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At least 613 records · Page 34Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

EEG aspects of mentally playing an instrument.

This pilot study examines the possibility to detect activities of SMA by means of EEG coherence analysis in a female professional violoncellist. The proband was asked, for 5 min each, to listen to a piece of music (she knew by heart), to imagine playing this piece and to imagine playing scales. The experiment was repeated after 5 days. Consistent significant coherence changes with respect to the averaged EEG at rest were plotted as probability maps. For each of these three tasks different coherence patterns emerged. Among the electrodes next to SMA, Fz was most involved while playing scales, less while imagining playing the same piece and still less while just listening to it.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Benchmarking the cultivation approach to video game effects: a comparison of the correlates of TV viewing and game play.

This study found significant relationships between first- and second-order cultivation measures and TV viewing, but found a relationship with video game play for only two variables in a sample of 322 Flemish 3rd and 6th year secondary school children. This suggests that the absence of a relationship with video game play is not the result of the absence of cultivation effects in Flanders. On the other hand it shows that the relationship between TV viewing and cultivation measures is not an artifact of systematic over reporting. The study concludes that cultivation measures typical of the "television world" are not related to playing video games. To study video game cultivation measures must be sought which reflect the mainstream of (particular genres of) video games. The role of selectivity needs to be studied more closely. As gamers play an active role in the violence of the games the possibility that self-protecting strategies are employed in processing video game contents must be taken into consideration. Existing process theories explaining what happens in television cultivation may be challenged by research into the cultivation effects of video games.

Belgium↗
PubMed2005

Bone geometry in response to long-term tennis playing and its relationship with muscle volume: a quantitative magnetic resonance imaging study in tennis players.

The benefit of impact-loading activity for bone strength depends on whether the additional bone mineral content (BMC) accrued at loaded sites is due to an increased bone size, volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD) or both. Using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), the aim of this study was to characterize the geometric changes of the dominant radius in response to long-term tennis playing and to assess the influence of muscle forces on bone tissue by investigating the muscle-bone relationship. Twenty tennis players (10 men and 10 women, mean age: 23.1+/-4.7 years, with 14.3+/-3.4 years of playing) were recruited. The total bone volume, cortical volume, sub-cortical volume and muscle volume were measured at both distal radii by MRI. BMC was assessed by DXA and was divided by the total bone volume to derive vBMD. Grip strength was evaluated with a dynamometer. Significant side-to-side differences (P<0.0001) were found in muscle volume (+9.7%), grip strength (+13.3%), BMC (+13.5%), total bone volume (+10.3%) and sub-cortical volume (+20.6%), but not in cortical volume (+2.6%, ns). The asymmetry in total bone volume explained 75% of the variance in BMC asymmetry (P<0.0001). vBMD was slightly higher on the dominant side (+3.3%, P<0.05). Grip strength and muscle volume correlated with all bone variables (except vBMD) on both sides (r=0.48-0.86, P<0.05-0.0001) but the asymmetries in muscle parameters did not correlate with those in bone parameters. After adjustment for muscle volume or grip strength, BMC was still greater on the dominant side. This study showed that the greater BMC induced by long-term tennis playing at the dominant radius was associated to a marked increase in bone size and a slight improvement in volumetric BMD, thereby improving bone strength. In addition to the muscle contractions, other mechanical stimuli seemed to exert a direct effect on bone tissue, contributing to the specific bone response to tennis playing.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed2003

Adult cortisol response to immature offspring play in captive squirrel monkeys.

Variable environmental and social conditions influence hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal activity in captive animals. Socially separated and individually housed animals generally experience increased cortisol secretion compared to animals housed with conspecifics, and social companionship can buffer the stress response when exposed to challenges such as introduction to novel environments. Nevertheless, the presence of conspecifics may also be the cause of stress because social dynamics impact individuals. Squirrel monkeys (Saimiri spp.) readily form same-sex affiliative social relationships, but in captivity, the presence of immature offspring severely disrupts affiliative associations among adults. We examined behavioral and physiological effects of the presence of immature offspring on adults by comparing two groups of adults with immature offspring to an all-adult group. We conducted behavioral observations and collected urine from adult members, and urine was assayed for cortisol at the Wisconsin National Primate Research Center. Adults in groups with immature offspring received an average of 18 play attempts per hour from the offspring, experienced a fivefold decrease in adult affiliation, and showed higher urinary cortisol levels compared to the all-adult group. A principal components analysis showed that adults characterized by receiving play attempts, rejecting play attempts, and lacking affiliative contact with other adults showed the highest mean urinary cortisol levels. Further analyses demonstrated that the persistent play attempts by immature offspring, not the resulting lack of adult huddling, were primarily responsible for the observed increase in urinary cortisol levels. Taken together, these data suggest that the disruptive effect of immature offspring produces a chronic cortisol increase in captive adult squirrel monkeys.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Social play development in pre-weaning olfactory deprived or stimulated rats.

