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At least 613 records · Page 34Linked to original sources
PubMed2001

Headache and associations with lifestyle among pupils in senior level elementary school.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence of headache and its association with lifestyle among schoolchildren and to test an intervention programme. DESIGN: A cross-sectional survey of all pupils in the school who were asked to complete a questionnaire about headache and lifestyle factors. SETTING: School health care at an elementary school in Sweden. SUBJECTS: All 344 pupils aged 13-16 years, 170 girls and 174 boys, at senior level answered the questionnaire and were included in the study. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Headache occurring at least once a week. RESULTS: Twenty-two percent had headache at least once a week. The problem was more common among girls than among boys; OR 1.6 (95%CI 1.3-2.1). In girls, headache was associated with smoking; OR 6.6 (CI 1.2-35.5), going to bed later than 11 p.m.; OR 4.4 (CI 1.1-18.0), headache in parents; OR 2.0 (CI 1.0-4.2), and few sports activities; OR 3.0 (CI 1.2-7.5). The only corresponding association in boys was with smoking; OR 12.0 (CI 1.5-101). Headache improved in pupils participating in the programme. CONCLUSIONS: Headache is a common health problem in schoolchildren of both sexes at senior level and shows strong associations with lifestyle factors in girls. Intervention seems to be efficient.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Sugar intake and weight and height of pupils of 16 years in South Africa ethnic groups.

In South African ethnic groups--Blacks. Indians, European-African-Malay, and whites--measurements were made on a total of 2037 pupils, aged 16 yr, of sugar intake, weight, and height. In the various subgroups there was no clear-cut trend for high sugar-consuming pupils (upper thirds), compared with low sugar-consuming pupils (lower thirds), to have greater mean weights and heights. presumably, high consumers of sugar eat less of nonsugar foods, and vice versa. In approximate gradings for habitual physical activity, a slight trend was apparent for those in upper thirds to have higher mean sugar intakes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Knowledge of AIDS among secondary school pupils in Bagamoyo and Dar-Es-Salaam, Tanzania.

We assessed knowledge of AIDS among pupils in selected schools in Tanzania in August 1989. Four hundred and eight-one pupils from four randomly selected secondary schools, two from Dar-Es-Salaam (a city) and two from Bagamoyo (a semi-rural town), were interviewed using a structured questionnaire. Of these, 476 (99.0%) had heard of AIDS, and 447 (92.9%) were able to mention spontaneously at least one sexually transmitted disease (STD), of whom 374 (83.7%) mentioned AIDS. Knowledge was found to increase with age and tended to be higher among women in Dar-Es-Salaam than in Bagamoyo. These data suggest that communication channels directed at women in rural areas should be strengthened. While knowledge of sexual transmission of HIV was generally high, and prevalence of reported misconceptions about modes of transmission was very low, knowledge of non-sexual means of transmission (transfusions, injections, vertical) was lacking. Although 80% of pupils mentioned reduction of number of sexual partners as a means of AIDS prevention, only 22% mentioned condom use, and less than 5% reported that they had ever used a condom. Future research should concentrate on means of promoting sexual behavior change, the ultimate aim of any AIDS prevention strategy.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1988

Prospects and challenges of educating deaf pupils in Nigeria: teachers' perceptions.

Structured interviews with 40 teachers of deaf primary school pupils and a matched control group of 40 other teachers examined their respective perceptions of the problems and prospects of educating deaf pupils in Nigeria. The greatest challenge identified by the teachers was society's weak acceptance of the legitimacy of deaf education and the greatest prospect was the high achievement motivation of deaf pupils.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Do trauma patients with a Glasgow Coma Scale score of 3 and bilateral fixed and dilated pupils have any chance of survival?

BACKGROUND: Low Glasgow Coma Scale score (GCS) and pupillary status predict poor outcomes in head injury (HI) patients. We compared the mortality of GCS 3 patients having bilateral fixed and dilated pupils (BFDP) with GCS 3 patients having reactive pupils (RP). We then determined if trauma system or patient factors were responsible for the difference in mortality. METHODS: We reviewed all adult, blunt HI patients with GCS=3, admitted to our institution from January 1, 2001 to December 31, 2003. Demographics, injury data, prehospital times, procedures, and outcomes were recorded. RESULTS: During this period, 245 patients were admitted with GCS of 3, and met inclusion criteria. In all, 173 patients were analyzed, after excluding 23 patients who were dead-on-arrival, and 45 others, who were intoxicated with alcohol, or received paralytic agents in the trauma room. All BFDP patients died, whereas 42.0% of reactive pupil (RP) patients died (p < 0.0001). With regards to patient factors, BFDP patients were more likely to be unstable, have extra-axial bleeding, and evidence of midline shift and/or herniation. Trauma system factors, however, may also have had an impact on outcome. Despite having more extra-axial bleeding, BFDP patients were less likely to have a neurosurgical operation than RP patients. CONCLUSION: Patients with GCS of 3 and BFDP have a dismal prognosis. These patients have suffered devastating brain injuries and tend to be hemodynamically unstable. Clinicians, however, are less likely to aggressively treat BFDP patients than RP patients. Further prospective studies are required to determine which patients with GCS of 3 and BFDP are likely to benefit from aggressive treatment.

