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PubMed1977

Biomedical survey in North Samar Province, Philippine Islands.

A biomedical survey was carried out in North Samar Province, Philipines to update information on the prevalence of parasitic and other infectious diseases. A total of 1,394 stool specimens, 1,859 blood smears and 1,274 sera were collected from persons living in 8 barrios. Stools were examined for intestinal parasites, bloods smears for malaria and filariasis and sera tested for antibodies to Schistosoma japonicum, Entamoeba histolytica, Toxoplasma gondii, influenza A and B, and Japanese encephalitis virus. The prevalence rates for intestinal parasites were: Trichuris trichiura 90%, Ascaris lumbricoides 78%, hookworm 65%, Schistosoma japonicum 15%, Strongyloides stercoralis 1%, Entamoeba coli 16%, Endolimax nana 6%, entamoeba histolytica 5%, Giardia lamblia 3%, Entaemoeba hartmanii 1%, Chilomastix mesnili 1%. No malaria was found but microfilariae of Wuchereria bancrofti were detected in 4% of the blood smears; the MfD50 was 12.9. The circumoval precipitin test (COPT) was used to detect antibodies to Schistosoma japonicum and 65% of 994 sera was considered positive. The indirect hemagglutination test (IHA) was used for detecting antibodies to Entamoeba histolytica and Toxoplasma gondii and 5% and 3% of 1,274 sera tested were positive at titers equal to or greater than 1:128 and 1:256, respectively. Hemagglutination inhibition tests (HI) were used to detect antibodies to Influenza A2HK68, Influenza A2HK68, Influenza B2T62 and Japanese encephalitis virus and 72%, 12% and 78%, respectively, of 1201 sera were considered positive at titers equal to or greater than 1:20.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Collaborative study on antigens for immunodiagnosis of Schistosoma japonicum infection.

Six research laboratories in Australia, Japan, the Philippines and the USA participated in a collaborative evaluation of immunodiagnostic tests for Schistosoma japonicum infections. The serum bank consisted of 385 well-documented sera from Brazil, Kenya, Philippines, Republic of Korea and Europe. Twelve S. japonicum antigen/test system combinations were evaluated.Crude S. japonicum egg antigens showed the highest sensitivity and specificity. The defined or characterized antigens showed no advantage over the crude antigens. Quantitative seroreactivity of all S. japonicum antigens showed a positive correlation with faecal egg counts (log x + 1) in all age groups. The performance of the circumoval precipitin test was satisfactory within the same laboratory but with differences in the results between laboratories. A monoclonal antibody used in a competitive radioimmunoassay test system performed as well as the crude egg antigens.The high sensitivity of crude S. japonicum antigens now permits further evaluation for wide-scale use in public health laboratories of endemic areas to support control efforts.

Antigens, Helminth↗
PubMed1994

Physiological characteristics, antimicrobial susceptibility and serotypes of Pasteurella anatipestifer isolated from ducks in Thailand.

Twenty isolates of Pasteurella (Moraxella) anatipestifer from ducks with serositis and septicemia in Thailand between 1988 and 1989 were characterized by various tests. Eighteen isolates fermented glucose and maltose, 3 fructose and 1 each mannose, arabinose, trehalose or sorbitol. All isolates produced gelatinase but not urease, while 2, 3, 5 and 6 produced indole, were CAMP positive, and were proteolytic for milk and coagulated serum respectively. Seven enzymes, phosphatase alkaline, esterase (C4), esterase lipase (C8), leucine arylamidase, valine arylamidase, phosphatase acid and phosphoamidase were detected from all the isolates. The isolates were highly susceptible to ampicillin, erythromycin, penicillin G and tylosin. Gel-diffusion precipitin tests demonstrated that serotype 1 was most prevalent (60%) and serotype 6 followed (5%). Seven isolates (35%) were untypable. These results indicated that P. anatipestifer of serotype 1 played an important role in recent outbreaks of the disease in Thailand.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Farmer's lung in Devon.