The effect of neonatal unilateral restriction or increased olfactory stimulation upon the development of social play behavior in Wistar strain rats was investigated. Pups were unilaterally thermocauterized in one of the nares on postnatal day 3 (experiment 1), or exposed to amyl acetate from 3 to 19 days of age (experiment 2). Unilateral odor deprivation significantly increased the frequency of boxing, wrestling and pinning in rats of both sexes. However, amyl acetate exposure significantly decreased the frequency of wrestling and pinning in females with no effects in males. The alterations in the development of social play behavior are concurrent with gross physical olfactory bulb modifications that may reflect a significant interference with the integration and transmission of olfactory stimuli to central structures such as septal, entorhinal, cingulate and midline frontal cortices subserving social play behavior. Data suggest that early in life brain mechanisms underlying social play behavior are sensitive to manipulation of neonatal olfactory cues and may participate in the modulation of this behavior.

Aging↗
PubMed1999

The effects of neonatal cocaine exposure on a play-rewarded spatial discrimination task in juvenile rats.

This study examined the effects of neonatal cocaine exposure on the rewarding properties of play in a modified T-maze. Animals were artificially reared from postnatal day (PND) 4-9 with drug concentrated in four daily feeds. There were four treatment groups, 40 mg/kg/day cocaine, 20 mg/kg/day cocaine, an artificially reared control and a surgery control. From PND 38-42, subjects were tested with a food reward (EXP 1) or a play reward (EXP 2). No deficits in learning were seen when the reward was food. The 20 mg/kg/day cocaine group, however, showed impaired learning and altered play behavior when the reward was access to a play partner. Neonatal cocaine exposure thus appears to differentially affect learning based on the type of reward presented.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Does tissue transglutaminase play a role in Huntington's disease?

Tissue transglutaminase (tTG) likely plays a role in numerous processes in the nervous system. tTG posttranslationally modifies proteins by transamidation of specific polypeptide bound glutamines (Glns). This reaction results in the incorporation of polyamines into substrate proteins or the formation of protein crosslinks, modifications that likely have significant effects on neural function. Huntington's disease is a genetic disorder caused by an expansion of the polyglutamine domain in the huntingtin protein. Because a polypeptide bound Gln is the determining factor for a tTG substrate, and mutant huntingtin aggregates have been found in Huntington's disease brain, it has been hypothesized that tTG may contribute to the pathogenesis of Huntington's disease. In vitro, polyglutamine constructs and huntingtin are substrates of tTG. Further, the levels of tTG and TG activity are elevated in Huntington's disease brain and immunohistochemical studies have demonstrated that there is an increase in tTG reactivity in affected neurons in Huntington's disease. These findings suggest that tTG may play a role in Huntington's disease. However in situ, neither wild type nor mutant huntingtin is modified by tTG. Further, immunocytochemical analysis revealed that tTG is totally excluded from the huntingtin aggregates, and modulation of the expression level of tTG had no effect on the frequency of the aggregates in the cells. Therefore, tTG is not required for the formation of huntingtin aggregates, and likely does not play a role in this process in Huntington's disease brain. However, tTG interacts with truncated huntingtin, and selectively polyaminates proteins that are associated with mutant truncated huntingtin. Given the fact that the levels of polyamines in cells is in the millimolar range and the crosslinking and polyaminating reactions catalyzed by tTG are competing reactions, intracellularly polyamination is likely to be the predominant reaction. Polyamination of proteins is likely to effect their function, and therefore it can be hypothesized that tTG may play a role in the pathogenesis of Huntington's disease by modifying specific proteins and altering their function and/or localization. Further research is required to define the specific role of tTG in Huntington's disease.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Relating testosterone levels and free play social behavior in male and female preschool children.

