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PubMed2002

Infrequent occurrence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in poultry from Malaysian wet markets.

Fifty samples of chicken, duck and geese faeces were obtained from 13 wet markets in Kuala Lumpur to study the prevalence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) among local market poultry. Biotyping of colonies grown on azide agar incubated at 45 degrees C yielded E. pseudoavium, E. faecalis, E. faecium and E. gallinarum from chicken faeces and E. malodoratus, E. faecalis, E. faecium, E. gallinarum, E. hirae/dispar, and E. durans from goose and duck faeces. On agar containing 6 mg/ l of vancomycin, one strain of E. flavescens was identified, giving a VRE detection rate of 2.0%. This isolate had a vancomycin M.I.C. of 8 mg/l as determined by the Etest, and the van C-3 gene that was identified by PCR followed by sequence analysis. The prevalence of VRE among poultry sold in local markets appears to be low, and may reflect the infrequent use of antimicrobials in our poultry farms. Nevertheless, the possibility of human acquisition of microbes via the food chain cautions against the use of antimicrobials in animal husbandry that may encourage the emergence and spread of multi-drug resistant organisms like the VRE among animal microbial flora.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Residues of tetracycline in poultry meat and eggs due to the use of antibiotics].

Experiments on broiler chicks and laying hens have indicated that increased drug loads (the prolonged oral use of oxytetracycline hydrochloride in a dose of 50 mg/kg or the single administration of its long-acting formulation--nitox in a dose of 200 mg/kg) lead to the accumulation of residues in the poultry flesh, by-products, and eggs even provided that the poultry exposure schedule before slaughtering is kept. The highest levels of the antibiotic are detectable at the site of injection and in the eggs after injection of nitox, a long-acting formulation of tetracycline. The detection of the residues of the antibiotic in the poultry flesh, by-products, and eggs may be associated with the development of cytotoxic effects and with the reduced functional capacities of the organs that are responsible for the detoxification and excretion of medicinal xenobiotics.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Selection of potentially probiotic Lactobacillus strains towards their inhibitory activity against poultry enteropathogenic bacteria.

Lactobacilli were isolated from chicken gastrointestinal tract and examined for their potentially probiotic properties towards their inhibitory activity against poultry enteropathogenic bacteria. Biochemical tests, ITS-PCR and cell wall protein analysis were used to characterize the Lactobacillus isolates. The identification of isolated Lactobacillus strains based on phenotypic properties was not always satisfactory. ITS-PCR together with protein profile were found to be helpful in strain identification. Lactobacilli were tested for the inhibitory activity against selected strains of poultry enteropathogenic bacteria (Salmonella Enteritidis, Escherichia coli and Clostridium perfringens). Examined supernatants from Lactobacillus broth cultures demonstrated major antimicrobial activity against C. perfringens. Lower antimicrobial activity were observed against E. coli and Salmonella Enteritidis. The strongest inhibition effect were obtained using supernatant of Lactobacillus acidophilus strain 3D. Results received from this study confirmed that identification of Lactobacillus spp. is often tedious. Some isolates, which are in vitro antagonistic against enteropathogenic bacteria may be considered as potential candidates for poultry probiotics, especially in controlling necrotic enteritis caused by C. perfringens.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Cardiomyopathy of ruminants induced by the litter of poultry fed on rations containing the ionophore antibiotic, maduramicin. I. Epidemiology, clinical signs and clinical pathology.

The epidemiological, clinical and clinical pathological findings in 20 cattle and 4 sheep from 15 outbreaks of poultry litter toxicity in South Africa over the past 6 years are documented. In 6 outbreaks, the litter emanated from batteries where maduramicin had been incorporated into rations of broilers. According to circumstantial evidence the litter involved in the 9 other outbreaks was also derived from broilers which had been fed on rations containing an ionophore. The litter was fed ad libitum to the affected stock or constituted 30-80% by volume of their rations. The principal sign manifested was sudden mortality of up to 70% of the herd or flock, usually within 20-40 days of commencement of feeding of poultry litter. A few cattle developed signs of congestive heart failure, and stiffness was commonly seen in sheep. In a dosing trial with poultry litter involving 1 steer and 6 sheep, the steer and a sheep died suddenly and a second sheep was destroyed in extremis. Tachycardia and/or cardiac arrythmia were recorded in 5 sheep, and the activity of aspartate transaminase (AST) and/or lactate dehydrogenase (LD) in the sera of 4 was elevated. Since the cardiac lesions in field cases were similar to those of ionophore poisoning and broiler rations containing maduramicin was a common factor in several outbreaks, toxic litter from some of these outbreaks were tested for the presence of this compound. Analysis by high performance liquid chromatography of litter from 2 specimens of outbreaks revealed that they contained 2.5 ppm and 6.1 ppm maduramicin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1991

