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At least 613 records · Page 34Linked to original sources
PubMed1992

Multiple roles for protein phosphatase 1 in regulating the Xenopus early embryonic cell cycle.

Using cytostatic factor metaphase II-arrested extracts as a model system, we show that protein phosphatase 1 is regulated during early embryonic cell cycles in Xenopus. Phosphatase 1 activity peaks during interphase and decreases shortly before the onset of mitosis. A second peak of activity appears in mitosis at about the same time that cdc2 becomes active. If extracts are inhibited in S-phase with aphidicolin, then phosphatase 1 activity remains high. The activity of phosphatase 1 appears to determine the timing of exit from S-phase and entry into M-phase; inhibition of phosphatase 1 by the specific inhibitor, inhibitor 2 (Inh-2), causes premature entry into mitosis, whereas exogenously added phosphatase 1 lengthens the interphase period. Analysis of DNA synthesis in extracts treated with Inh-2, but lacking the A- and B-type cyclins, shows that phosphatase 1 is also required for the process of DNA replication. These data indicate that phosphatase 1 is a component of the signaling pathway that ensures that M-phase is not initiated until DNA synthesis is complete.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Validation of the NCCLS proposal to use results only from the first isolate of a species per patient in the calculation of susceptibility frequencies.

OBJECTIVE: A recently proposed guideline from the NCCLS recommends that results only from the first isolate of a species per patient be used in calculation of percentage susceptibilities to antimicrobial agents. Because this is apparently based on the comparison of various calculation methods for results for oxacillin against a fairly small number of isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, we have applied these methods to a wider range of antibiotic/organism combinations. METHODS: Antibiotic susceptibility results from our hospital laboratory database were analysed. Rates of antimicrobial susceptibility were calculated using the various criteria proposed by the NCCLS, including exclusion of results from duplicate isolates and surveillance specimens from the calculations. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Analysis of results for methicillin against S. aureus, gentamicin against Klebsiella spp., vancomycin against enterococci (all in-patient specimens), and amoxicillin and cefuroxime against Escherichia coli (general practice specimens) confirm that, if duplicates and surveillance specimens are excluded, results obtained with the various patient- and episode-based methods for the calculation of percentage susceptibility are very similar. Because of its simplicity and non-ambiguity, we agree with the suggestion of the NCCLS group that results for the 'first isolate of a given species per patient per analysis period, irrespective of body site, antimicrobial susceptibility profile or other phenotypic characteristics' should be used in the calculation of susceptibility frequencies.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1978

Characterization of major glycolipids in bovine erythrocyte membrane.

Several neutral glycolipids and gangliosides were isolated from bovine erythrocyte stroma. Their structures were determined by partial acid hydrolysis, methylation analysis, periodate oxidation and CrO3 oxidation. Two major neutral glycolipids were characterized as lactosylceramide and galactosyl(alpha1--3)galactosyl(beta1--4)N-acetylglucosaminyl(beta1--3)galactosyl(beta1--4)glucosyl(beta1--1)ceramide. Two major gangliosides were N-glycolylneuraminosyl(2--3)galactosyl(beta1--4)glucosyl(beta1--1)ceramide and N-glycolylneuraminosyl(2--3)galactosyl(beta1--4)N-acetylglucosaminyl(beta1--3)galactosyl(beta1--4)glucosyl(beta1--1)ceramide. Minor glycolipids were glucosyl- and galactosylceramide, glucosamine-containing tri- and tetraglycosylceramide, glucosamine-containing disialosylhexaglycosylceramide, and gangliosides containing N-acetylneuraminic acid. The ceramide moiety of each glycolipid contained perdominantly d18:1 sphingosine, and normal fatty acids of C16:0, C22:0, C24:0, and C24:1.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Structural studies on glycolipid of shellfish. III. Novel glycolipids from Turbo cornutus.