This study assessed potential relationships between a series of behavioral measures seen in the interactions of preschool children with their peers (particularly aggressive behavior) and testosterone levels. 28 boys and 20 girls of preschool age were videotaped in free play interactions. Their behavior was then evaluated with particular emphasis on aggression and affiliation in play and social interactions. Testosterone levels were measured using radioimmunoassay in saliva samples. Correlation analysis revealed a positive relationship in boys between testosterone and giving and receiving aggression in the context of 'social interactions' (serious aggression), but not in the context of play (playful aggresstion). Testosterone can be a useful biological marker for serious aggression (and behavioral patterns reflecting different levels of sociability) in preschool boys.

Aggression↗
PubMed1999

Laryngeal movements in saxophone playing: video-endoscopic investigations with saxophone players. A pilot study.

In a pilot study, motions of the larynx and hypopharynx and diaphragm during saxophone playing of two wind instrumentalists were documented by fiberoptic video-endoscopy and fluoroscopy. Velopharyngeal closure is sufficient, even under conditions of flexible transnasal laryngoscopy. During blowing to play the saxophone the larynx is kept in a constant low position, equivalent to that in singing. The laryngeal vestibule is slightly narrowed. After abduction in inspiration, vocal folds are partly adducted during the entire duration of the tone produced. Piano-forte-glissando maneuvers are performed with vocal folds in the paramedian position. The larynx seems to participate actively in saxophone playing by regulating the airflow. We also performed fluoroscopy of diaphragm movements. The overlapping competencies of woodwind playing and singing are discussed with regard to breathing technique of students and performers.

Fiber Optic Technology↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Metacarpal fractures in athletes: treatment, rehabilitation, and safe early return to play.

Specialty gloves and buddy taping of adjacent fingers may cushion impact and dissipate twisting forces so that hands, thumbs, and fingers are protected during play. When fractures occur, athletes must be protected from contact until healing has progressed to a point where reinjury or complications are unlikely and performance standards and expectations can be met. This article outlines a program of fracture management principles and progressive graduated rehabilitation that phase the hand-injured athlete first into general conditioning and non-ball-handling drills, then into return to hand impact activities, body contact, ball handling, and catching with the use of protective hand gear. At this point, specialized playing orthoses, gloves, or taping may be added to the treatment regimen. Batting, the use of golf clubs, and racquet handling occur later, and finally throwing with precision, distance, velocity, and frequency is initiated. The importance of the particular sport, the position played, and hand dominance are factored into the decision-making processes. Safety of the patient and opponents is paramount. Extra-articular metacarpal fractures are discussed as a prototype for treatment, rehabilitation, and early safe return to play because of their frequent occurrence in athletes.

Athletic Injuries↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Return to play criteria for the athlete with cervical spine injuries resulting in stinger and transient quadriplegia/paresis.

BACKGROUND CONTEXT: Fortunately, catastrophic cervical spinal cord injuries are relatively uncommon during athletic participation. Stinger and transient quadriplegia/paresis are more frequent injuries that have a wide spectrum of clinical severity and disabilities. Although the diagnosis of these injuries may not be clinically difficult, the treatment and decision about when or if the athlete may return to play after such an injury is often unclear. PURPOSE: This article reviews the current literature to help determine reasonable guidelines for return-to-play criteria after cervical spine injuries in the athlete. METHODS: The contemporary English literature and experience-based guidelines for return to play after cervical spine injuries in the athlete were reviewed. RESULTS: Despite the frequency of cervical-related injuries among athletes participating in contact and collision sports, no consensus exists within the medical field as to a standard guideline approach for return to preinjury activity level. CONCLUSION: The issue of return to play for an athlete after a cervical spine injury is controversial. Tremendous extrinsic pressures may be exerted on the physician from noninvolved and involved parties. The decision to return an athlete to a particular sport should be based on the mechanism of injury, objective anatomical injury (as demonstrated by clinical examination and radiographic evaluation) and an athlete's recovery response.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Locked into gambling: anticipatory regret as a motivator for playing the National Lottery.