Abbreviated Injury Scale↗
PubMed1987

Factors associated with student and pupil nurse wastage.

The records of student and pupil nurses who discontinued nurse training within the North Staffordshire Health Authority between the beginning of 1981 and the end of November 1986 were examined. The reasons for leaving were classified according to comments made by the learners themselves as well as impressions of tutorial staff. Nine categories for leaving were formed for students and pupils. Stress and unsuitability for nursing were significant factors in student wastage while stress was of high significance in relation to pupil wastage.

Education, Nursing↗
PubMed1976

Record in grade school of pupils with epilepsy: an epidemiological study.

In the area of Cesena, Italy, the prevalence of epilepsy was about 3/1,000 among the 13,000 children of school age, 6-14 years. Only half the epileptic pupils had a normal scholastic record. One-third were in special classes, nearly all because of mental retardation due either to birth injury or to damage in infancy. The others (17%) were behind by one or more classes, mainly because of a depressive reaction owing (in half of the intelligent epileptics) mainly to classmates' fear of seizures and to the hostility of classmates' parents after the pupil had a grand mal seizure in school. Teachers had usually not learned how to manage either seizures in the classroom or the problems of pupils with epilepsy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Drug use and anticipated parental reaction among rural school pupils in Zimbabwe.

Study participants included 285 secondary school pupils in Zimbabwe who responded to a questionnaire assessing alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana use, and anticipated parental reaction to the pupil's drug-taking behavior. Results showed nearly 17% of the sample had used alcohol, 8% used tobacco, and 5% had used marijuana during the past seven days prior to questionnaire administration. Results regarding intentions to use alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana in the future show pupils' interest highest in using alcohol. Nearly 34% indicated intentions to use alcohol during the next year, while 16% reported intentions to use tobacco, and 12.9% indicated intentions to use marijuana. Nearly 17% reported they felt their parents would be favorable to their use of alcohol. Anticipated parental approval for tobacco and marijuana was 13.6% and 10.8%, respectively. Though current use and future intentions among the sample are not as high compared to similar populations in developed countries, this study suggests Zimbabwe should consider expanding its drug education effort in the school setting. Research to identify effective educational strategies to curb further increases in adolescent drug taking behavior also needs to be explored and identified.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Pupils' perceptions of school and teachers. II--Relationships with motivation and approaches to learning.

The previous article has described the development of scales designed to measure pupils' perceptions of school and teachers. Previous comparative studies have shown interesting differences in motivation and approaches to learning between Britain and Hungary, which were considered to reflect different methods of teaching. This article explores the relationships between a set of inventory scores describing perceptions of school and teachers and another set indicating school motivation and approaches to learning. The complete inventory was given to samples of 516 12-15 year-old pupils in five British schools and a comparable sample of 602 pupils in Hungary. The factor structure of the combined inventory was investigated, together with correlational analyses at scale and item level which suggested that relationships did exist between perceptions of school and teachers, levels of school motivation, and approaches to learning.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Perceptions and experiences of bullying in younger pupils.

A pictorial questionnaire was devised to explore definitions and experiences of bullying with Year 2 pupils (6-7 years). The questionnaire was given individually to 60 pupils from two schools, balanced by sex. Various indicators suggested that the children responded reasonably consistently to the questions; they had an understanding of what bullying meant, irrespective of questionnaire format, which included indirect as well as direct forms; and they had some understanding of the time frame of reference. The reports of being bullied were quite frequent, consistent with an extrapolation from the age trend reported by Whitney & Smith (1993), to younger pupils. However, despite evidence for general consistency in responses, many children extended their definition of bullying to include fighting behaviour and aggressive behaviour, which was not necessarily repeated, or qualified in other ways. The implications of this for possible age changes in definitions of bullying, and hence for interpretations of the apparent decline in experiences of bullying with age, are considered.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1997

Pupils' self assessments of academic attainment at 7, 11 and 16 years: effects of sex and ethnic group.

