forearm position matching tasks were performed by blindfolded subjects before and after applying vibration for 60 s to the biceps or triceps muscle of one arm. Following cessation of vibration, statistically significant alignment (proprioceptive) errors occurred when a movement lengthened the previously vibrated muscle. The error was such that the length of the post-vibrated muscle was greater than the length of the same muscle in the non-vibrated arm. This effect is the opposite to that which occurs during vibration.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Reciprocal inhibition of proprioceptive reflexes in man revealed by a threshold shift technique.

Variations in soleus H-reflex threshold following single conditioning stimuli to tibialis anterior afferents were studied in man by probit analysis of quantal electromyographic responses. The H-reflex threshold was elevated in 6 out of 7 subjects (conditioning-test interval, 2 ms) when conditioning strengths were greater than about 0.70 X tibialis anterior motor threshold: the degree of elevation was exponentially related to conditioning strength. Analysis of response variability indicated that in some cases weaker conditioning was also effective. These findings are consistent with the view that reciprocal inhibition effectively modulates the threshold, rather than the amplitude, of proprioceptive reflex discharge.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Proprioceptive regulation of locomotion.

Recent investigations of proprioreceptors in the walking systems of cats, insects and crustaceans have identified reflex pathways that regulate the timing of the transition from stance to swing, and control the magnitude of ongoing motoneuronal activity. An important finding in the cat is that during locomotor activity, the influence of feedback from the Golgi tendon organs in extensor muscles onto extensor motoneurons is reversed from inhibition to excitation. The excitatory action of tendon organs during stance ensures that stance is maintained while extensor muscles are loaded, and may regulate the magnitude of extensor activity according to the load carried by the leg. Afferents from primary and secondary spindles in extensor and flexor muscles have also been found to influence the timing of the locomotor rhythm in a functionally relevant manner. Recent studies indicate that reflex reversals and the regulation of timing by multiple proprioceptive systems are also features of walking systems in arthropods.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Proprioceptive control of human wrist extensor motor units during an attention-demanding task.

The responsiveness of the tonically firing single motor units (SMU) to Ia afferent volleys elicited by either mechanical (T-reflex) or electrical nerve stimulation (H-reflex) was tested in the extensor carpi radialis muscle (ECR) while the subjects were maintaining a steady wrist extension force using visual feedback set either at low or high gain. The aim was to determine whether the proprioceptive control of tonic motoneuronal activity depends on the level of attentiveness required by the behavioural context. The response probability of the SMUs to tendon taps was significantly higher (p<0.0001) and that to electrical nerve stimulation was lower (p<0.001) during the more demanding task. Since these changes in SMU responsiveness were not accompanied by any differences in either the motor unit firing patterns or the mean levels of EMG muscle activity, it can be concluded that there were no attention-related changes in the net excitatory drive to the ECR motoneurons. These results are consistent with the idea that fusimotor sensitization of the muscle spindle may have occurred in the more demanding task: an increase in the mechanical sensitivity of the muscle spindles would certainly account for both the T-reflex facilitation and the H-reflex depression observed. The attention-demanding task therefore seemed to involve an independent fusimotor drive activation process. The results of this study suggest that an adaptation of the fusimotor system occurs in humans, depending on the levels of attention and accuracy required to perform the ongoing motor task, as previously reported to occur in animals.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed2006

Internally driven control of reaching movements: a study on a proprioceptively deafferented subject.

We investigated the possibility of controlling reaching movements on the sole basis of central mechanisms, i.e., without peripheral feedback on hand and target positions. A deafferented subject (GL) and control subjects reached with the unseen hand for a straight-ahead target that could be displaced laterally at movement onset. The shifted target was continuously or briefly lit, or not visible. In this latter condition, a beep from either side of subjects' head single-handedly signaled the change in the movement goal, so that movements could only be controlled through an internal representation of the memorised target position. Compared to controls, GL showed quantitatively similar corrections (77% of the target displacement, on an average) and similar reaction times to the target shift (mean = 516 ms), regardless of target visual information. These results highlight a remarkable capacity for controlling reaching movements on the sole basis of internally driven processes. On the other hand, trajectories in double-step trials differed drastically between GL and controls. Controls' trajectories were composed of two segments, the second of which brought the hand directly toward the displaced target. The patient produced three-segment, stair-like trajectories. The first and third segments were mainly in the sagittal plane and the second segment was a vector-image of the lateral target shift. A control experiment showed that GL's trajectories were not the result of a voluntary strategy used to adjust movement trajectory in the absence of peripheral information on hand position. We suggest that GL's trajectories reflect a deficit in interjoint coordination in the absence of proprioception.