Four hundred and eighty-five people were asked about their intentions to play the National Lottery in England a week prior to the introduction of a new midweek draw. We predicted that those people who played the Saturday game with a regular set of numbers would be more inclined to play the new midweek game than those who had not established a routine of using the same set of numbers. We further predicted that their motivation to play would derive from a feeling of 'anticipatory regret'--a sense that they would find it intolerable to discover their regular numbers had been drawn when they hadn't purchased a ticket. Results supported both of these predictions, and an interpretation of the data is given in terms of the circumstances most likely to trigger such counterfactual reasoning.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

The organizational implications of the role NHS Service Managers played in the quality process in the mid-1990s.

AIM: It is the intention of this paper to highlight the problems associated with the organizational implications of the role NHS Service Managers (SMs) played in the quality process of the mid-1990s. BACKGROUND: To provide quality care all staff must be committed and involved, in this study it appeared that few SMs played a part in the process. METHODS: Semistructured taped interviews were conducted with 33 SMs and three Chief Executives in seven Trusts. As part of a study they were asked the role SMs played in quality in their clinical directorate. The data was transcribed and analysed in a content-analysis approach. FINDINGS: Quality of care was not the SMs' primary objective. The role played by SMs was dependent on their background, experience and the organization in which they worked. Most Trusts' quality-control strategy was not standardized, co-ordinated or integrated, nor was the audit process regulated. For most, quality was seen as synonymous with professions, managers from a non-professional background found the monitoring of the quality of performance inherently difficult. Only one Trust (the most successful) appeared to undertake organizational learning, influenced by the philosophy of the Chief Executive.

Administrative Personnel↗
PubMed2001

Physical signs associated with excessive television-game playing and sleep deprivation.

BACKGROUND: To elucidate significance of physical signs seen in excessive television-game (TVG) players complaining of unexplained persistent symptoms, a cross-sectional cohort study was designed. METHODS: A total of 1143 school children, aged between 6 and 11-years-old, and their parents were included in the study. Questionnaires were sent to guardians asking the number of hours that their children watched TV, TVG, and slept. All children were examined to check for three physical signs, black rings in the skin under the eye (BR), muscle stiffness in the shoulder (MS), and displacement of the scapula associated with muscle stiffness in the shoulder (DS/MS) by inspection and palpitation. RESULTS: The three signs, BR, MS and DS/MS, were present in 165 (14.4%), 229 (20.0%) and 72 (6.2%) children, respectively. Boys had greater frequencies of two signs than girls (BR, 19.6% vs 8.9%, P<0.01; MS, 26.1% vs 13.6%, P<0.01), respectively. Boys spent more time on TVG playing than girls (1.1+/-0.7 h/day vs 0.4+/-0.6 h/day, P<0.0001), respectively. Excessive TVG players, who spent > or = 1 h/day for TVG had greater frequencies of two signs, BR and MS, than those of non-TVG-players (18.9% vs 13.0%, P<0.05; 25.6% vs 14.4%, P<0.01), respectively. The TVG playing time correlated with two signs, BR (P=0.0143) and MS (P=0.0048). Furthermore, sleep deprivation related to three signs, BR (P=0.0078), MS (P<0.0001) and DS/MS (P=0.0290). CONCLUSIONS: Excessive TVG playing links to the occurrence of BR and MS. Other factors, which cause sleep deprivation, may underlie in the occurrence of the three signs. The amount of time spent on TVG playing should be regulated to < 1.0 h/day.

Child↗
PubMed1992

Transition play in team performance of volleyball: a log-linear analysis.

The purpose of this study was to develop and test a method to analyze and evaluate sequential skill performances in a team sport. An on-line computerized system was developed to record and summarize the sequential skill performances in volleyball. Seventy-two sample games from the third Federation of International Volleyball Cup men's competition were videotaped and grouped into two categories according to the final team standing and game outcome. Log-linear procedures were used to investigate the nature and degree of the relationship in the first-order (pass-to-set, set-to-spike) and second-order (pass-to-spike) transition plays. Results showed that there was a significant dependency in both the first-order and second-order transition plays, indicating that the outcome of a skill performance is highly influenced by the quality of a preceding skill performance. In addition, the pattern of the transition plays was stable and consistent, regardless of the classification status: Game Outcome, Team Standing, or Transition Process. The methodology and subsequent results provide valuable aids for a thorough understanding of the characteristics of transition plays in volleyball. In addition, the concept of sequential performance analysis may serve as an example for sport scientists in investigating probabilistic patterns of motor performance.

