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PubMed1994

[Abortion on demand. Descriptive and quantitative study of psychological and psychosocial aspects].

A pilot study investigated 66 women (mean age: 27 years) before or after abortion with a standardised questionnaire in a center for family planning in Bobigny, a northern suburb of Paris. The results were compared to a former study about spontaneous abortion (n = 156) in Regensburg (Germany). More than half of the women were from the oversea departments, Africa and Northern Africa. 30% were foreigners and 75% unmarried. 48% had repetitive abortions. However gynaecological and obstetrical complications were low. The undesired pregnancies were in link with discontinued contraceptive protection of the two partners and low male participation. After the abortion feelings of release and short perturbations were predominant and depressive reactions significantly less frequent than after spontaneous abortion. Serious disorders were rare.

Abortion, Legal↗
PubMed2000

Infant vocalization, adult aggression, and fear behavior of an oxytocin null mutant mouse.

Previous studies have shown that oxytocin (OT)-deficient female mice produced by homologous recombination fail to lactate but exhibit normal parturition and reproductive behaviors. We examined the ultrasonic vocalizations of infant mice and the subsequent aggressive and fear behavior of adult male OT knockout (OT-KO) mice. Infant OT-KO mice were less vocal than wild-type (WT) control mice during separations from the mother and peers. Adult OT-KO males were generally more aggressive in isolation-induced and resident-intruder tests of aggression and less fearful in the plus maze and acoustic startle reflex tests than WT controls. Although the increase in tests of aggression was robust for OT-KO males from obligate litters (progeny of homozygous x homozygous crossings), the increase in aggression was reduced during tests for OT-KO males derived from nonobligate mating (progeny of heterozygous x heterozygous crossings), suggesting that the OT-KO genotype was not, by itself, responsible for the changes in adult behavior. We conclude that the absence of exposure to OT during development was associated with abnormalities in the development of emotional behavior.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2004

Emotional reactivity in mice may not be inherited but influenced by parents.

Heredity is often assimilated to genetic transmission of traits. However, some traits may be socially inherited. This has been described for maternal behaviour as well as for emotional reactivity in rodents such as rats or mice. The aim of the present study was to investigate further this idea using two backcrosses between CB6 or B6C females and C57BL/6 males. Indeed, the experimental groups are genetically identical but may be exposed to very different mothering types. When adults, the offspring were subjected to rodent emotional reactivity tests such as elevated plus maze and free exploration paradigm. Results show that CB6xB6 males exhibit higher emotional reactivity than B6CxB6 and B6 males in all behavioural situations, but these effects are not seen in females. Contrarily to their offspring that show different reactivity even if sharing the same genetical background, CB6 and B6C females display quite identical emotional reactivity. A possible explanation is that emotional reactivity is induced by maternal behaviour rather than transmitted by the parents.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Genetically induced mitotic exchange in the heterochromatin of Drosophila melanogaster.

Multiple copies of the 18S and 28S ribosomal RNA cistrons are present in both the X and Y chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster. Data are presented here that identify a locus, Rex, that causes exchange-like events between duplicated ribosomal complexes at the ends of an attached-XY chromosome. Rex: (1) is close to or in the basal heterochromatin of the X chromosome; (2) is semidominant and (its effect) is temperature sensitive; (3) acts maternally; and (4) affects behavior of paternally derived attached-XY chromosomes shortly after fertilization. Though, at this point, the existence of Rex is known only from its effects on behavior of a particular compound chromosome, it presents intriguing possibilities for understanding regulation of chromosome behavior and organization of the ribosomal cistrons.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Father to infant attachment: effects of early contact and characteristics of the infant.

Fifty-one father-infant dyads were studied at 24-72 hours of age and at 1 month to determine the effects of early contact, sex, and irritability of the infant on fathers' perceptions and behaviors. Irritability was measured by a factor of four items from the Brazelton Neonatal Assessment Scale administered at 24-72 hours. Fathers who held their infants in the first hour of life demonstrated more nonverbal behavior toward their infants during on observation at 1 month than those who did not have this early contact. Fathers interacted more verbally with girls than with boys at 1 month. A sex and irritability interaction effect was found in fathers' perception of high-irritability boys and low-irritability girls. Fathers also reported more frequent care-taking of high-irritability infants of both sexes than of low-irritability infants.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Attachment and the emotional unit.