Five kinds of sphingoglycolipids were isolated from Turbo cornutus. Four of them were a series of novel glycolipids consisting only of galactose. The structures of these glycolipids were studied by methylation analysis, periodate oxidation, enzymatic degradation, and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Three glycolipids were characterized as galactosyl(beta 1 leads to 1)ceramide, galactosyl(beta 1 leads to 6)galactosyl(beta 1 leads to 1)ceramide, and galactosyl(beta 1 leads to 6)galactosyl(beta 1 leads to 6)galactosyl(beta 1 leads to 1)ceramide. Data indicating that the 4th glycolipid might be the tetragalactosyl derivative of this series were obtained. The carbohydrate moiety of the 5th glycolipid, in contrast, was composed of fucose, galactose, glucose and N-acetylglycosamine in a molar ratio of 1 : 2 : 1 : 1.

Carbohydrates↗
PubMed1998

Antibiotic resistance of bacterial litter isolates.

Use of antibiotics in subtherapeutic doses as growth-promoting feed additives for animal production is widespread in the U.S. and throughout the world. Previous studies by our research group concluded that size fractionation of poultry (broiler) litter followed by storage facilitated reutilization of litter as a soil amendment or bedding supplement. However, litter microbial contamination, including antibiotic-resistant populations, and accumulation of metals and other elements may limit litter reutilization. Litter from four broiler houses was separated into a fine fraction for use as a soil amendment, and a coarse fraction for reutilization as a bedding supplement in growing subsequent flocks of broilers. Fractions and whole litter were stored in indoor piles simulating farm storage conditions for 4 mo with periodic analysis for metals, other elements, and culturable bacteria (including total and fecal coliform, Aeromonas hydrophila, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Yersinia enterocolitica, and Campylobacter jejuni). Representative bacterial isolates were tested for their sensitivity to 12 common antibiotics (ampicillin, bacitracin, cephalothin, erythromycin, gentamicin, kanamycin, nalidixic acid, neomycin, penicillin, streptomycin, sulfisoxazole, and tetracycline) using the Kirby-Bauer technique. Pathogens and indicator bacteria tested were found to be resistant to multiple antibiotics. Data suggest that microbial contamination of litter should be reduced or eliminated prior to reutilization to minimize environmental health risks related to transfer of antibiotic-resistant bacteria to humans or other animals.

Aeromonas hydrophila↗
PubMed1992

Biomechanical comparison of the energy-storing capabilities of SACH and Carbon Copy II prosthetic feet during the stance phase of gait in a person with below-knee amputation.

In this study, the energy-storing capabilities of solid-ankle cushion heel (SACH) and Carbon Copy II prosthetic feet during the stance phase of gait were compared. A person with a unilateral below-knee amputation served as a component of the instrumentation to test the feet under dynamic loads. Ten trials per foot of bilateral stride at "free" velocity were collected with a video-based, three-dimensional data-acquisition system and two force plates. There were no differences between the prosthetic conditions in step length, single-limb support time, and swing period (analysis of variance) or in double-limb support time, cadence, and velocity (Student's t test). Angular kinematics and moments of the hip and knee were unaffected bilaterally by the type of foot. The progression of the center of pressure under the Carbon Copy II was delayed from 15% to 80% of stance as compared with the SACH foot. The Carbon Copy II showed slower unloading in late stance and a later peak propulsive force than did the SACH foot. The Carbon Copy II performed greater work in both the energy-storage (Carbon Copy II = 2.33 J, SACH = 1.16 J) and energy-return (Carbon Copy II = 1.33 J, SACH = 0.34 J) phases of stance and returned energy with 57% efficiency. Although the energy returned by the Carbon Copy II was clinically insignificant during level walking, these results confirm that it performs as an energy-storing device.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Evidence for use of an extension-mobilization category in acute low back syndrome: a prescriptive validation pilot study.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The prescriptive validity of a treatment-oriented extension-mobilization category for patients with low back syndrome (LBS) was examined. SUBJECTS: Of a total of 39 patients with LBS referred for physical therapy, 24 patients (14 male, 10 female), aged 14 to 50 years (means = 31.3, SD = 11.6), were classified as having signs and symptoms indicating treatment with an extension-mobilization approach. The remaining subjects were dismissed from the study. Patients in the extension-mobilization category were randomly assigned to either an experimental (treatment) group (n = 14) or a comparison group (n = 10). METHODS: The experimental and comparison group subjects were treated with either mobilization and extension (a treatment matched to the category) or a flexion exercise regimen (an unmatched treatment). Outcome was assessed with a modified Oswestry Low Back Pain Questionnaire administered initially and at 3 and 5 days after initiation of treatment. Data were analyzed with a 2 x 3 (treatment group x treatment period) analysis of variance. RESULTS: The subjects' rate of improvement, as indicated by the Oswestry questionnaire scores, was dependent on the treatment group to which they were assigned. Subjects treated with extension and mobilization positively responded at a faster rate than did those treated with a flexion-oriented program. CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION: This study illustrates that a priori classification of selected patients with LBS into a treatment category of extension and mobilization and subsequently treating the patients accordingly with specified interventions can be an effective approach to conservative management of selected patients.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1995

