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At least 613 records · Page 34Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Trends in the incidence of tuberculosis in possums and livestock, associated with differing control intensities applied to possum populations.

AIM: To determine the trap-catch index (an estimate of abundance) of brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) populations infected with bovine tuberculosis (Tb; Mycobacterium bovis) that must be achieved, and the length of time such an index must be maintained, for Tb to be eliminated from possum populations and adjacent livestock. METHODS: Between 1997-1998 and 2000-2001, trap-catch surveys of possum populations naturally infected with Tb and subjected to population-control measures were undertaken at four forest sites and two farmland sites. At the same time, possum carcasses were collected at these sites and their Tb status determined, and all contiguous cattle and deer herds were Tb tested and abattoir slaughter data for these herds were interrogated. RESULTS: Trap-catch surveys indicated that numbers of possums on the farmland sites surveyed were usually very low and well below the control targets set (i.e. a 5% trap catch or approximately 0.5-1 possum/ha) for the study. In contrast, trap-catch surveys undertaken in forest sites indicated possum numbers were more variable, and often recovered rapidly from control operations to exceed control targets within 1-3 years. The annual rate of recovery of possum populations in half of the forest population surveys undertaken exceeded published intrinsic rates of increase for possums. The overall prevalence of Tb in possum populations was < or =1.9% at 5/6 sites, and was 6.5% at the sixth site. Juvenile possums infected with Tb were trapped within but near the edge of control zones and appeared to represent an immigrant source of infection. Mature infected possums survived control operations apparently by having home ranges in uncontrolled patches within control areas. Infection in possums appeared to be eliminated from one study site by the intensive control undertaken, but elimination at other sites appeared less likely. Levels of Tb in livestock on or adjacent to the study sites fell by at least 50% during the study, and cattle in one area tested clear for the first time in 20 years. CONCLUSIONS: Initial control of possums in forest appeared to achieve national control targets set by the Animal Health Board (AHB), despite trap-catch data often providing misleading population estimates. Such targets were often exceeded within 1-3 years. By comparison, possum control on farmland appeared to maintain populations at very low levels, while control on forest margins maintained populations at intermediate levels. Control was least effective in deep forest where human access was most difficult. Intensive population control measures appeared to have led to a reduced incidence of Tb in livestock at 3/4 sites, and elimination of Tb in livestock at one site. This result supports modelling studies that predict the eradication of Tb from possums through ongoing intensive control and may explain the lower success achieved with earlier less-intensive possum control.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Risk factors for cerebrovascular deaths in patients operated and irradiated for pituitary tumors.

Vascular mortality, especially cerebrovascular disease (CVD), are the most pronounced cause of mortality in women with hypopituitarism. In a cohort of 342 patients operated and irradiated for pituitary tumors, 31 died from CVD (CVD patients) between 1952 and 1996. The study assessed whether the radiation regimens and duration of symptoms of hypopituitarism before operation differed between the 31 CVD patients and the 62 matched patients from the same cohort who had not died from CVD (control patients). Furthermore, the infarction/hemorrhage ratio, type of clinical stroke syndrome, and time to death after stroke were investigated in the CVD patients and in matched controls from the general population who had died from CVD (population controls). No significant differences in maximum or centrally absorbed dose, maximum or central biological equivalent dose, field size, or number of fraction were recorded between CVD and control patients. A significant difference in the duration of symptoms of hypopituitarism before operation was recorded, but only in women (P = 0.01). There were no significant differences in the infarction/hemorrhage ratio (P > 0.3) of lacunar or posterior circulation syndrome compared with middle cerebral artery syndrome with cortical features (P = 0.22) or the proportion of patients who died within the first month after stroke onset (60% vs. 59%, respectively) between CVD patients and population controls. In conclusion, no significant effect on CVD deaths could be detected for any radiation parameter. A long history of unsubstituted pituitary insufficiency may be a contributing factor to the very high CVD mortality among women. There were no indications of significant differences in type of stroke, clinical stroke syndromes, or stroke fatality between the CVD patients and the population controls.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Demographic analysis of delayed mating in mating disruption: a case study with Cryptophelbia illepida (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae).

