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PubMed1991

[Standardization of the keratinization-index by filter imprints].

Exfoliative-cytological procedures can demonstrate pathologic changes of the oral gingival epithelium. Filter-imprints of the gingiva of 31 male test persons were taken 6 times at intervals of 8 days under standardized conditions. The statistical evaluation of the "keratinization index" showed, that the extent of cornification of the healthy gingiva represents an individually different value for every test person. Variations in the course of 5 weeks were without statistical significance.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

[Modification of glucose resorption by bulk materials].

40 test persons were randomized for testing the influence on the glucose resorption by ballast substances. The four groups consisted of 10 persons with healthy metabolism, 10 diabetics with diet, 10 with maninil 5 and 10 with B-insulin. The oral glucose tolerance test with 100 g glucose was used. The examination time after application of the test meal was 120 minutes. As ballast substances the hemicelluloses supercol (galactomannan) and manucol (sodium alginate) were tested. For comparison an examination with only 100 g glucose (experiment A) and one with a placebo substance (experiment D) were performed. Of supercol (experiment B), mannucol (experiment C) and of the placebo substance 20 g were added to the sugar solution. Using supercol we could get unequivocally lower mean blood sugar curves in non-diabetics and in all groups of diabetics compared with the examination without addition of substance and with addition of placebo. When manucol was used, a decrease of the mean blood sugar curves could be observed, however, not proved. Thus the swelling substance supercol leads to a retardation of the glucose resorption.

Alginates↗
PubMed1997

Development and validation of a computerized screening test for personality disorders in DSM-III-R.

The available self-report instruments designed to measure personality disorder (PD) are time-consuming to administer and/or score and can be impractical for routine clinical use. There is a need for a computerized method of personality assessment based on contemporary systems of classification. A computerized DSM-III-R-based questionnaire was developed and validated against the structured clinical interview for DSM-III-R Axis-II disorders on a sample of 60 subjects. The computerized test showed moderate validity as a diagnostic instrument (mean kappa coefficient = 0.47). With adjusted cut-off scores it was valid as a screening instrument (mean sensitivity = 0.87). Antisocial, borderline and avoidant PD scores were strongly correlated across measures and not subject to significant observer bias.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

[Sarcosporidiosis (sarcocystis suihominis) in man (author's transl)].

Eleven medical students and six members of the Institute of Medical Parasitology, University of Bonn participated in a meal with raw pork of an experimentally Sarcocystis suihominis infected pig. During the first two days the test persons suffered from the same symptoms as a previous group (see Piekarski et al., 1978). The severity of the symptoms was related ito certain degree to the quantity of the pork comsumed, but the individual reaction varied considerably; one test person with a higher amount of meat remained healthy. Apparently, only excessively high quantities of infected meat lead to severe symptoms. Lower dosages cause a protracted course of the disease. In general, the Sarcosporidia infection produces a transitory disease which quickly disapprears without remaining after-effects.

Alanine Transaminase↗
PubMed1984

[Course studies in patients with cytologically inconspicuous, decreasingly accumulating struma nodes].

In 100 patients with inconspicuous findings of a thin-needle puncture of the thyroid gland after 2 years a clinical and cytological after-examination was performed. All test persons were primarily recommended a treatment with thyroid hormone. During the control in no case references to malignant process of the thyroid gland were the result, so that the puncture cytology also retrospectively showed a high exactness. Meanwhile 16 test persons had been strumectomized, in which cases the present histological findings always showed only regressive changes. The clinical after-examination confirmed former results so that also in decreasingly and not accumulating struma nodes a conservative approach is not promising a success. In 12 patients by application of hormones of the thyroid gland the struma had completely receded.

Biopsy, Needle↗
PubMed1984

[An experiential learning course on teaching humanistic skills to medical students--effect on empathy and regard for others].