BACKGROUND: There is much concern with group differences in educational attainment in school. Better understanding of pupils' academic ability perceptions promises to help understanding of differences in attainment. AIMS: The aim of this paper is to examine ethnic and sex differences in academic self assessments at 7, 11 and 16 years, and ethnic and sex differences in the degree of under and overestimation of self assessment. SAMPLES: Results come from a longitudinal study of white and black UK pupils in inner London schools. Samples sizes at 7, 11 and 16 years were 133, 175, 108 respectively. METHODS: Self assessments, other self report data and attainments were collected at each age. RESULTS: White pupils by the end of junior and secondary school were less positive about their own attainments, and about themselves at school. While black girls showed confidence in their attainments, and had the highest attainments in reading/English, white girls tended to underestimate and have little confidence in their school attainments.

Achievement↗
PubMed1975

Linear and non-linear performance of transducer and pupil in Calliphora retinula cells.

1. Intracellular recordings have been made from the blowfly (Calliphora erythrocephala) retinula cell; apart from the transducer mechanism, these cells also feature a pupil mechanism. 2. At several mean intensity levels, within the apparently linear range of response, frequency characteristics of amplitude and phase and responses to 'delta'-flashes and 'delta'-flash pairs have been obtained. 3. Fourier methods have shown these responses to be mutually compatible, confirming linearity in these circumstances. 4. Non-linear behaviour can be made to appear at the lower frequencies when the modulation depth is increased. 5. Non-linearities can also appear through application of the superposition test: a low frequency sine wave, modulated so as to elicit an apparently linear response, and a high frequence sine wave which does not give rise to non-linearity even at the highest modulation depths can, when superimposed, yield a greater response to the latter when situated at the minima of the former than at its maxima. 6. At frequencies above approximately 1 Hz these superposition non-linearities are attributed to the transducer mechanism gain control. Below this frequency the pupil mechanism takes part considerably in the retinula cell's total observed gain control: its characteristics remain yet to be cleared up. 7. The transducer's linear and non-linear properties fit in closely with those of the Fuortes-Hodgkin model which couples increases in gain and time constants. 8. The Fuortes-Hodgkin model will probably require some quantitative modifications in the originally treated case of Limulus, on account of its pupil. 9. Finally, the merits of Veringa's diffusion model, and the possibility of eventually joining this model with the Fuortes-Hodgkin one are pointed out briefly.

Adaptation, Ocular↗
PubMed2004

Survey of administration of medicines to pupils in primary schools within the London area.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the policy, administration, and supervision of medicine administration in primary schools within the Greater London area (GLA). DESIGN: A prospective survey using postal questionnaires sent to 172 randomly selected primary schools within the GLA. PARTICIPANTS: Head teachers of primary schools. RESULTS: Some 65% of head teachers replied. Less than 50% of responding head teachers had actually read the national guidelines Supporting Pupils with Medical Needs and only 30% of respondents were aware of other members of staff who had read the document. A total of 95% of respondents followed a policy/procedure in caring for the medical needs of pupils. Over 80% of respondents had staff handling the pupils' medical needs, staff handling access to stored medicines, and prior arrangements for staff training. However, it is worrying that a quarter of the schools did not keep a written record of medicines given to children in schools. The majority of staff with responsibility for medicine administration in schools are support staff. The most encouraging findings were that for the majority of schools with children using the EpiPen and rectal diazepam, there were trained staff to administer these medicines. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of schools had a policy in place to deal with medicine administration, although further work should be conducted to analyse the content of such policies. It is very important that training is directed at staff responsible for medicine administration and not just at teachers. Most schools were willing to administer rectal diazepam and EpiPen treatment in an emergency.

Child↗
PubMed1984

Tonic pupil with giant cell arteritis.

A patient with giant cell arteritis and ischaemic optic neuropathy developed bilateral tonic pupils. This pupillary abnormality may result from ischaemia of the ciliary ganglia. Despite the propensity for patients with giant cell arteritis to develop vascular occlusions in the eye and orbit, tonic pupils have rarely been described, and several reasons for this are proposed. The arteries supplying the ciliary ganglia are frequently involved in giant cell arteritis, but their anastomotic pattern may confer protection from ischaemia. Tonic pupils may also be overlooked amidst the more dramatic manifestations of giant cell arteritis.