Laboratory-derived life tables were used to determine the effect of delaying mating of adult female koa seedworm, Cryptophlebia illepida (Butler) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), 4 and 6 d on population growth rates. Leslie matrices were developed from the life tables and used to project the effects for approximately four generations. Delay of mating caused a decrease in population growth rate and also resulted in asynchronous population cycling between control (1-d delay) and the delayed treatments. By the fourth generation, the control population began to increase 10 and 14 d before the 4- and 6-d delay treatments, respectively. Increasing the mortality of females during the first 7 d of adult life resulted in a greater reduction of the populations where mating was delayed than in the control populations. This result suggests that even at relatively low levels of natural enemy mortality, there is a synergistic effect when mating is delayed. The implications of these effects on mating disruption management programs are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Morphometric analysis of small intestinal mucosa. II. Determination of lamina propria volumes; plasma cell and neutrophil populations within control and coeliac disease mucosae.

Morphometric techniques were employed to measure (i) lamina propria volumes and (ii) the absolute numbers of neutrophils and plasma cells, of A, M and G isotype, within the lamina propria of jejunal mucosa. Mucosal specimens were obtained with a Watson capsule (a) from 5 patients with untreated coeliac disease, and again at least 3 months after starting on a gluten-free diet, and (b) from 9 control individuals. Lamina propria volume of untreated coeliac mucosa (2.5 +/- 0.17 X 10(6) micron3 ) was increased 2.3-fold (p less than 0.01) above that of control mucosae (1.35 +/- 0.08 X 10(6) micron3 ). Compared with control mucosae, there was a 20-fold increase of neutrophils in untreated coeliac mucosae (p less than 0.005). The total complement of all plasma cells in untreated coeliac mucosae (309) was twice that (149) of control mucosae. The populations of each isotype were also significantly increased over controls by factors of 1.6 (IgA; p less than 0.05), 3.0 (IgM; p less than 0.01) and 3.5 (IgG; p less than 0.01). Their percentage distributions in untreated coeliac mucosae (A:M:G--52:43:5) differed from those in control mucosae (A:M:G--69:28:3) but were restored after treatment with a gluten-free diet. However, when each isotype was expressed per unit volume of lamina propria, there was an apparent fall (X 1.4) in IgA cells, while the increase in IgM and IgG cells was less marked i.e. X 1.4 and X 1.5 respectively. These precise measurements explain why many previous investigators found a paradoxical fall in IgA cells because the (increased) volume of distribution of these cells was not taken into account. The importance of morphometric techniques in achieving valid cell 'counts' within the intestinal mucosa is thus illustrated by this study.

Celiac Disease↗
PubMed2001

Improved growth in young children with severe chronic renal insufficiency who use specified nutritional therapy.

Growth in children with chronic renal failure caused by polyuric, salt-wasting diseases may be hampered if ongoing sodium and water losses are not corrected. Twenty-four children were treated with polyuric chronic renal insufficiency (CRI; creatinine clearance <65 ml/min per 1.73 m(2)) with low-caloric-density, high-volume, sodium-supplemented feedings. Subsequent growth was compared with that of children in two control groups: a national historic population control from the US Renal Data System database (n = 42), and a literature control (n = 12). Members of the three groups were 81 to 96% white, and 58 to 70% were boys. Obstructive uropathy and dysplasia were the cause of CRI in 92% of the treatment group, 75% of the literature control group, and 30% of the population control group. Treatment effect was assessed in a multivariate, retrospective analysis of the height standard deviation score (SDS), simultaneously controlling for the severity of disease by renal replacement therapy, primary cause of CRI, and initial height SDS. The change in SDS (Delta SDS) for height by regression analysis at 1 yr was significantly greater by +1.37 in the treatment group versus the population control (P = 0.017). The 2-yr height Delta SDS by regression analysis adjusted for creatinine clearance was significantly greater by +1.83 in the treatment group versus the literature control (P = 0.003). Nutritional support with sodium and water supplementation can maintain or improve the growth of children with polyuric, salt-wasting CRI. This inexpensive intervention may delay the need for renal replacement therapy, growth hormone treatment, or both in many of these children and may be used in any clinical setting.

