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At least 613 records · Page 34Linked to original sources
PubMed1979

Study of the action of the nucleus accumbens septi electrical stimulation upon the unitary activity of the amygdaloid complex of waking cats.

The extracellular activity of the amygdaloid cells and the action of the NAS stimulation upon them were studied in unanesthetized, non-paralized, waking cats. The neurons were classified according to their responsiveness to olfactory, auditive, visual and behavioural stimuli, and then, the action of the NAS electrical stimulation upon the spontaneous activity of the previously classified cells was studied. The number of cells responding to visual stimuli (projected spot of light, movement) was found to be higher than in previous works. On the other hand, some of the cells activated by behavioural stimulation (presence of rat) behave in a complex manner by changing the characteristics of the response upon modification of its distance from the rat. However the majority of the recorded neurons failed to respond to any of the tested natural stimuli. The existence of rather extensive zones in the amygdaloid complex without spontaneous activity as well as the small number of cells showing modifications of the rate of firing induced by NAS electrical stimulation was remarkable.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1982

The evoked epilepsies.

Epileptic activity may be strongly influenced by events occurring outside the central nervous system. At least 6% of recurrent seizures are evoked by specific afferent stimuli, and these are reviewed. The commonest environmental stimulus is light; photosensitive epilepsy occurs not only in humans but also in the baboon (Papio papio). Recognition and hence avoidance of factors which evoke seizures is an important part of the management of the epilepsies.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1981

Norepinephrine-containing locus coeruleus neurons in behaving rats exhibit pronounced responses to non-noxious environmental stimuli.

The effect of sensory stimulation on discharge in norepinephrine-containing locus coeruleus (NE-LC) neurons was studied in unanesthetized behaving rats. Single unit and multiple unit extracellular recordings demonstrated consistent patterns of response. (1) Short latency (15-to 50-msec), transient, biphasic changes in discharge were elicited predictably by non-noxious auditory, visual, and somatosensory stimuli; individual recordings typically exhibited polysensory responsiveness. (2) Sensory-evoked field potentials (FPs) were synchronized with unit responses simultaneously recorded from the same electrodes. (3) The magnitudes of sensory-evoked response varied as a function of vigilance, so that the largest responses occurred for stimuli which awakened animals and the least responsiveness was exhibited during uninterrupted sleep. (4) Sensory responsiveness decreased during grooming and sweet water consumption, similar to the results for sleep. (5) Characteristic response properties were topographically homogeneous throughout the NE-LC. (6) Discharge was synchronized markedly among neurons in multiple unit populations during phasic robust responses. These results are interpreted in light of the preceding report (Aston-Jones, G., and F.E. Bloom (1981) J. Neurosci. 1: 876-886) and studies of the postsynaptic effects of NE to indicate that the NE-LC system may function more in phasic processes than in modulation of the tonic arousal level. We propose that pronouced NE-LC discharge may enhance activity within target cell systems primarily concerned with processing salient external stimuli and suppress cental nervous system activity related more to tonic, vegetative functions. Thus, the NE-LC system may bias global behavioral orientation between stimuli in the external versus internal environments.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Sensory activity in the telencephalon of the clawed toad, Xenopus laevis.

In this study data are presented providing evidence that the striatum of the clawed toad, Xenopus laevis, processes mechanosensory, acoustic, and visual information and that multisensory interaction takes place in this telencephalic structure. Multimodal processing as well as the considerable effects of stimulus repetition rate on response amplitudes are in line with the finding that the striatum of Xenopus mediates attentional processes (Traub & Elepfandt, 1990). Further physiological studies are needed to delineate the functional organization of the striatum in amphibians.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1994

Stimulation programs for coma patients.

The coma stimulation techniques mentioned here are not the only methods that can be used; coma stimulation programs should be individualized. Families should be encouraged to participate even while the patient is in the ICU. Recovery from coma is often long and tedious, but with use of a coma stimulation program, there is hope for recovery from coma. Because the process of coma recovery is unclear, research is still needed. Critical care nurses have an opportunity to participate in coma recovery by incorporating these stimulation techniques into their practice.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1976

[Frontal cerebral cortex and photic epilepsy of the baboon Papio papio (author transl)].