The distribution of EEG frequencies in REM and NREM sleep stages in healthy young adults.

Period-analyzed electroencephalographic (EEG) activity was evaluated in 11 men and 11 women to explore the distribution of EEG frequencies during sleep and potential gender differences. Significant stage-of-sleep main effects were noted for both incidence and amplitude measures. Power measures seemed to best differentiate between non-rapid eye movement (NREM) stages, although incidence measures showed roughly the same distributions across sleep stages. Beta incidence and amplitude was highest in stage 1 sleep followed in descending order by rapid eye movement (REM), stage 2, and slow-wave sleep (SWS). Delta incidence and amplitude were highest in SWS, with slightly lower values in stage 2. Interestingly, REM was characterized by higher incidence and amplitude delta than those found in stage 1 sleep. EEG variables did not show striking sex differences in any sleep stage, although a global measure of delta power in NREM sleep was higher among women. Hemispheric asymmetries were small throughout REM and NREM stages. These findings suggest that period analysis provides a detailed description of EEG frequency characteristics during sleep but does not reveal dramatic gender differences.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Breast cancer in young women treated definitively with radiotherapy. An early report.

Between 1977 and 1982, 34 breast cancers in 33 women aged less than or equal to 35 years were treated with primary radiotherapy following excisional biopsy and axillary lymph node dissection. The records of these cases were reviewed and compared to 156 women greater than age 35 with 157 breast cancers treated similarly during the same time period. Analysis of these cases was limited to patients with invasive cancers who were AJC Stages I or II. In the women less than or equal to age 35, there were only six failures (two with locoregional failure only and four with distant metastases). The treated breast was preserved in all of the younger women except for the two patients with locoregional failure only who were treated for salvage with a mastectomy. The actuarial freedom from breast relapse alone at 3 years was 96% in women less than or equal to 35 years vs. 97% in women greater than 35 years. Freedom from locoregional relapse only was 88% vs. 95% at 3 years in the above groups, and the actuarial disease-free survival at 3 years was 76% vs. 87%, respectively. None of the above comparisons between younger and older women are statistically different. We conclude that definitive radiation therapy for Stages I and II carcinoma of the breast in women less than or equal to age 35 yields similar results to those for women greater than 35. Such treatment achieves excellent preservation of the breast and should continue to be considered as an alternative to mastectomy.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

An overview of nursing process.

Nursing process is referred to as the basic framework for the practice of nursing, which allows the nurse to provide care in a systematic, organized fashion. Because nursing is an evolving profession, this framework is constantly being modified and adapted to current practice. Periodic analysis and review of the current trends in nursing process allow the practicing nurse to improve patient care. This article serves as an overview of observations on nursing process including historical data, a description of each of the five steps of nursing process, and application to daily practice.

Humans↗
PubMed1990

Electrical activity and soreness in muscles after exercise.