Body Height↗
PubMed2006

Polymorphisms of the gene coding for copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD1) in patients with Japanese encephalitis.

Japanese encephalitis is the commonest form of encephalitis globally. Most cases develop characteristic encephalitis but some also present with flaccid paralysis. The paralysis is secondary to damage at the alpha motor neurone, the site that is also damaged in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The gene coding for superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) is thought to be involved in ALS and may also be linked to susceptibility to Japanese encephalitis. To investigate this possibility, polymorphisms in the SOD1 gene were investigated, in 61 cases of Japanese encephalitis, 61 matched controls and 171 population controls, in Vietnam. Novel polymorphisms, found only in three of the cases and one of the population controls, may be involved with susceptibility to Japanese encephalitis and potentially to other flavivirus infections that lead to damage to the cells of the anterior horn. Further research on this possible association is required.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Influence of parentage upon growth in Ostrea edulis: evidence for inbreeding depression.

Genetic variability for growth was analysed in three populations of Ostrea edulis, selected for resistance to the protozoan parasite Bonamia ostreae. This study was undertaken first to determine the potential for selection for growth in populations that have never been selected for this character, and second to estimate heterosis versus inbreeding depression. Growth was monitored in culture for 10 months. The selected populations (namely S85-G3, S891-G2 and S89W-G2), their crossbred population and a control population were composed of full-sib families whose parents were already genotyped using five microsatellite markers. This genotyping allowed the estimation of genetic relatedness among pairs of parents. The parents' relatedness was then correlated with the growth performance of their offspring within each of the three populations, and inbreeding depression was estimated. The population effect for growth was highly significant, with the crossbred population having the highest growth rate, followed by S891-G2 and S89W-G2, S85-G3 and the control population. The within-populations family effect was also highly significant, indicating, as well as the high value for heritability at the family level (between 0.57 and 0.92), that a potential for a further selection for growth still exists within the three populations. Estimates of inbreeding depression (relative to the mean, for complete inbreeding) were high (1 for S891-G2, 0.44 for S89W-G2 and between 0.02 and 0.43 for S85-G3), which correlates with the apparent heterosis for growth observed in the crossbred population. These results are discussed in the context of the future management of the selected populations.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Angiotensin-converting enzyme DD genotype in patients with primary pulmonary hypertension: increased frequency and association with preserved haemodynamics.

UNLABELLED: HYPOTHESIS/INTRODUCTION: A polymorphic marker within the angiotensin- converting enzyme (ACE) gene has been associated with circulating and tissue ACE activity and with a variety of forms of cardiovascular disease. Since angiotensin II (Ang II) causes pulmonary vasoconstriction and vascular and myocardial remodelling, we postulated a role for the renin-angiotensin system and the ACE DD genotype in the pathophysiology of primary pulmonary hypertension (PPH) and in the right ventricular response to pressure overload in these patients. METHODS AND RESULTS: The incidence of the ACE DD genotype was evaluated in 60 patients with severe PPH compared with two normal control populations, a group of healthy population-based controls (n=158) and subjects found suitable for cardiac organ donation (n=79). Genomic DNA extracted from peripheral leukocytes was amplified using the polymerase chain reaction to detect polymorphic markers. Haemodynamics were determined by right heart catheterisation in a subset of the PPH patients. The frequency of the ACE DD genotype was 45% in the patients with PPH, compared with 24% in the organ donors, and 28% in population-based healthy controls (p=0.01 for chi-square test). Of the 32 PPH patients with baseline haemodynamics, 12 exhibited the ACE DD genotype and 20 were non-DD. While the mean pulmonary artery pressure and the duration of symptoms attributable to pulmonary hypertension was not different between the DD and non-DD groups, cardiac output was significantly lower (3.29+0.27 vs. 5.07+0.37 L/minute, p=0.002) and the mean right atrial pressure tended to be higher (8.85+1.29 vs. 4.92+1.27 mmHg, p=0.08) in the non-DD group. The reduction in cardiac output seen in the non-DD group was not due to a difference in heart rate, but to a significant reduction in stroke volume, consistent with a decreased contractile state. In addition, non-DD patients exhibited a significantly worse functional capacity (NYHA Class 3.14+0.12 vs. 2.40+0.28, p=0.02). CONCLUSIONS: 1) The ACE DD genotype is significantly increased in patients with severe PPH compared with normal controls, suggesting that certain individuals may be genetically predisposed to developing pulmonary hypertension. 2) The ACE DD genotype is associated with preserved right ventricular function in PPH patients, supporting a compensatory myocardial or inotropic role for Ang II in the pressure overloaded right ventricle.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Bladder cancer and coffee consumption in smokers and non-smokers in Spain.