[Problems of work hygiene and occupational pathology in industrial poultry breeding farms].

The major hazardous factors of the labour conditions in modern poultry farms are presented by dust mixtures including both vegetable and organic substances, biologically active substances and microorganisms, gaseous products, as well as unfavourable microclimate conditions and physical overload. Detailed medical examinations of poultry farmers revealed dependence of respiratory and pulmonary diseases, cardiovascular and nervous disorders on the labour conditions, the major etiologic factor being such allergens as feathers, down, blood serum, poultry excrements, bacteria and fungi.

Air Pollutants, Occupational↗
PubMed1989

[Animal model and multiple trait BLUP applied in poultry genetic evaluation].

Best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) is a powerful method to estimate genetic values of animals, and is widely applied in many animal species but poultry. Beijing White Leghorn nested data in 1986-1987 with 777 individuals were analysed by animal model and multiple trait BLUP. Two traits (40-week egg production and 36-week egg weight) and two fixed effects (house-pen effect and hatching batch effect) were considered. The way to calculate a large set of mixed model equations in micro-computer was studied. Only non-zero elements of the coefficient matrix of MME were stored on a disk. The iteration process was reduced by block iteration. It also simplified the multiple trait BLUP method, the dimension of equations is only 1/q (q is the number of traits) of regular method. So it saved a lot of compute time and cost, and BLUP became applicable in poultry. The significance of using BLUP in poultry are: (1) Eliminating some fixed effects; (2) Reducing the estimation error for unbalanced data; (3) Estimating breeding values of progeny, so we can shorten the generation interval; (4) It can estimate breeding values of individuals without records from the relatives' information; (5) The breeding value of sires and dams can be estimated from their progeny records, used for family selection; (6) Due to genetic and environmental correlation between traits and all relatives information were considered, it can increase the selection accuracy.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Thin-layer chromatography/bioautography method for detection of monensin in poultry tissues.

Monensin is an effective anticoccidial agent widely used in the poultry industry. Because of concerns over its toxicity, a sensitive, reliable, fast, and simple method for residue detection in poultry tissues is desirable from both a diagnostic and a regulatory view. Many methods of detection are excluded due to this ionophore's complex chemical and biological nature. A common method used for its detection is thin-layer chromatography/bioautography (TLC/B), although this is usually only semiquantitative. A new TLC/B method for monensin detection in poultry tissues was developed and is reported here. Recovery from cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle, and liver and kidney tissues is in the range of 93-97%. A detection limit of 250 micrograms/kg with 99% reliability was achieved with this method. Lower limits (to 10 micrograms/kg) were detectable, but with lower reliability (60%). Quantitative analysis is not possible on samples from fatty tissue.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Prevention of poultry-borne salmonellosis by irradiation: costs and benefits in Scotland.

Poultry-borne salmonellosis is the most common foodborne infection in Scotland for which the vehicle can be identified. The cost of the disease to society in terms of health service use, absence from work, morbidity, and mortality is substantial. The study estimates the total cost of poultry-borne salmonellosis in Scotland and compares it with the cost of a single preventive measure: the irradiation of poultry meat. The results suggest that the public health benefits exceed irradiation costs. This conclusion is, however, sensitive to assumptions made in the analysis, particularly those related to the cost of unreported cases of salmonellosis.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Responses of cattle, sheep and poultry to a recombinant vaccinia virus expressing a swine influenza haemagglutinin.