Electrical activity and soreness in the quadriceps muscles were examined during a 48-h period after eccentric (EC) and concentric contraction (CC) to study the amplitude and frequency characteristics of the electrical signal after exercise and to study the relationship between the electrical signal and muscle soreness. The exercise protocol included a step test performed for 15 min using a 46-cm step in which one quadriceps contracted eccentrically and one contracted concentrically. Electrical activity was quantified by computing both root mean square electromyograph (rmsEMG) and mean power frequency of the myoelectrical signal during low-level contractions of the muscles. Recordings of muscle activity were made before exercise, immediately after exercise, 1, 12, 24 and 48 h after exercise in 12 volunteer subjects (mean age 28.5 yr). Recordings were made with the subject seated, holding the leg being tested slightly off the ground. Subjects were given a subjective pain rating scale. The before exercise values for rmsEMG (EC = 13.3 microV; CC = 13 microV) and mean power frequency (EC = 55.3 Hz; CC = 54.4 Hz) were within the range that would be expected for surface electrodes. The mean rating of soreness for the eccentrically exercised muscles ranged from slightly uncomfortable at 12 h after exercise to sore during the period 24-48 h after exercise. Subjects reported the concentrically exercised muscles as normal to slightly uncomfortable during the whole recording period. Analysis of variance revealed a significant (P less than 0.05) difference between EC and CC rmsEMG value at 1 h after exercise (EC = 17.2 +/- 7.6; CC = 12.3 +/- 5.5) and at 12 h after exercise (EC = 15.0 +/- 5.0; CC = 12.3 +/- 4.2). The results suggest that an increase in the electrical activity of muscles is needed to produce the same pre-exercise contraction after performing eccentric exercise.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Interdisciplinary collaboration.

This quasiexperimental study investigated interdisciplinary collaboration over a 16-month period on units using different collaborative practice strategies. Measures of collaboration and perceived physician involvement in collaborative practice were completed by 335 licensed staff members working on seven general adult units in an acute care hospital located in an academic medical center. Data were collected at two time points: in 1993 and 1995. A small but statistically significant decline in collaboration was found (p = 0.01) over the 16-month period. Analysis of variance revealed a significant difference (p = 0.03) in collaboration related to the method used to develop collaborative paths. Post hoc Tukey's test indicated that the presence of a case manager without collaborative paths did show higher levels of collaboration (p = 0.05). Regardless of the strategy used, perceived high physician involvement was related to greater collaboration than perceived low involvement with differences increasing over time (p = 0.02). These findings suggest the importance of perceived physician involvement in collaborative practice to interdisciplinary collaboration.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Caring for octogenarian coronary artery bypass graft patients at home: family perspectives.

Rates of coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery on octogenarians have been rising by more than 15% each year since the mid-1980s. Little is known about the experience of caring for this select group of patients at home after discharge. The purpose of this study was to describe the lived experience of caring for very elderly (80 years or older) CABG patients during convalescence at home. Using hermeneutic/phenomenological methods, 12 family caregivers were interviewed at home during the 4-week postdischarge period. Analysis of data derived from interviews revealed that work, personal reaction to caregiving, and experiences with formal care were recurrent themes. Caregivers indicated through their stories that caring for a recovering octogenarian at home after CABG surgery entailed a great deal of work that moderated at about 4 weeks after discharge. The caregivers also described varied reactions, both emotional and pragmatic, as the weeks unfolded. In addition, the data revealed a range of experiences, positive and negative, with healthcare providers and facilities. The study findings indicate a need for improvements in the following areas: preoperative, postoperative, and discharge education for family members involved in the care of the elderly CABG patient, and communication within and between healthcare organizations with regard to discharge planning.

Aged↗
PubMed1999

Activities and interactions in level II nurseries: a report of an ethnographic study.

This article reports an ethnographic study that examines the context and nature of the interactions between health professionals and parents in two Australian level II nurseries: 724 observations were recorded over an 18-week period. Analysis revealed that although the presence of mothers in the nursery was high, registered nurses remain the primary caretakers of the infants. The interactions between registered nurses and mothers were found to be action- or task-oriented with communication largely being described as "instrumental." The results of this pilot work suggest that the emphasis of clinical practice in level II nurseries remains focused on caring for the infant and teaching the mother. This is in contrast to the current body of literature that identifies the need for a family-centered approach to care that aims to support parents as they develop confidence, attach to their baby, and become skilled in providing care themselves.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Time course of the early pituitary-adrenal and metabolic responses to accidental injury.