The association between coffee consumption and bladder cancer was investigated in a multi-centre case-control study conducted in Spain from 1983 to 1986. A total of 497 cases (438 male and 59 female) with histopathologically confirmed bladder cancer were used in the analysis along with 566 hospital controls and 547 population controls. Odds ratios (OR), adjusted for age, province of residence, occupations at risk, consumption of artificial sweeteners and cigarette smoking, did not show any association between coffee consumption and bladder cancer for either sex. However, in non-smokers and mainly in males, for current coffee drinkers the OR was 2.78 (95% [Cl]: 0.78-9.87), while for drinkers of 2-7, 8-14 and > or = 15 cups/week the respective OR were 2.22, 3.11 and 1.87 with a dose-response relationship for lifelong consumption and years of exposure to regular coffee consumption. The OR in male non-smokers and current coffee drinkers were 2.36 (95% Cl: 0.62-9.05) with population controls only and 1.94, 2.58 and 1.48 for the corresponding levels of intensity of consumption (cups/week). The associations observed in non-smokers suggest the existence of a possible association between coffee consumption and bladder cancer, but are based on small numbers and need to be confirmed in larger studies.

Case-Control Studies↗
PubMed2004

Self reported non-vertebral fractures in rheumatoid arthritis and population based controls: incidence and relationship with bone mineral density and clinical variables.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the incidence of self reported non-vertebral fractures after RA diagnosis between female patients with RA and control subjects, and to explore possible associations between non-vertebral fractures and bone mineral density (BMD), disease, and demographic factors. METHODS: 249 women (mean age 63.0 years) recruited from a county register of patients with RA and population controls (n = 249) randomly selected after matching for age, sex, and residential area were studied. Data on previous non-vertebral fractures were obtained from a detailed questionnaire, and BMD was measured at the hip and spine. RESULTS: 53 (21.3%) patients with RA had had 67 fractures after RA diagnosis, the corresponding numbers for controls were 50 (20.1%) and 60 (odds ratio (OR) for paired variables for overall fracture history 1.09, 95% CI 0.67 to 1.77). The overall fracture rates per 100 patient-years were 1.62 and 1.45, respectively, but self reported hip fractures were increased in RA (10 v 2, OR 9.0, 95% CI 1.2 to 394.5). Patients with a positive fracture history had longer disease duration, were more likely to have at least one deformed joint, and had lower age and weight adjusted BMD than those with no fracture history. In logistic regression analysis, fracture history was independently related to BMD only. CONCLUSIONS: With the probable exception of hip fractures, non-vertebral fractures do not seem to be a substantial burden in RA. Similar independent relationships between levels of BMD and fracture history were found in patients with RA and in population based controls.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

Cytochrome P2 polymorphisms and susceptibility to scleroderma following exposure to organic solvents.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether there are specific cytochrome P450 (CYP2) alleles that increase susceptibility to scleroderma in individuals who have been exposed to organic solvents. METHODS: CYP alleles at 2 loci, 2E1 and 2C19, were compared in 7 patients who had developed scleroderma after exposure to solvents versus 71 patients with scleroderma without solvent exposure ("sporadic" disease) and 106 population controls. RESULTS: The 2E1*3 allele was found in 2 of the 7 patients who had been exposed to organic solvents, with a greater frequency than occurred in either the disease controls or the population controls (odds ratio [95% confidence interval] 9.1 [1.5-59.1] and 10.2 [1.8-62.2], respectively). All 7 patients with solvent exposure carried the 2C19EM genotype, compared with 89% of patients with sporadic scleroderma. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that alleles at CYP loci may be involved in increasing susceptibility to scleroderma among subjects who have been exposed to organic solvents.