Farmer's lung is a cause of disability to agricultural workers in Devon and there is no evidence that the incidence is falling. A survey of known cases was made to assess the degree of disability in relation to the clinical history, the presence of farmer's lung precipitins, tests of lung function, and radiographic changes. Information was obtained about 200 patients diagnosed between 1939 and 1971. A survey of 148 of these patients showed that the disease was most commonly diagnosed in men aged 40 to 50 years and the most important symptom at diagnosis was dyspnoea related to occupational exposure to hay or grain. The onset was often insidious and only 67 patients (45%) were diagnosed during the first year of the disorder. Disability was severe in about one-third of the cases. The degree of disability did not seem to be related to the serological changes recorded either at diagnosis or at the time of our survey. Disability was commonly associated with restriction and reduced gas transfer factor and with airways obstruction in more severe cases. Many individuals reporting significant disability had only slightly abnormal ventilatory function tests at rest. Radiographic changes were found at survey in about one-third of the subjects reporting disability. Many farmers had not used an efficient mask. Treatment is unsatisfactory but steroid therapy is effective in acute episodes.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Bluetongue and related viruses in New South Wales: isolations from, and serological tests on samples from sentinel cattle.

Sentinel cattle at a number of localities in northern and central coastal New South Wales were sampled over the summer and autumn seasons of the years 1979, 1980 and 1981. A total of 118 orbiviruses were isolated; 99 were of the Palyam group, 15 were of the epizootic haemorrhagic disease (EHD) of deer group, and 4 of the bluetongue group. The Palyam group viruses were identified by serotype as 68 Bunyip Creek, 23 CSIRO Village, 7 D'Aguilar and one was not typed. The EHD viruses were identified as 13 type 5 and 2 type 6. All 4 bluetongue viruses were type 21. There was also convincing serological evidence that bluetongue type 1 infection occurred in 1980. Antibody to the bluetongue group, as demonstrated in a gel diffusion precipitin test, was often transient. It appeared to be mostly cross-reactive with, and induced by, other orbivirus infections, particularly those of the EHD group. Viruses of the Palyam group also seemed to be implicated in some circumstances. Where infections by viruses of the bluetongue group were demonstrated, the precipitating antibody responses to a bluetongue group antigen were not noticeably stronger than many which followed EHD virus infection. The results generally confirm previous conclusions, deduced from serological surveys, regarding the frequency of orbivirus infections, the presence of bluetongue viruses, and the transient nature of many bluetongue group antibody reactions.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Three serologic tests for candidiasis. Diagnostic value in distinguishing deep or disseminated infection from superficial infection or colonization.

One hundred fifty-one sera from 100 hospitalized patients with positive cultures for yeasts were assayed using whole-cell agglutination (Aggl.), agar gel diffusion (AGD), and counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CEP) to determine the relative diagnostic values of three serologic tests for anti-Candida antibodies. Serial samples were obtained from 29 patients. Tests were read blindly; correlations of the three test results with culture results and clinical findings were determined only after all data had been accumulated. Thirty-five of 100 patients had Aggl. titers of 1:160 or greater, although 13/35 had no evidence of deep or disseminated disease. Twenty-four of 100 patients had clinical or autopsy evidence of deep or disseminated candidiasis; 22/24 had Aggl. titers of 1:160 or greater. Twenty of the 24 patients were CEP-positive, whereas 18/24 were AGD-positive. In five patients CEP became positive earlier (10--21 days) than AGD. Three patients had false-positive precipitin tests, two by both CEP and AGD and the third by CEP only. In this population, a positive CEP and a positive AGD test showed good correlation with deep or disseminated candidiasis, whereas a negatvie Aggl. test showed the best correlation for excluding deep or systemic candidiasis.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1980

Physiological and serological characteristics of 48 Pasteurella multocida cultures from rabbits.

Forty-eight Pasteurella multocida cultures collected from rabbits over a 56-year period were examined to determine their physiological characteristics and to determine their serological types in the gel diffusion precipitin test. Generally, the physiological characteristics from 30 tests were typical for P. multocida. There were a few atypical variations in the fermentation of lactose and maltose and variations in trehalose, dulcitol, xylose, sorbitol, and glycerol. Seven cultures did not produce indole, and four cultures did not produce detectable amounts of hydrogaen sulfide. In obliquely transmitted light, 26 cultures formed large, slightly iridescent, mucoid colonies, 17 cultures had iridescent colonies, and 5 cultures had blue colonies. Heat-stable antigens from the 48 cultures reacted with antisera prepared from P. multocida type cultures presenting serotypes 1, 3, 4, 12, and 15. Antigens from 15 cultures reacted slightly with antisera from more than one serotype. Overall, gel precipitin reactions involving serotype 3 (25%) and serotype 12 (66.7%) were the most prevalent.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Characterization of a new serotype of Marek's disease herpesvirus.