The "humanization" of medical practice is regarded as one of the topics of present day medicine. A number of models and educational programs for teaching humanistically oriented medicine has appeared, but few studies have been done to illustrate the effects of such programs. In the present paper, the authors report a study that they conducted in which the effects of participating in a seminar on counseling skills were demonstrated. The subjects were 11 first and second year medical students who took part in an elective course in medical humanities, in which counseling skills, active listening and experimental focusing were taught. The class met for 10 sessions every other week, in which students were exposed to these techniques. On weeks when the class did not meet, students practiced these techniques in pairs among themselves. At each of these sessions, students filled out a relationship scale and recorded the session into a cassette tape. Furthermore, students filled out personality tests at the first and last class. A comparison of the results of the relationship scale between the first and last session showed a significant increase in the students' ability for empathy (P less than 0.02) and for unconditional positive regard (P less than 0.02). Not enough personality tests were handed in at the last class to provide a useful comparison. Tapes of the sessions are currently being investigated in another study using a different measurement. The authors discuss the need for such experimental courses for medical students to overcome the Cartesian view of seeing others as "objects" and for developing humanistic ways of relating to other persons.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1995

Community-based tuberculin screening in Montreal: a cost-outcome description.

OBJECTIVES: This study describes the costs and outcomes of community-based tuberculin screening programs conducted between 1987 and 1991 in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. METHODS: Follow-up information was abstracted from hospital records of all reactors detected in tuberculin screening of students in grades 6 and 10, of first-year health professional students, and of workers aged 18 to 25 in a number of workforces. Screening costs were estimated directly from survey records, and follow-up costs were estimated from the annual financial report of the Montreal Chest Hospital for 1989/90. RESULTS: Of 7669 persons tested, 782 (10.2%) had positive results and 757 (9.9%) were referred to a clinic. Of those, 525 (6.8% of the original 7669) reported, 293 (3.8%) were prescribed therapy, and 154 (2.0%) were compliant. In Canadian dollars, screening cost $5.70 per person tested and $56 per tuberculin reactor detected, but follow-up of reactors accounted for 73% of the total program cost of $13,455 to $18,753 per case of tuberculosis prevented. CONCLUSIONS: Because of high rates of patient and provider noncompliance, a tuberculin screening program was much less cost-effective than anticipated. Screening costs must be targeted to the highest risk populations, and compliance with recommendations for preventive therapy must be maximized.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

[Serum bilirubin in an obvious healthy population (author's transl)].

An unselected sample of a population aged between 15 and 45 years shows an average level of serum bilirubin of 0,624 plus or minus 0.251 mg p. c. in 1862 test persons. The distribution graphes are slightly inclined to the left and their peaks are for both sexes and in all age groups between 0.50 and 0.69 mg p. c. The results are independent of the age (between 15 and 45 years). Male persons on an average show a significant higher level of serum bilirubin than female persons (0.677 : 0.566 mg p. c.). In 93.5 p. c. of all men and in 97.1 p. c. of all women the level of serum bilirubin is under 1.1 mg p. c. In the sample 6.0 p. c. of the test persons show a level of serum bilirubin above 1.09 mg p. c. Serum bilirubin levels of 1.1 mg p. c. and higher are defined as hyperbilirubinemia. These patients have to be controlled carefully, because in the fifth part of them it is found an organic cause and in the major part of the rest there is indication for a functional distrubance in bilirubin metabolism.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

[Modification of in vitro immune mechanisms by various glucocorticosteroid preparations--studies of lymphocytes in healthy probands and autoimmune patients].

The influence of steroids on lymphocyte responses was tested in vitro. The inhibition of early events of lymphocyte stimulation and cell proliferation after PHA stimulation was estimated. We found, however, different individual responses of immune cells of various donors to the preparations dexamethasone, prednisolone, hydrocortisone or methylprednisolone in both in vitro models tested. Steroid treatment of lymphocyte cultures resulted in both inhibition and enhancement of PWM-driven Ig synthesis in cultures derived from different test persons. In experiments with lymphocytes from patients with acute systemic lupus erythematosus we found a dramatically enhanced PWM-stimulated IgG synthesis which is disturbed in cultures of these patients. The individuality of steroid sensitivity of lymphocyte cultures of healthy test persons and the abnormal reactivity of SLE lymphocytes were discussed in relation to therapeutical applications.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Reliability of early motor function testing in persons following severe traumatic brain injury.