Groups of cattle, sheep and poultry were inoculated with a recombinant vaccinia virus expressing the haemagglutinin of the swine influenza virus A/NJ/11/76. No adverse clinical responses were recorded and none of the animals developed a viraemia when inoculated with the recombinant or wild-type vaccinia virus. Recombinant virus reisolated from lesions in cattle was stable, maintaining its thymidine kinase negative phenotype and ability to express the swine influenza haemagglutinin. Antibodies to the influenza haemagglutinin were detected in cattle, sheep and poultry inoculated with the recombinant virus. While no animals inoculated with wild-type virus developed these antibodies, there was no detectable spread of either recombinant or wild-type virus from the inoculation sites or to in-contact uninoculated animals. The results indicate that recombinant vaccinia viruses can induce immune responses in cattle, sheep and poultry demonstrating their potential as vaccine vectors in a variety of important veterinary species.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Determination of nitrofuran residues in poultry muscle tissues and eggs by liquid chromatography.

A liquid chromatographic (LC) method was developed and statistically validated for the determination of nitrofurazone, furazolidone, and furaltadone residues in poultry and porcine muscle tissues. The antimicrobial residues were extracted with a mixture of dichloromethane and ethyl acetate by using ultrasonication followed by solid-phase extraction cleanup and LC analysis with UV detection. A modification of the method incorporating acetonitrile extraction and solvent partition cleanup was developed for analysis of poultry eggs. The limits of detection were 1 microgram/kg ofr nitrofurazone and furazolidone and 2 micrograms/kg for furaltadone in both muscle tissues and eggs. Average recoveries for spike levels of 1, 2, and 5 micrograms/kg ranged from 84 to 128%, and coefficients of variation were between 1.1 and 12.1%. A field trial with these methods was conducted in conjunction with the Western Australian Department of Agriculture to determine the stability of furaltadone in both poultry tissue and eggs. Results of this study show that the concentration of furaltadone in muscle tissue diminished rapidly even when stored at -18 degrees C. Furaltadone was considerably more stable in eggs.

Acetonitriles↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Heat destruction of Salmonella in poultry feed: effect of time, temperature, and moisture.

Salmonella enteriditis in poultry feed declines with increasing time of exposure to heat. The interactions of temperature, time, and moisture and their effect on the thermal death of S. enteriditis were established in a factorial randomized experiment. Two other serotypes were tested, and though there was some variation, the thermal death rate followed the same basic pattern. A number of samples of poultry feed were collected and dried. After drying, the water was added back to give specific percentages of moisture contents. The feed was then inoculated with salmonella and heated at specific temperatures, with samples being removed at certain time intervals. These samples were then cultured, and the surviving salmonella were counted. A linear relationship was obtained when the logarithm of survivors was plotted against the logarithm of exposure time. These results permitted the construction of a graph depicting that the rate of reduction in numbers of S. enteriditis when plotted against increasing temperatures is linear. This linear relationship is apparent for other salmonella serotypes such as S. typhimurium and S. haardt. Our results show that the thermal death rate of salmonella in poultry feed can now be predicted at varying time, temperature, and moisture contents.

Animal Feed↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[A selection model for predicting poultry meat productivity].

A model for estimating growth intensity parametres in poultry in early ontogenesis has been worked out. The growth intensity parametres were studied; high efficiency of using the model for prognosis of meat productivity in poultry at the age of 49-56 days are shown. The application techniques of the model offered for increasing poultry growth energy were examined.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Morphological differences in longissimus dorsi muscle of pig, buffalo, sheep, goat and poultry.

With a view to establish morphological differences between the muscles of pig, buffalo, sheep, goat and poultry, longissimus dorsi were examined. The average fibre cross-sectional area, average fibre diameter, number of fibres per unit area, fascicle size and number of fascicles per unit area have been studied. The size of the muscle fibres showed a decrease in the following order: pig, buffalo, sheep, goat and poultry. In poultry the muscle fibres were thinner and the fibre density values were greater in comparison to other species. The fibres were the coarsest in the pig. A slight difference in the fascicle size between the different species could be appreciated, the pig fascicles being generally large.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

H9N2 subtype influenza A viruses in poultry in pakistan are closely related to the H9N2 viruses responsible for human infection in Hong Kong.