Humans↗
PubMed1995

Fair Play for Kids: effects on the moral development of children in physical education.

Commitment to the principles of sportspersonship is an acknowledged goal for school physical education. However, few programs have been implemented to investigate moral development changes in physical activity settings. A field experiment was designed to examine the effect of participation in educational activities selected from Fair Play for Kids (1990) on the moral judgment, reason, intention, and prosocial behavior of children (N = 452) in the 4th through 6th grades. Six intact classrooms at each grade level (N = 18) were randomly assigned to the following groups: (a) control, (b) Fair Play for Kids curriculum during physical education only, or (c) Fair Play for Kids curriculum during all school subjects. Experimental protocol extended for 7 months of an academic year, and moral development indicators were assessed prior to and following the intervention. Using class as the unit of analysis, 3 x 2 (Group x Time) repeated measures analyses of variance revealed that both treatment groups were significantly higher than the control group at posttest for moral judgment, reason, and intention scores. For students within classes, repeated measures analyses showed that treatment group participants had significantly higher posttest scores on all 4 measures as compared to students in the control group. Results provide initial validation of the Fair Play For Kids curriculum for effecting change in the moral development of elementary school students.

Attitude↗
PubMed2001

Therapeutic instrumental music playing in hand rehabilitation for older adults with osteoarthritis: four case studies.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of keyboard playing on the management of hand osteoarthritis in older adults. Four participants, with diagnoses of hand osteoarthritis, met the investigator 4 days a week, for approximately 30 minutes, for 4 weeks. Participants played folk and big band melodies on a Yamaha PSR-510 touch-sensitive electronic keyboard for 20 minutes each session. Evaluation included pre and poststudy occupational therapy measures of finger pinch meter, and range of motion. Participants assessed arthritic discomfort using a visual Likert scale (1-10) before and after each session. A MIDI sequencing computer program, Master Tracks Pro, measured finger velocity, before and after each session. Results indicated that finger pinch meter and range of motion were positively increased by keyboard playing. Two participants recorded significant decreases in arthritic discomfort after playing, while three participants showed significant improvement in finger velocity and hence, finger strength/dexterity due to treatment. Participants enjoyed the treatment with enjoyment ratings of 3 or higher on a 5-point Likert scale. Additional benefits included improved structure of leisure time and increased socialization for older adults with osteoarthritis who tend to isolate themselves due to disease deterioration.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

A physiological profile of tennis match play.

PURPOSE: The aim of this investigation was to examine physiological demands of single match play in tennis. METHODS: 20 players performed 10 matches of 50 min. Respiratory gas exchange measures (RGEM) and heart rates (HR) were measured using two portable systems. Lactate concentration was determined after each game. The average oxygen uptake (VO2) of 270 games was 29.1 +/- 5.6 mL.kg-1.min-1 (51.1 +/- 10.9% of VO2max). Average VO2 for a game ranged from 10.4 to 47.8 mL.kg-1.min-1 (20.4 and 86.8% of VO2max). Average lactate concentration (LA) was 2.07 +/- 0.9 mmol.L-1 (ranging from 0.7 to 5.2 mmol.L-1). Furthermore, we monitored the duration of rallies (DR), the effective playing time (EPT), and the stroke frequency (SF). The average values of 270 games were DR: 6.4 +/- 4.1 s, EPT: 29.3 +/- 12.1%, SF: 42.6 +/- 9.6 shots.min-1. RESULTS: Multiple regression revealed that the DR was the most promising variable for the determination of VO2 in match play (r = 0.54). The body surface area (BSA) and EPT were also entered into the calculation model. In games of two defensive players, VO2 was significantly higher than in games with at least one offensive player. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that energy demands of tennis matches are significantly influenced by DR. The highest average VO2 of a game of 47.8 mL.kg-1.min-1 may be regarded as a guide to assess endurance capacity required to sustain high-intensity periods of tennis matches compared with average VO2 of 29.1 mL.kg-1.min-1 for the 270 games. Our results suggest that proper conditioning is advisable especially for players who prefer to play from the baseline.

Adult↗