The HPRS-24 strain of Marek's disease herpesvirus was selected for closer study from a group of virus isolates that appeared apathogenic under standard test conditons. Protection studies revealed an immunological relationship between this virus strain and acute Marek's disease herpesvirus. In chicken kidney cell cultures, the HPRS-24 strain caused small and slowly developing plaques, and the proportion of infected cells was less than with other strains. In chicken embryo fibroblast cultures, this virus multiplied rapidly, yielding a comparatively high proportion of infected cells. Electron microscopic studies revealed that infected fibroblasts contained more enveloped virus particles than those infected with other strains of Marek's disease herpesvirus. Infectious cell-free virus was extracted from cultured fibroblasts with titres high enough for use in neutralization studies. Cross-neutralization, immunofluorescence and precipitin tests served for serological comparison of the HPRS-24 strain with turkey herpesvirus and representatives of acute and classical Marek's disease herpesvirus. Antibody titres were 4-10 times higher against the homologous than against the heterologous virus strains. Qualitative differences between precipitating "A" antigens were characterized by spur line patterns of precipitation bands. These results suggest that the group of Marek's disease and turkey herpesviruses consists of at least three serological types. One of them is represented by the HPRS-24 strain of apathogenic Marek's disease virus. The other two types comprise pathogenic strains of Marek's disease virus and their attenuated variants, and turkey herpesvirus.

Animals↗
PubMed1972

Precipitins to dietary proteins in serum and upper intestinal secretions of coeliac children.

We have used precipitin tests to detect antibodies to 10 dietary proteins in the serum (71 cases) and intestinal secretions (51 cases) of a group of children. Thirty-three of the patients had untreated coeliac disease. Our aims were to find out if, in coeliac patients, there was intestinal secretion of antibodies to wheat proteins only or if, as in coeliac serum, antibodies to many food proteins were present; and to confirm that secretion of antibodies to wheat or gluten was specific for coeliac disease.Precipitins to one or more dietary antigens were detected in the intestinal secretions of 26 out of 30 coeliacs and of 11 out of 21 children who did not have coeliac disease. Most of the positive reactions were with the antigens wheat flour, gluten, oatmeal, and egg. Though precipitins to wheat flour or gluten were present in the intestinal secretions of 22 out of 30 coeliacs this was not specific for coeliac disease for these precipitins were also present in 8 out of 21 non-coeliac children.Serum precipitins were detected in 27 out of 33 coeliacs (to the antigens wheat flour, gluten, oatmeal, rice flour, milk, bovine calf serum, sheep serum, and egg) and in 5 out of 33 non-coeliacs (mainly to milk and calf serum, but two infants aged 3 and 5 months had precipitins to several antigens).

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Arbovirus investigations in Argentina, 1977-1980. II. Arthropod collections and virus isolations from Argentine mosquitoes.