Case-Control Studies↗
PubMed1979

A community program for the control of cardiovascular risk factors: a preliminary evaluation of the effectiveness of the CHAD program in Jerusalem.

A community program for the control of cardiovascular risk factors, the CHAD program, was instituted in a family practice in western Jerusalem in 1971. The effectiveness of the program was evaluated by comparing the findings of community surveys conducted in 1970 and 1975 and by comparing the changes with those observed in an adjacent control neighborhood. This paper reports the findings among men aged 35 years and above. In the community exposed to the program there was a decrease in mean systolic and disatolic pressures, in the prevalence of hypercholesterolemia, and in the prevalence of cigarette smoking. The changes in blood pressures and smoking habits were significantly greater than those observed in the control population. In the control population (only) there was a small increase in mean body weight and a decrease in reported physical activity. The findings suggest that it is possible for a program that operates and through primary health care to have an appreciable influence upon cardiovascular risk factors in the community.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Inbreeding and cancer incidence in human isolates.

This study investigates the incidence of cancer in isolate populations. Thorough anthropological research over the past 3 decades has established island populations in Middle Dalmatia, Croatia, as outstanding examples of genetic isolates. The number of cancer cases on 5 islands (Brac, Hvar, Korcula, Vis, and Lastovo) over a 20-year period (1971-1990) has been extracted from the data of the Croatian Cancer Registry. The population of coastal Dalmatia, characterized by similar environmental factors but a different population genetic structure, was used as a control population. The leading hypothesis was that, if there were genes or gene complexes (especially with recessive inheritance) responsible for genetic susceptibility to certain types of cancer, then the incidence of those cancer types should be greater in reproductively isolated island populations than in a control population because of increased manifestation of such genes or gene complexes caused by inbreeding. Furthermore, the cancer incidence should increase along with greater reproductive isolation (i.e., greater geographic distance of the islands from the mainland). After adjusting the data for sex and age, I confirmed the hypothesis: Island populations have greater total cancer incidence than the control population for both sexes. The excess incidence on the islands shows an almost linear correlation with geographic distance from the mainland. The cancer sites primarily responsible for the excess incidence are bladder cancer in males, and breast, ovarian, brain, and large bowel cancer in females, predominantly in the younger age groups.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

[Selection of population-based controls in pair-matched case-control study analyzing risk factors for lung cancer].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the methods to select population-based controls in a pair-matched case-control study of risk factors for lung cancer and to lay foundation for development of their monitoring in urban areas. METHODS: Data of cases of lung cancer and their three different groups of pair-matched control based on population from the "Study on surveillance for incidence and mortality of common malignant tumor and their risk factors" in Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai and Chongqing were personally-interviewed and analyzed with conditional multivariate logistic regression using STATA software involving 1 312 pairs aged 35 - 74. RESULTS: Odds ratios for main risk factors were consistent with the three groups of controls, and there was certain difference in ORs for dietary factor, etc. between the studies with three difference control groups. There was little differences in frequencies of exposure to risk factors between studies with neighbor-controls and normal-controls. Cigarette smoking, lower body mass index, long-time depressed mood, lower capability of emotion regulation, previous respiratory diseases, family history of cancer in the first-degree relatives significantly increased the risk for lung cancer after adjusted for age, education level, family average income and other risk factors. CONCLUSION: It was feasible to use population-based controls instead of neighbor controls in surveillance for risk factors of lung cancer.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Simian AIDS ELISA: sensitivity, specificity and predictive values based on a comparison with Western blot technique.

Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (SAIDS) is an important disease in captive primates in the United States associated with an unusually high mortality rate. Isolation of a type D retrovirus as the cause of SAIDS was rapidly followed by the development of an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to determine the exposure of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) to this virus. With increased use of the ELISA, a better understanding for interpretation of results was needed. One hundred thirty-one rhesus macaques were tested for the presence of antibody against SAIDS type D retrovirus (SRV) by both ELISA and Western blot techniques. Sensitivity, specificity and predictive values for the SAIDS ELISA were calculated for two populations based on a comparison with Western blot results. Sera was tested from two distinct populations, an endemic and a control population. Seventy-one macaques from a half-acre outdoor corral where SAIDS was first recognized made up the endemic population. Sixty rhesus macaques from both indoor and outdoor areas where the disease was not recognized made up the control population. This study has shown the ELISA to be a useful screening tool based on its high sensitivity for both endemic and control populations. This screening method provides a rapid and economical way to diagnose and manage SAIDS in captive non-human primate colonies.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Non-verbal learning disabilities in children with infantile hydrocephalus, aged 4-7 years: a population-based, controlled study.