The purpose of this study was to determine the intra- and inter-rater reliability of selected variables measuring motor function in adults following severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). Twelve adults with a severe TBI participated in the study and were assessed (independently) by two physical therapists with extensive clinical experience. Standardized testing protocols and two- or three-point ordinal rating scales were used to evaluate the following categories of variables: primitive reflexes, equilibrium/protective reactions and several motor skills. Intra-rater reliability was generally high for all variables, with kappa values exceeding 0.65 except for the scoring of equilibrium reactions in sitting and standing. Overall, inter-rater reliability was slightly lower, with kappa values ranging from 0.39 to 1.0, indicating 'fair' to 'almost perfect' agreement. The highest level of agreement was consistently reported for the scoring of motor skills. These results suggest that physical therapists trained in the use of standardized testing and scoring procedures can reliably assess primitive reflexes, equilibrium and protective reactions and a range of motor skills in TBI adults during the acute stage of recovery. Moreover, the results provide important information which will assist in the interpretation of data collected as part of a concurrently conducted longitudinal study of early motor recovery.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

[Correlation of blood pressure and cadmium and lead content of the hair in nonsmoking males].

In developed countries, hypertension represents one of the most frequent diseases and is one of the most important risk factors of arteriosclerotic vascular disease e.g. to myocardial infarction or cerebral apoplexy. The etiology of hypertension is unknown in about 90% of cases. The heavy metals cadmium and lead occur in increasing amounts in the human environment. Numerous epidemiological studies and investigations using experimental animals have dealt with the putative relationship between cadmium and lead, and hypertension. The results to date have been quite controversial; thus the issue appears to be unresolved at present. In the present study scalp hair samples were collected from 100 non-smoking 30-to-50-year-old men. After washing, the samples were digested with a mixture of nitric and sulfuric acid in a teflon bomb and analyzed by flameless atomic absorption spectroscopy. For 90% of the test persons the cadmium hair values were in the range of 0 to 1400 micrograms/kg; the corresponding range for hair lead was 0 to 13,000 micrograms/kg. Correlation with diastolic or systolic blood pressure was neither found for cadmium or lead. The test persons with the highest cadmium or lead load were not hypertensive. Some factors should be considered when comparing the present results with those of other investigators reporting a positive correlation in the question under consideration. 1. Previous studies in man frequently did not sufficiently take smoking habits into account. This is essential, however, because, in addition to cadmium and lead, nicotine and carbon monoxide are also constituents of tobacco smoke and contribute to an increase in blood pressure. 2. Previous investigations generally employed blood samples, which is disadvantageous in comparison with the analysis of hair because blood samples do not reflect long-term exposition, which is important in the etiology of chronic diseases. Correlation between hypertension and levels of long-term cadmium and lead exposure in man seem to be unlikely in light of the present results. Nevertheless, numerous potential effects should be considered to obtain further insight in the complex pathogenesis of hypertension.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

On the theory and practice of the Staabs' test. An overall view for diagnostic-therapeutic use.

From a systemic point of view, Staabs' test findings are always a diagnostic construction. Criteria for their utility in a certain context is whether in addition to other information sources, it can give meaningful indications for the diagnosis and treatment (comp. for instance, also Priebe's 1989 thoughts on psychiatric diagnosis). Nevertheless or just for that reason is the consideration of relatively constant characteristics of a material, the test person as well as relative observation and description dimensions indispensable in order to prevent the danger of options and "overinterpretation". In this paper, an attempt was made at combining the characteristics that have been crystallized as relevant in the work with Staabs' test over the decades up till now and to put them into a theoretic (systemic) diagnostic context. Under these presuppositions, the Staabs' test presents a particularly suitable procedure for making contact with as well as for the diagnosis and treatment, above all, of children and adolescents. Also the use of relationship and family diagnostics and treatment is possible. At the same time Staabs' test has the inestimable advantage in that the test person's cooperation is only very rarely unattainable; in other procedures this is more often the case.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Field trials with low power lasers concerning the blink reflex.