It was discovered in 1966 that the senegalese baboon (Papio papio) exhibits a photosensitive epilepsy. This finding has led, among other work, to the neurophysiological study of this epilepsy. Although in some characteristics the baboon's photosensitive epilepsy differs from that of man, it can be considered that this animal presents a real model of essential epilepsy, for the study of the human disease. 2. In the baboon, the EEG disturbances triggered by intermittent light stimulation at 25 Hz appear first at the level of the frontal cortex (area 6). At this level, recordings of single unit discharges show an activation of cortical neurones similar to that observed in human patients with focal epileptic lesions ; at the occipital level, the only modification observed is a change in the resting membrane potentials, in the direction of disinhibition. 3. The analysis of cortical visual evoked responses demonstrated the presence of short latency visual afferents at the frontal cortex level, as well as a high level of hyperexcitability for the visual modality. The most photosensitive animals can be distinguished by a more marked frontal hyperexcitability and by slight differences in the form of both the occipital evoked responses (decrease in amplitude of the early part of the response, frequent absence of wave IV) and the frontal ones (higher amplitude of the later part of the responses). In some of the animals, whether they were photosensitive or not, we found high amplitude frontal visual evoked responses resembling spikes and waves. 4. Certain observations in both man and the photosensitive baboon suggested the possible involvement of periocular somatic afferents in the triggering of paroxysmal manifestations. The study of these cortical projections in the baboon showed that they possess certain specific characteristics which distinguish them from the other somatic projections (short latency, large frontal spread and ipsilateral responses of higher amplitude than contralateral). It seems, however, that if they play a role in the epileptic manifestations, these periocular projections are not required to trigger this behaviour. 5. The baboon frontal lobes seem therefore to be an area receiving multimodal projections, possessing a particular sensitivity to visual afferents, and functionally equivalent to a zone of focal epilepsy as might be met with in man or animals. 6. The results are discussed in the light of observations made on the same or other species, or on other types of epilepsy. In particular, the totality of the visual afferents arriving at the occipital level appears to be necessary to trigger epileptic manifestations. Finally, these results present several arguments in favour of the cortical theory of generalised epilepsies, as well as substantiating the value of the baboon as an animal model for photosensitive epilepsy in man.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1993

[Anesthetic management of a patient with acute intermittent porphyria].

A 40-y-o female was scheduled for modified radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenotomy for malignant ovarian tumor. Her past history revealed frequent episodes of reddish discoloration of her urine after physical strain. Her blood and urine samples were submitted for chemical analysis of metabolites of hemoglobin and porphyrin on suspicion of acute intermittent porphyria (AIP). Since these examinations took some days, the patient had to undergo the operation before the results arrived. To prevent an acute exacerbation of possible AIP, some anesthetic drugs had to be avoided. After premedication with atropine 0.5 mg IM, the patient had an epidural catheter placed for later use. General anesthesia was induced with intravenous fentanyl 0.3 mg IV, and inhalation of sevoflurane (0.5-4%) in nitrous oxide and oxygen by mask to eliminate psychological stress during the operation. Then, 0.5% bupivacaine was used through the epidural catheter to block the afferent physical stimulation from the lower half the body. Special attention was paid to stabilize the cardiovascular system. Color of the urine was carefully monitored with a densitometer to find out any early sign of a relapse of AIP during the operation. After the operation, reddish urine and rapid respiration suggested a possible exacerbation of AIP. Fluid therapy with glucose, sedation with chlorpromazine IV and an epidural infusion of buprenorphine (0.5 mg) were performed. The urine became clear several days after the operation and the postoperative course was uneventful. Anesthetic management of patients with AIP is discussed along with the introduction of pertinent literatures.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Auditory compensation for early blindness in cat cerebral cortex.

Single-neuron activity was recorded in the caudal part of the anterior ectosylvian (AE) cortex of cats that had been deprived of vision for several years by means of binocular lid suture shortly after birth and in normal control animals. Over 300 neurons were tested in each group with auditory, visual, and somatosensory stimuli. We confirmed the existence of an anterior ectosylvian visual area (AEV) in the fundus and ventral bank of the AE sulcus. Neurons in AEV had purely visual responses in normal cats. In visually deprived cats, by contrast, only a minority of cells in this area still responded to visual stimulation. Instead, most cells reacted vigorously to auditory and, to some extent, somatosensory stimuli. The few remaining visual neurons were also driven by auditory or somatosensory stimuli. No increase in the number of unresponsive neurons was found. It appears, therefore, that a cortical region that normally represents visual activity can become driven by auditory or somatosensory activity as a result of visual deprivation. Our results imply that early blindness causes compensatory increases in the amount of auditory cortical representation, possibly by an expansion of nonvisual areas into previously visual territory. In particular, they provide evidence for the existence of neural mechanisms for intermodal compensatory plasticity in the cerebral cortex of young animals. The changes described here may also provide the neural basis for a behavioral compensation for early blindness described elsewhere.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1993

Functional MR imaging at 1.5 T. Initial results using photic and motoric stimulation.

A preliminary investigation of the effects of stimulation of the visual and the motor cortex was made on a conventional 1.5 T MR imaging scanner. Both types of activation gave a detectable change in the signal between rest and stimulation using a gradient echo sequence with an echo time of 60 ms. The observed effects were assumed to be caused by variation in the amount of paramagnetic deoxyhemoglobin between stimulation and rest due to local increase of capillary blood flow in the human brain during stimulation.

Brain↗
PubMed1996

Reciprocal negative affect in parent-child interactions and children's peer competency.

The relationship between preschool children's peer competency and the exchange of reciprocal negative affect displays during physical play with parents was examined. Teacher ratings of children's peer competency were obtained from children's preschools. Parents and children (41 families) were observed during a physical play paradigm called "the hand game" which permitted physically stimulating play, yet which also permitted clear recording of participants' facial expressions. Interactions were coded second by second for 8 min using a system of 12 mutually exclusive and exhaustive codes to categorize the affect displayed by participants. Fathers who typically responded to their children's negative affect displays with negative affect of their own had children who shared less, were more aggressive, and avoided others. Implications of the findings for theories of family-peer relationships are discussed.

Affect↗