Following the outbreak of H5N1 "bird flu" in Hong Kong in 1997, the isolation of H9N2 subtype viruses from patients in southern China and Hong Kong SAR once again raised the spectre of a possible influenza pandemic. H9N2 viruses have recently been responsible for disease in poultry in various parts of the world and preliminary studies of the H9 haemagglutinin (HA) genes of viruses isolated during 1998 and 1999 in Germany, Iran, Pakistan, and Saudi Arabia showed a close relationship to the HA genes of the viruses that infected two children in Hong Kong SAR. Analysis of the complete genome of a Pakistan isolate, A/chicken/Pakistan/2/99, showed that it is closely related in all eight genes (97-99% homology) to the human H9N2 isolates and furthermore that the six genes encoding internal components of the virus are similar to the corresponding genes of the H5N1 viruses that caused 6 (out of 18) fatal cases of human infection. Thus H9N2 viruses similar to those that caused human infections in Hong Kong are circulating more widely in other parts of the world. Whether or not these H9N2 viruses also have features that facilitate avian-to-human transmission is not known. Since avian H9N2 viruses are currently perceived to represent a significant threat to human health it is important to determine whether or not viruses of this subtype circulating in poultry in various parts of the world have the potential to infect people.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Survey of some poultry viruses in Papua New Guinea.

During the years 1974 to 1979 a virological study on domestic poultry throughout Papua New Guinea was conducted involving clinical examination of diseased birds with subsequent attempted virus isolations and serological surveys of free village fowls and commercial poultry. Viruses isolated included those of Newcastle disease, infectious bronchitis, pox, avian encephalomyelitis and adenovirus. Clinical and pathological diagnoses of pox, avian encephalomyelitis, reticuloendotheliosis and Marek's disease were made. The serological survey included tests for Newcastle disease, influenza A, adenovirus, Marek's disease, pox, avian encephalomyelitis and infectious bursal disease virus. Antibody was demonstrated to all of these viruses except for bursal disease.

Adenoviridae↗
PubMed1994

Intervention strategies for Salmonella enteritidis in poultry flocks: a basic approach.

Poultry laying flocks can become infected with Salmonella enteritidis by several routes. In this study a model is presented of the cumulative infection curve of S. enteritidis in laying flocks. Based on this model and practical results the contribution of different routes to the infection can be estimated providing a basis for an effective intervention strategy. For illustration, the cumulative infection curve of S. enteritidis in Dutch laying flocks is analysed. This curve shows a low level of infection at the start of the laying period which indicates that the contribution of the vertical infection route (from infected breeding flocks to progeny) is small. The course of the infection curve indicates that there is a high probability of infection in the first part of the laying period. The result suggests that the laying flocks become infected mainly from the farm environment including not properly cleaned and disinfected poultry houses and infected vermin present on the farm. As a consequence, intervention in The Netherlands should be directed to trace S. enteritidis-contaminated laying farms and eradicate the contamination.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Salmonella enteritidis eradication programme in poultry breeder flocks in The Netherlands.

Results of a Salmonella enteritidis eradication programme in poultry breeder flocks in The Netherlands in 1989-1992 are presented. A top-down approach was performed, which means if infection is cleared out from the top end (breeding stock), and good hygiene standards are maintained throughout the industry, the infection will be progressively cleared from the whole of the national stock. Each year all poultry breeder flocks (approx. 2300) were screened for the presence of S. enteritidis by bacteriological examination of caecal droppings until 1 April 1992. After that date, screening was carried out with a 'double-antibody sandwich blocking' (DAS blocking) ELISA-method. Treatment of S. enteritidis-positive flocks, even in production, with Baytril (enrofloxacin) and competitive exclusion flora turned out to be a good alternative for slaughtering these flocks. The top-down approach seems to be successful also in relation to S. enteritidis infection in humans in The Netherlands, since no further increase of human infections has been observed during the last 3 years.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Recombinant vaccines for poultry.

The poultry industry relies on intensive farming to supply meat and eggs at relatively low cost. Many thousands of individuals are reared in enclosed houses which are left vacant for only short times between successive crops. Disease control is essential for the successful raising of poultry and this includes a need for cheap, effective vaccines against the major diseases.

Animals↗