Prospective surveys for arboviruses were carried out in Santa Fe, Corrientes, and Chaco provinces, Argentina, aperiodically during 1977-1980. A total of 313,233 mosquitoes and 598 biting flies other than mosquitoes were collected and tested for virus in 5,197 and 45 pools, respectively. Forty virus strains were isolated, all from mosquitoes, as follows: Santa Fe Province: 4 Gamboa group viruses from Aedeomyia squamipennis, 1 strain each of St. Louis encephalitis virus from Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus and Culex (Culex) spp.; Corrientes Province: a single strain of a newly discovered Anopheles A serogroup virus, Las Maloyas, from Anopheles albitarsis; and Chaco Province: 4 Gamboa group viruses from Ad. squamipennis, 6 strains of new Bunyaviridae (1 Antequera, 1 Barranqueras, and 4 Resistencia) from Culex (Melanoconion) delpontei, 3 strains of a new subtype of western equine encephalitis virus and 1 strain of Para virus from the Cx. (Mel.) ocossa group, 12 strains of a newly discovered subtype (VI) of the Venezuelan equine encephalitis complex from Cx. (Mel.) delpontei, and 1 strain each from Ad. squamipennis, Aedes scapularis, Ae. spp., Cx. (Cux.) spp., Cx. (Mel.) ocossa group, Mansonia spp., and Psorophora spp. Bloodmeals from 265 engorged mosquitoes were identified by precipitin test. These data, coupled with data on engorgement rates for 25,995 mosquitoes from bait collections, provide information on the host feeding patterns of several mosquito species. This information is discussed, along with data on relative abundance of mosquito species, within the context of the vector relationships of the species from which viruses were isolated. The association of Cx. (Mel.) delpontei with 18 strains of 4 different viruses in Chaco Province, plus its catholic feeding habits, clearly indicate for the first time the importance of this species as an arbovirus vector.

Aedes↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Efficacy of three live vaccines against highly virulent infectious bursal disease virus in chickens with or without maternal antibodies.

Since 1990, highly virulent infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), which induces high mortality, has been infecting even vaccinated flocks in Japan. We report the efficacy of three live vaccines that are available in Japan. Two mildly attenuated strains (A and B) and one intermediate strain (C) were each tested both in specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens and in commercial chickens that have maternal antibodies against IBDV. Chickens were vaccinated at 20 days old and challenged with highly virulent IBDV 10 days post-vaccination. Protection was determined 7 days after challenge by measuring bursa/body weight ratios, histopathological lesions, and antibody responses to IBDV. All three lie vaccines conferred protection to SPF chickens. However, only vaccine C protected 100% of vaccinated commercial chickens against highly virulent IBDV; Vaccines A and B respectively protected three-fourths and none of vaccinated commercial chickens from severe bursal lesions. Vaccines A, B, and C and highly virulent IBDV induced bursal lesions in 3%, 0%, 23%, and 61% of inoculated commercial chickens, respectively. These results suggest that serological determination of the optimum vaccination time for each flock is required to effectively control highly virulent IBDV in the field. The optimum vaccination timing could be approximated by titrating the maternal IBDV antibodies of 1-day-old chicks by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay or by an agar gel precipitin test.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Rapid identification of group A, B, C and G beta-haemolytic Streptococci by a modification of the co-agglutination technique. Comparison of results obtained by co-agglutination, fluorescent antibody test, counterimmunoelectrophoresis, and precipitin technique.

A rapid modification of the co-agglutination (COA) technique for grouping A, B, C and G beta-haemolytic streptococci was developed. The results are obtained within three hours after inoculation from primary plates of 0.5 ml broth. This method was compared to the fluorescent antibody test (FA) and counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE), two other rapid methods available for serological grouping of streptococci. Of 71 recently isolated streptococcal strains from clinical sources, 70 were correctly grouped in COA, 63 in FA and 68 in CIE. With commercial reagents COA compared favourably in accuracy to the other methods and can be recommended for routine serological grouping of beta-haemolytic streptococci in the clinical laboratory.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1987

Prevalence of serum precipitins against microbes in mouldy hay, and of chronic bronchitis and farmer's lung with respect to farmers' occupational health hazards.

During the farmers' occupational health study 1979-82, the work conditions of 3,358 randomly selected farmers were investigated with respect to occurrence of work-related health hazards. The farmers also underwent a health examination in their local health centre, and precipitating antibodies against four microbes present in mouldy hay were analyzed. Results of the precipitin tests and the symptoms of chronic bronchitis and farmer's lung were analyzed with respect to the occurrence of work-related exposures to biological agents and dust in farming. The prevalence of antibodies against Aspergillus umbrosus was largest (6.9%) among farmers with biological health hazards. The occurrence of antibodies against any of the four microbes was associated more with work-related biological agents than with dust exposures. Chronic bronchitis and farmer's lung were also more common among farmers with exposures to biological agents and dust than among those without such exposures. The work conditions were investigated independently of the results of the health examinations. Occurrence of chronic bronchitis and farmer's lung are associated with the work-related health hazards in farming. For proper delivery of occupational health services methods of investigating work-related health hazards need to be improved.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗
PubMed1997

In vitro neutralization of hepatitis B virus by monoclonal antibodies against the viral surface antigen.