The aim of this population-based, controlled study was to investigate non-verbal learning disabilities (NLD) in children with infantile hydrocephalus (IH). For this purpose, the results from subtests measuring either assets or deficits within Rourke's model of NLD were analyzed. Children with myelomeningocele (MMC), intracranial tumors, or IQ < 70 were excluded. Of the 52 IH children included in the study, 46 were shunt-treated, whereas 6 were not shunted. The 44 controls were matched according to age, gender, and geographic variables. The Neuropsychological Assessment of Children (NEPSY) was administered to 52 children (age 4-7) with IH; (F = 17, M = 35), and to 44 controls (F = 17, M = 27). The tests used were classified along each of the dimensions "assets" or "deficits", according to Rourke's model of the elements and the dynamics of the NLD syndrome. Differences between sum scores for the subtests classified as "assets", versus "deficits" were significantly higher in the IH group as compared with the controls (p < 0.005). These findings are compatible with a higher frequency of NLD in the IH group, in which neurological confounding factors have been excluded. In addition, the model of the elements and the dynamics of the NLD syndrome may be useful when analyzing neuropsychological test results obtained with traditional and comprehensive test batteries.

Case-Control Studies↗
PubMed1996

Heterozygosity for Asn291-->Ser mutation in the lipoprotein lipase gene in two Finnish pedigrees: effect of hyperinsulinemia on the expression of hypertriglyceridemia.

We describe two Finnish kindreds with the Asn291 --> Ser mutation (A291S) of the lipoprotein lipase (LPL) gene. Sixteen subjects (9 male, 7 female) heterozygous for this mutation were studied and compared with 17 unaffected family members or spouses (family controls) and 19 unrelated healthy subjects (population controls). In the group of subjects heterozygous for the A291S mutation, postheparin plasma LPL activity was on average 23% lower than in the family controls and 29% lower than in the population controls. In agreement, in vitro expression studies with COS-7 cells showed that the mutant protein exhibits approximately 50% of the lipolytic activity of the wild-type protein. Median serum triglyceride concentration was 2.90 mmol/l in the group of heterozygotes, compared with 1.14 mmol/l in the family controls (P < 0.01) and 0.99 mmol/l in the population controls (P < 0.001). The heterozygotes also had a marked preponderance of small dense low density lipoproteins (LDL) as assessed by gradient gel electrophoresis. Nine of the heterozygous subjects were hypertriglyceridemic (serum triglyceride concentration > 2.0 mmol/l). Age or body mass index were not related to the presence of hypertriglyceridemia. By contrast, all hypertriglyceridemic subjects were either hyperinsulinemic (serum insulin concentration > 10 mU/l, n = 7) or had diabetes (n = 2). In a multivariate regression analysis, very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) triglyceride level was significantly and independently related to serum apolipoprotein B concentration, the presence of the A291S mutation, serum insulin concentration, and postheparin plasma LPL activity. The Asn291-->Ser mutation of the LPL gene results in reduced lipolytic activity. However, dyslipidemia appears to manifest only if VLDL production is also increased. Hyperinsulinemia was the major determinant of excessive VLDL synthesis and dyslipidemia among the subjects heterozygous for the A291S mutation in this study.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Immunocontrol in dogs.

Population control in dogs and cats is an important goal for many groups. Control measures over the years has included surgery, hormonal therapy and more recently immunological control. The current presentation discusses dog population control with an emphasis on immunologic control. Specifically, vaccination with purified zona pellucida (ZP) glycoproteins leads initially to immunocontraception and then to the profound and irreversible changes of immunosterilization. The preliminary studies are extremely encouraging on developing a vaccine for lasting canine population control.

Animals↗