Afferent Pathways↗
PubMed2004

The effects of repetitive proprioceptive stimulation on corticomotor representation in intact and hemiplegic individuals.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effects of a passive wrist movement intervention on cortical representation of forearm musculature. METHODS: Transcranial magnetic stimulation was used to map cortical representation of a forearm flexor muscle in healthy individuals and in individuals following stroke before and immediately after a 30 min session of passive wrist movement. RESULTS: In the healthy individuals, no changes in map area or map centre of gravity were noted after the intervention; however, map volume increased significantly across all subjects. In the stroke patient group there were no significant changes in any parameters following the intervention. CONCLUSIONS: It is speculated that the enlargement in map volume following the passive movement intervention arose through a heightened synaptic efficacy of the corticospinal pathway in response to the increase in afferent information. Short-term proprioceptive stimulation can induce alterations in corticomotor excitability in the target musculature. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings provide a potential neural substrate to account for alterations in motor and sensory function in stroke patients in response to long-term passive movement interventions.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Proprioception: a channel for body sense in the worm.

A TRP family cation channel has been found to be critical for proprioception in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. This is a starting point for understanding conserved mechanotransduction mechanisms in proprioceptor neurons, and for deciphering how sensory feedback can function within a defined neural circuit to produce coordinated patterns of motor activity.

Alleles↗
PubMed2006

Effects of external feedback about body tilt: Influence on the Subjective Proprioceptive Horizon.

The present study investigated a cognitive aspect upon spatial perception, namely the impact of a true or false verbal feedback (FB) about the magnitude of body tilt on Subjective Proprioceptive Horizon (SPH) estimates. Subjects were asked to set their extended arm normal to gravity for different pitch body tilts up to 9 degrees . True FB were provided at all body tilt angles, whereas false FB were provided only at 6 degrees backward and 6 degrees forward body tilts for half of the trials. Our data confirmed previous results about the egocentric influence of body tilt itself upon SPH: estimates were linearly lowered with forward tilts and elevated with backward tilts. In addition, results showed a significant effect of the nature of the external FB provided to the subjects. When subjects received a false FB inducing a 3 degrees forward bias relative to physical body tilt, they set their SPH consequently higher than when they received a false FB inducing a 3 degrees backward bias. These findings clearly indicated that false cognitive information about body tilt might significantly modify the judgement of a geocentric direction of space, such as the SPH. This may have deleterious repercussions in aeronautics when pilots have to localize external objects relative to earth-based directions in darkened environments.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Similar brain networks for detecting visuo-motor and visuo-proprioceptive synchrony.

The ability to recognize feedback from own movement as opposed to the movement of someone else is important for motor control and social interaction. The neural processes involved in feedback recognition are incompletely understood. Two competing hypotheses have been proposed: the stimulus is compared with either (a) the proprioceptive feedback or with (b) the motor command and if they match, then the external stimulus is identified as feedback. Hypothesis (a) predicts that the neural mechanisms or brain areas involved in distinguishing self from other during passive and active movement are similar, whereas hypothesis (b) predicts that they are different. In this fMRI study, healthy subjects saw visual cursor movement that was either synchronous or asynchronous with their active or passive finger movements. The aim was to identify the brain areas where the neural activity depended on whether the visual stimulus was feedback from own movement and to contrast the functional activation maps for active and passive movement. We found activity increases in the right temporoparietal cortex in the condition with asynchronous relative to synchronous visual feedback from both active and passive movements. However, no statistically significant difference was found between these sets of activated areas when the active and passive movement conditions were compared. With a posterior probability of 0.95, no brain voxel had a contrast effect above 0.11% of the whole-brain mean signal. These results do not support the hypothesis that recognition of visual feedback during active and passive movement relies on different brain areas.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Influence of visual and proprioceptive afferences on upper limb ataxia in patients with multiple sclerosis.

Our objective was to investigate how cooling of the arm and vision influence pointing movements in healthy subjects and patients with cerebellar limb ataxia due to clinically proven multiple sclerosis. An infrared video motion analysis system was used to record the unrestricted, horizontal pointing movements toward a target under three different conditions involving a moving, stationary, or imaginary target; a visual, or acoustic trigger; and vision or memory guidance. All three tasks were performed before and after cooling the arm in ice water. Patients had more hypermetric and slower pointing movements than controls under all tested conditions. Patients also had significantly larger three-dimensional finger sway paths during the postural phase and larger movement angles of the wrist joint. Memory-guided movements were the most hypermetric recorded in both groups. Cooling of the limb had no effect on amplitude or peak velocity of the pointing movement in either group under all tested conditions, but significantly reduced the three-dimensional finger sway path during the postural phase in patients with limb ataxia. Cooling-induced reduction of the finger sway was largest in those patients with the largest finger sway before cooling. In conclusion, the cooling-induced reduction of the proprioceptive afferent inflow, most probably of group I spindle afferents, reduces postural tremor of patients with cerebellar dysfunction.

Adult↗