Until recently, the mother-child relationship was assumed to be the primary relationship affecting the outcome of an individual. This resulted in the mother-child dyad being seen and studied as separate from the family system in which it is embedded. This article asserts that, in order to understand this dyad adequately, one must understand "how" the family functions as an emotional unit that is guided by processes found in evolution and in relationships between living things. It goes beyond describing the family as a system of influence and seeks to account for the universal processes that occur in natural systems. It posits that the triangle is the basic building block of the emotional unit, and proposes a new theoretical dimension for understanding how attachment extends beyond dyads (such as parent-child) to include the emotional unit as a whole. Through triangles, the parent-child relationship is continually influenced by relationship forces operating within the system as a whole.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Argentina: risk factors and maternal mortality in La Matanza, Province of Buenos Aires, 1990.

An evaluation of the health services infrastructure of the La Matanza part of Buenos Aires in 1990 was carried out in addition to an evaluation of maternal mortality case studies. This procedure allowed for an assessment of factors related to the performance of health services and the health behaviour of women which, concomitantly, led to maternal deaths. Approximately 50% of maternal deaths went unreported in La Matanza on the basis of record checks performed in the institutions, hence the maternal mortality was twice as high as officially indicated for 1990. Flaws in the proper clinical diagnosis of the causes of deaths were detected and a higher degree of precision was called for. In the case of women who came from the poorest section of La Matanza, most deaths were due to complications related to abortion (either self-induced or non-professionally induced). Most of the maternal deaths could have been avoided. The sociological enquiry revealed conflicting social pressures which led the women onto the path of maternal death. The men were found not to be involved in the health issues arising from pregnancy and delivery, and the reproductive process was seen to lie exclusively in the women's domain. The services were not prepared to cater for the needs of poor women, and the inadequacy of the existing system to reach the women in need was well documented. Detection of women at risk was lacking in most establishments and, with the exception of one hospital, referral procedures did not exist. At the municipal level the absence of a policy for maternal and child health was noted.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1997

Powerlessness as a factor in health defeating behavior.

Lack of compliance in prevention and treatment of illness and disease continues to perplex healthcare practitioners. Sixty percent of patients take their medications incorrectly. Patients miss appointments, they do not follow up with treatments, and many times require an avoidable hospitalization directly related to health defeating behaviours. Many healthcare clinicians believe the reason for this could be issues such as basic intellectual level, convenience, cost, side effects, or one's value system. However, these may not be the only factors in lack of compliance. The purpose of this paper is to discuss powerlessness as a factor in health defeating behaviors. Powerlessness as a Third World behavior will be described in detail along with methods to identify these behavioral patterns. Paternalism will be described as a threat to Third World groups and their healthcare. An increased awareness and sensitivity to the needs of this special group may improve health promoting behaviors. The LEARN Model will be discussed as a framework for empowering otherwise powerless individuals and groups through improved communication and understanding.

Communication↗
PubMed1975

Interaction in three generation families, parents as mediators: toward a theoretical perspective.

This paper focuses on the development of a theoretical perspective within which it is possible to empirically define parental mediation in interactions between grandparents and grandchildren. Using socialization theory and studies conducted by the writer and a colleague, eight independent dimensions of parental mediation have been identified. This makes it possible to develop measurement indices for testing the postulate that parents act as mediators between the grandparent and grandchild generations in socializing both into their respective roles and thereby influencing the nature of their relationship.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The influence of father absence on the self-esteem and self-reported sexual activity of rural southern adolescents.

The absence of the father in the resident home is an increasing trend in the United States, and the belief that the absence of fathers is lined with a variety of social pathologies is gaining national momentum. This study explored the relationship of father absence on self-esteem and self-reported sexual activity among rural southern adolescents. A sample of 1,409 adolescents (558 males and 851 females) aged 11 to 18 years was surveyed, and the Miller Self-Esteem Questionnaire (MSQ) was used to measure self-esteem. Analysis revealed that increased sexual activity occurred by adolescents in homes where no father present in the residence. Although a statistical significance was noted in the relationship between father absence and lower self-esteem, the magnitude of the difference was not large. Further, no relationship between self-esteem and sexual activity was noted. Seemingly, the absence of the father has a potentially detrimental effect on adolescents' lifestyle choices. Consideration of the notion that the phenomena of fathering rather than the mere presence of a father may contribute to differences in adolescent's lifestyle choices should be studied.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Alteration in sex-specific behaviors in male mice lacking the aromatase gene.