Laser belonging to class 2 emit in the visible part of the spectrum. The power is limited to 1 mW in the CW mode. Up to now the protection of the eyes has been supposed to be given by the blink reflex for incidentally intrabeam viewing in many regulations. In 3 field trials with 519 test persons we have shown that only 15.9% at 670 nm, 17.2% at 635 nm, and 20.3% at 532 nm had a blink reflex under laser irradiation. An analysis of the results showed neither significant differences concerning the age and the gender of the test persons nor whether they were wearer of glasses or right sighted. The frequent lack of the blink reflex demands organizational measures like instruction using laser class 2 in medical and other applications.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed1978

[Deposition of aerosols into the airways (author's transl)].

The rate of powder absorbed in the lung greatly depends on the particle diameter, and amounts to 40--50% for 1 micrometer particles and 15--20% for 5 micrometer particles. Of importance for therapy was the information that single breath will deposit in the lung 15% of a powder aerosol of 2 micrometer diameter. The liquid aerosols as prevalently used in the therapy, were retained in the lung at a rate of 15% of the original amount when using ultrasonic apparatus. If calculated per minute of inhalation time, the amount absorbed by the lung amounted to 0.2 ml and that by the upper respiratory tract to 0.06 ml. Best deposition in the lung was obtained when inhaling in a closed system with valve-controlled aerosol stream, when using a mouthpiece, and when the test person inhaled with low respiratory rate, deep inspirations, short respiratory pause and complete exspiration. Mark inhalation with closed mouth gave only one tenth of the lung deposition reached with the breathing method described. The use of a mask showed good results, however, when the test person was breathing with open mouth. Only 0.07 ml/min were retained with jet nebulizer and mouth respiration. Combination with intermittent pressure respiration showed no convincing results.

Aerosols↗
PubMed1986

[Quantitative EEG analysis of a single dose of psychotropic drugs in healthy probands].

In a series of 74 experiments in a double blind study, 25 healthy test persons were medicated with a single dose of Clomipramin, Desipramin, Imipramin, Diazepam, Carbamazepin, Haloperidol, and a placebo. At the end of one hour, and again at the end of three hours, an EEG was made whose frequency analysis revealed significant changes in about half the test persons. The antidepressives induced an increase in the theta waves, the slow alpha waves, and the slow beta waves, and a decrease in the fast alpha waves. The factors influencing the EEG are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Prevalence of antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi flagellin in Styrian blood donors.

Lyme borreliosis and tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) are the most common diseases in Austria caused by tick bites. TBE endemic areas are well defined. It seemed to be of interest to compare prevalence data of antibodies against Borrelia burgdorferi (B.b.) to TBE endemic and non endemic areas. Blood samples (n = 1162) were obtained from healthy blood donors in combination with a standardized questionnaire during 21 excursions to 7 selected regions of Styria, Austria. Serum samples were screened for IgG antibodies against B.b. by a commercial flagellum ELISA. None of the tested persons showed symptoms of active Lyme borreliosis. A higher prevalence of antibodies against B.b. could be found in TBE endemic areas (7.7%) compared to TBE nonendemic areas (3.8%). There was a significant increase in positive antibodies against B.b. with age, exposure and number of tick bites remembered by test persons. The antibody prevalence to B.b. flagellin antigen is significantly higher in TBE endemic areas than in non-endemic comparative regions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

[Determination of caries risk in federal soldiers].

Using Dentocult/Dentobuff the "caries risk" was determined in 102 adult test persons three times within a period of 44 weeks and correlated with clinical and radiological study results (Spearman rank correlation, multiple calculation of correlation and regression). The patients were given dental treatment as required during the study period. A close correlation was seen between the individual Dentocult measurements taken at different times, which speaks for relative constancy in these measured values in individual test persons. No significant correlation with the overall increase in caries was found and did not become apparent until cases of caries were categorised as primary, secondary and smooth-surface types. The correlation coefficient was, however, low at R = 0.2-0.4. The prognostic value of the Dentocult/Dentobuff system was at best about 50%. A connection between the caries risk test and clinical parameters became evident in the presence of localised retention. On the whole, however, it must be said that our studies do not show that this method makes it possible to prognosticate the caries risk in individual patients.

Adult↗