In vitro HBV infection and neutralization were assayed using an anti-preS1 murine monoclonal antibody (1B3) and anti-preS2 (H69K) and anti-S (CS131A) murine-human chimeric antibodies. The 1B3 (IgG1) and H69K (IgG1) was constructed previously and the CS131A was constructed for this study by expressing stably the chimeric heavy and light chains in Chinese hamster ovary cells and purifying from the culture supernatant. Previous study showed that the H69K and CS131A recognize known virus-neutralizing epitopes, while the 1B3 does not. For the assays, adult human hepatocyte primary culture was infected with the adr or ayw subtype of HBV, and the infectivity and subsequent replication was confirmed both by measuring the kinetics of HB-sAg secretion by the infected cells and detecting the intermediate replicative form of HBV DNA in the cells. Next, the hepatocytes were infected with the adr or ayw subtype of the virus that had been preincubated with various concentrations of each of the antibodies and the neutralization of HBV was analyzed. The results showed that the anti-preS2 and anti-S chimeric antibodies exhibited neutralizing activity against both the adr and ayw subtypes of the virus, with approximately 1,000 and 2,000 times higher specific activity than polyclonal hepatitis B immune globulin, respectively, but the anti-preS1 antibody scarcely neutralized the infection. The neutralizing activities of the antibodies were consistent with their epitope specificity and antigenbinding affinity, suggesting that this neutralization assay is specific. The in vitro neutralization assay will be useful for evaluating the neutralizing activity of anti-HBV antibodies before in vivo testing in chimpanzees.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Precipitin and mitogenic behavior of dimeric and tetrameric concanavalin A.

The results of double diffusion and quantitative precipitin tests show that in contrast to the concanavalin A tetramer, the dimer is incapable of precipitating glycogen. The results support previous work suggesting that dimers composed of two fragmented monomer units possess only one binding site for carbohydrate (McKenzie and Sawyer, J. Biol. Chem. 1973. 248: 549). On the other hand, dimer and tetramer species had similar mitogenic activity as measured by the incorporation of radioactive thymidine by mouse spleen lymphocytes and induced cap formation to similar degrees. Results are discussed in terms of the affinity and valency of the polymeric forms and their stability at the cell surface.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Methods to detect antifibrillarin antibodies in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc): a comparison.

Autoantibodies against nucleolar antigens are common in systemic sclerosis (SSc). They include autoantibodies against fibrillarin (Fb), which are serological markers for SSc. Fb is associated with the evolutionally-conserved box C/D of small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs). We compared indirect immunofluorescence (IIF), Western blot (WB), and immunoprecipitation (IPP) of total small RNAs assays to determine which of these techniques is most specific for the detection of snoRNPs. We also examined the frequency and specificity of autoantibodies from SSc patients to snoRNAs, snRNAs, and scRNAs, and concluded that 1) IIF can not determine autoantibody specificity against Fb, 2) 36% of SSc sera were false-negative by WB, and 3) by IPP, anti-Fb autoantibodies from SSc patients can bind U3, U8, U13, U15, and U22 snoRNAs.

Antibody Specificity↗
PubMed1989

Neutralizing activity of antibodies against the major herpes simplex virus type 1 glycoproteins.

The specificity and neutralizing activity of antibodies against the major herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) glycoproteins were tested in serum samples of patients with a history of HSV-1 infection. By preabsorption of sera to preparations of native and denatured HSV-1 proteins, followed by immunoblotting and microneutralization, it was shown that the majority of neutralizing antibodies are directed against denaturation-sensitive epitopes. Furthermore, preabsorption of sera to proteins of viral ts and deletion mutants revealed that antibodies specific for gB, gC, and gE had a low neutralizing activity. These results suggest a major role of anti-gD in neutralization of viral infectivity. In addition, it was shown that antibodies directed against the gB monomer were distinct from antibodies against the gB homodimers. The latter, however, did not reveal any measurable neutralizing activity.

Animals↗