Brain aromatase (P450arom) is a key enzyme in estrogen biosynthesis from testicular androgens. This local aromatization in neural tissues is thought to be an important process for sexual differentiation and activation of sexual behavior in male rodents. To determine the functional significance of the aromatase gene in development and activation of sex-specific behavior, we analyzed a series of behavioral profiles in gonadally intact male mice with targeted disruption of exons 1 and 2 of the aromatase gene (ArKO). In most cases, ArKO males were infertile and showed deficits in male sexual behavior including mount, intromission and ejaculation. Noncontact penile erection was not significantly affected by deletion of the aromatase gene. A great reduction of aggressive behavior against male intruders was also observed in ArKO males, while they tended to exhibit aggression toward estrous females during male copulatory tests. Furthermore, 73% of ArKO males showed infanticide toward pups, whereas characteristic parental behavior, but not infanticide, was observed in wild-type males. These results support the brain aromatization hypothesis and indicate that aromatase gene expression is a critical step not only for motivational and consummatory aspects of male sexual behavior, but also for aggressive and parental behaviors in male mice.

Aggression↗
PubMed2004

Beyond abuse: the association among parenting style, abdominal pain, and somatization in IBS patients.

This study assessed the relative strength of the association between abuse, negative parenting style, and somatization in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) patients. Drawing from preclinical stress physiology and abuse research identifying the family social climate as a frequently stronger and independent determinant of long-term health effects than abuse-specific variables, we predicted that negative parenting behaviors would more strongly correlate with somatization than abuse. Subjects were 81 consecutively evaluated patients, who at baseline underwent psychological testing, measuring perceived parental style, abuse history, somatization, and pain. Although abuse correlated with maternal and paternal rejection, abuse was not associated with somatization. Higher levels of rejection and/or hostility among fathers (not mothers) were more strongly correlated with somatization than was abuse. Further, paternal parenting behaviors were more predictive of somatization than abuse, age, and gender. The lack of an association between abuse and somatization is discussed in light of limitations of biopsychosocial IBS models, whose strong focus on "pathological stressors" (e.g., abuse, trauma) as risk factors may overlook the importance of "less extreme" parenting variables in influencing somatic complaints. The relationship between parenting and somatization is discussed in the context of broader behavioral science research linking disruptions in the quality of parenting to dramatic and long-term changes in patterns of stress reactivity and brain abnormalities seen in IBS patients.

Abdominal Pain↗
PubMed1997

N-methyl-DL-aspartic acid lesions of the medial preoptic area disrupt ongoing parental behavior in male rats.

The effects of axon-sparing, neurotoxic lesions of the medial preoptic area (MPOA) with N-methyl-DL-aspartic acid (NMA) on previously established parental behavior in male rats were investigated. Adult, sexually-inexperienced male rats were gonadectomized and seven days later implanted sc with a single estradiol (E2)-filled Silastic capsule on treatment Day 1. Three progesterone (P4) capsules were implanted sc on treatment Day 3 and removed on Day 21, one day prior to the start of behavioral testing. Males were tested daily with foster pups in order to induce parental behavior, i.e., contacting the test pups, pup retrieval, grouping, and crouching over three foster pups. Full parental behavior appeared in these males after an average of 3 days. After testing on the third consecutive day of parental behavior, parental males were infused bilaterally with either NMA or vehicle into the MPOA. NMA infusions resulted in a significant decline in all components of parental behavior by the next test session, a deficit which persisted throughout the 5 days of post-infusion testing. In contrast, parental care continued to be displayed in animals given vehicle infusions. These findings demonstrate that the cells in the MPOA play an important role in regulating ongoing parental care in male rats and indicate that the neural substrates controlling parental behavior in male and female rats are similar.

Animals↗