Adie Syndrome↗
PubMed1989

Neuropsychological consequences of volatile substance abuse: a population based study of secondary school pupils.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the effects of volatile substance abuse on neuropsychological functioning. DESIGN: A sample of index children and matched controls were identified by a two stage procedure. Firstly, over 5000 secondary school pupils completed a screening questionnaire, and, secondly, a sample of those who acknowledged volatile substance abuse and a matched sample of those who denied the practice were assessed in detail by means of (a) individually conducted interviews and (b) toxicological examination of breath samples (to exclude those intoxicated at the time of testing). SETTING: 16 Local education authority secondary schools in London. SUBJECTS: 160 Pupils aged 13-16: 80 index children who had abused volatile substances to the point of intoxication at least once (confirmed by interview) and 80 controls (confirmed by interview) matched for school year, sex, and ethnic background. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Neuropsychological functioning tests provided 35 main outcome measures and were administered blind. Data on educational test performance before substance abuse began were obtained retrospectively. Information on potentially confounding social factors, such as number of siblings, tenure of housing, and parents' socioeconomic and employment state was also obtained. The index children performed significantly less well than the controls in tests of vocabulary, verbal intelligence quotient, full scale intelligence quotient, and a measure of impulsivity. When background social disadvantage was taken into account these differences were no longer significant. There were no significant associations between performance on psychological testing and frequency of abuse, and relations with other aspects of the children's history of abuse were generally weak or unsystematic. Comparisons between the results of these tests and of educational tests taken before substance abuse produced equivocal findings. CONCLUSION: Volatile substance abuse, as commonly practised by secondary school pupils, is unlikely to result in neuropsychological impairment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Health effects of attending a public swimming pool: follow up of a cohort of pupils in Paris.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to determine the health effects of attending a well-kept school swimming pool maintained according to French public health regulations. METHODS: This prospective month long study was carried out on a randomised sample of pupils aged 5 to 18 years who attended a private French school with two swimming pools. The children surveyed, helped by their parents, had to fill in questionnaires about their bathing habits and symptoms during the survey period. Inspections of the pool complex were made and these included physicochemical and bacteriological analyses of the pools' water. PARTICIPATION: The response rates achieved were 70% at primary and middle school levels but only 25% in the high school pupils. Because of this older teenagers were excluded from the final analysis (of 246 children). RESULTS: Compared with non-bathers, bathers experienced fatigue and eye irritation significantly more often (p < 0.001). The eyes were red (38% of bathers) and/or watery (16%) after swimming but this resolved spontaneously within 24 hours. Bathing behaviour (bath duration, head immersion, wearing swimming goggles) did not affect these incidence rates noticeably. There were no differences between bathers and non-bathers with regard to other symptoms, especially otolaryngological ones. This survey does not allow definite conclusions to be made about verrucas because 22% of non-bathers were exempted from swimming because of verrucas that they might have caught previously in a pool. CONCLUSIONS: Except for verrucas, the methodology was adequate and daily self reporting of symptoms was feasible. This college largely recruits pupils from higher social classes and is not therefore representative of schools in Paris.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Pupil diameter in migraine and tension headache.

Pupil diameter was measured in darkness and in dull and bright illumination in 39 migrainous patients and in 15 tension headache sufferers during headache. In 21 migrainous patients, measurements were repeated during the headache-free interval. Mean pupil diameter was smaller in patients with common migraine at the time of examination than in 20 nonheadache control subjects, and smaller on the symptomatic side in migrainous patients with unilateral headache. During the headache-free interval mean pupil diameter did not differ from values in non-headache controls. These findings suggest that migraine is associated with a sympathetic pupillary deficit which is greater on the habitually-affected side.

Dominance, Cerebral↗
PubMed1999

Health and cancer prevention: implications of the knowledge and beliefs of 15-16 year old school pupils in South Africa.

The objective was to collect information from African and white pupils aged 15-16 years on their knowledge of and attitudes towards cancer, and their understanding of health-related behaviours in relation to their future experience. Questionnaires were completed by a series of 338 African and 378 white pupils in suburban secondary schools. African and white pupils knew most about lung cancer, and had some knowledge of skin and breast cancers. Smoking was seen by most as the chief cause of the disease. Half of both groups perceived a high intake of vegetables and fruit as protective. Television and printed media were the most important sources of information. The children in both groups were more anxious about unemployment and violence, and also, among African children, about AIDS, than about future ill-health. Thus, health was not perceived by many as the most important goal in life. Discussion indicates that white adolescents and also white adults, with more advanced understanding of cancer causation, make very limited use of their knowledge, dietary and non-dietary, to avoid the disease. In brief, level of cancer knowledge has very limited implications. Although young Africans in the course of their transition are very unlikely to seek to diminish their risk of cancer, there must be no lessening of urgent warnings and advice through the media on the avoidance of the disease.

Black or African American↗