We have made serial measurements of the plasma adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), cortisol, glucose, lactate, glycerol, nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA), and beta-hydroxybutyrate concentrations in 14 recently injured patients. We took 6 to 9 blood samples at about 20-minute intervals from each patient within the first 3 hours after accidental injury of moderate severity (Injury Severity Score of 9 to 13). Plasma ACTH varied greatly both with time and between patients; in the majority, it fell throughout the sampling period and in the others, the pattern varied. The changes in plasma cortisol were mostly appropriate to those in ACTH. Plasma glucose and glycerol did not change systematically with time. In contrast, plasma lactate fell, and plasma NEFA, beta-hydroxybutyrate, and the NEFA:glycerol ratio rose, throughout the sampling period. Analysis of variance for these data showed that time after injury made a contribution that was highly significant, although smaller than that arising from differences between patients.

3-Hydroxybutyric Acid↗
PubMed1997

Tissue response to suture materials implanted subcutaneously in a rabbit model.

We compared the tissue response to a nonabsorbable monofilamented suture made of expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE), which has recently been introduced for use in plastic surgery, with the response to 10 other commercially available absorbable sutures and nonabsorbable monofilamented and multifilamented sutures. The sutures were used to secure a patch of ePTFE implanted in the dorsum of adult New Zealand White rabbits. At 30, 60, and 120 days after implantation, the tissue response to the sutures was assessed with respect to the number of foreign-body giant cells present, the thickness of the fibrous capsule that developed, and the general inflammatory response (n = 4 for each suture for each time period). Analysis of variance revealed that specific suture type was significantly associated with foreign-body giant cell count and fibrous capsule thickness. Tevdek had a significantly higher value for mean number of foreign-body giant cells. Silk and Tevdek had significantly thicker fibrous capsules, and ePTFE suture had a significantly thinner capsule. Absorbable sutures and nonabsorbable multifilamented sutures evoked a more extensive tissue response than monofilamented sutures; the differences between nonabsorbable monofilamented and nonabsorbable multifilamented sutures were significant for capsule thickness. In general, suture made of ePTFE produced a minimal tissue response. It should be a good choice for use in facial plastic surgery, in which excellent functional and aesthetic results are critical.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

New perspectives on coronary artery disease in hemodialysis patients.

Between July 1, 1979, and July 1, 1980, we treated 64 patients with long-term maintenance hemodialysis. Of these, 11 (17%) had angina pectoris, four of them (6%) chronic stable angina and seven (11%) new onset of crescendo angina. The most common risk factors in the group with unstable angina were cardiomegaly and hypertension. Of the five patients who underwent cardiac catheterization, proximal occlusive disease was seen in four and these four had good left ventricular function. Three patients underwent coronary artery bypass, which successfully improved their functional status to a class I or II without any antianginal medicines. Concurrent hemodialysis was performed during heart-lung bypass in one patient. The need for dialysis postoperatively was easily delayed for 72 hours without detriment to this patient. We reached the following conclusions: (1) The prevalence of angina in a stable hemodialysis population was 17% in a one-year analysis period. (2) The incidence of new onset of crescendo angina, which potentially requires coronary angiography, was 11% over the same one-year period. (3) The presence of surgically correctable lesions in these cases is high. (4) Concurrent hemodialysis during coronary artery bypass simplifies postoperative fluid and electrolyte management and prevents surgical bleeding.

Angina Pectoris↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The role of quality improvement in disease management: a statewide tuberculosis control success story.

This study describes Mississippi's statewide latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) control management efforts to improve treatment outcomes using scientific quality improvement tools. LTBI medication completion rates were observed by month and by nine administrative health districts for a 12-month period. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted to see if there was any significant change between preintervention and postintervention in medication completion rates. Regression analysis was performed to test the linearity of change across the monthly rates. A change from a rate of 79.7 percent to 90.5 percent completion of the LTBI medication regimen was observed after the quality improvement intervention was instituted. During the quality improvement intervention, the mean reached 96.5 percent completion, followed by a slight decline at the end of the intervention to 90.5 percent. The analysis revealed that the mean LTBI medication completion rate across the nine administrative health districts was significantly increased and variability was decreased across all administrative health districts, with minor exceptions. A quality improvement team approach was shown to be effective in disease management by increasing LTBI medication completion. New baseline expectations can be established when quality improvement initiatives are implemented. This success can be linked, in part, to the use of scientific methods, precise and valid data, persuasive and clear goal setting, appropriate feedback, and ongoing monitoring.

Analysis of Variance↗