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PubMed1976

[Studies on the dental gold-alloys. (15). On the age-hardening in AuCu-Pd alloys (author's transl)].

The effects of Palladium addition to stoichiometric AuCu on the age-hardening are studied by means of resistivity, hardness, X-ray diffraction, and optical and electron microscopic observation. The results obtained are summerized as follows. The shapes of the age-hardening curves in the alloys less than 23.4 at. % Pd, showed an abrupt increase at the early stage of ageing. However, in the alloy containing 34.4 at. % Pd, the age-hardening was not observed. The maximum hardness of the AuCu-12 at. % Pd alloy was higher than that of the AuCu-6 at. % Pd and AuCu-23.4 at. % Pd alloys. The difference in hardening in these alloys was explained by the effect of atomic sites of palladium occupied in AuCu superlattice. Optical and electron micrographs showed that twinning occurs in order to relief the elastic strain induced by growth of AuCu I type superlattice platelets.

Copper↗
PubMed2002

[Application of rCBF imaging in PD, AD and OPCA].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of rCBF imaging in Parkison's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD) and olivopontocerebellar atrophy (OPCA). METHODS: The characteristics of the radioactive distribution of rCBF imaging in PD, AD and OPCA were analyzed, and the laws of the radioactive distribution were identified. RESULTS: The sensitivity of rCBF imaging in PD, AD and OPCA was 88.4% (38/43), 95.8% (23/24), and 85.7% (30/35) respectively. The characteristics of the radioactive distribution were that the radioactivity decreased in the cerebral cortex (25/43), basal nuclei (21/43) and thalamus (18/43) in PD, that the radioactivity decreased in the bilateral cerebral cortex (17/24) in AD, that the radioactivity decreased in the cerebral cortex (17/35), cerebellum (14/35), basal nuclei (14/35) and thalamus (10/35) in OPCA. CONCLUSION: rCBF imaging could sensitively diagnose PD, AD and OPCA, and also could differentially diagnose them according to their different characteristics of the radioactive distribution.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Parkinson's disease and smoking: an integral part of PD's etiological study.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the association of Parkinson's disease (PD) with cigarette smoking. METHODS: One hundred of fourteen PD patients were compared with 205 control subjects who were matched by gender, race and residency. A previously validated questionnaire including smoking, alcohol/tea consumption as well as some other environmental exposure data was administered. RESULTS: With never-smokers as the reference category, we observed reduced risk for PD among ever smokers (OR=0.49, 95% CI: 0.30 to 0.79) current smokers (OR=0.44, 95% CI: 0.23 to 0.86) and ex-smokers (OR=0.54, 95% CI: 0.30 to 0.96). When ever smokers were stratified by years of smoking, there was an inverse correlation between those whose smoking history was longer than 20 years (OR=0.40 95% CI: 0.21 to 0.81) and an even mild protective correlation between those who smoked less than 20 years (OR=0.57, 95% CI: 0.33 to 0.99). Those who had quitted smoking for more than 20 years were less likely to have the disease than never smokers, and those who had quitted for less than 20 years were least likely to have PD, while those who were current smokers were still least likely to have the disease. We found significant inverse gradient with pack-day smoking (trend P<0.05), and the inverse correlation between cigarette smoking and PD was not confounded by alcohol/tea consumption and other confounding bias. CONCLUSIONS: The inverse correlation between Parkinson's disease risk and smoking as well as the trend of gradient dose response is again observed in our study. More future researches are needed to confirm these correlations and to explore further biochemical evidence.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Comparison of the Charlson Comorbidity Index and the Davies score as a predictor of outcomes in PD patients.

BACKGROUND: Comorbidity is a strong predictor and confounds many studies of outcomes. Previous studies have shown that the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) and the Davies score predict mortality in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients. However, there are few data on the comparison of comorbidity scores. OBJECTIVE: To compare the CCI (combines comorbidity and age) and Davies score (comorbidity score without age) to see if one score was superior to the other in predicting outcomes. DESIGN: Prospective database study. SETTING: Seven dialysis centers in Western Pennsylvania. PARTICIPANTS: 415 incident PD patients, starting PD from 1/1/90 to 2/1/00. MEASUREMENTS: The CCI and Davies score calculated at the start of PD; serum albumin levels and demographics at the start of PD; total hospitalizations and mortality, collected prospectively. RESULTS: The correlation between CCI and Davies was 0.80, p < 0.0001. The CCI was inversely correlated with serum albumin (-0.31, p < 0.0001). Davies was significantly correlated with age (0.32, p < 0.0001) and inversely correlated with albumin (-0.27, p < 0.0001). The CCI alone was a stronger predictor than Davies alone (score by best subsets regression 49.6 vs 42.0, p = 0.0058). The CCI and Davies with age appeared to be equivalent models of survival (49.61 vs 49.64). The best predictive models were CCI and initial albumin, or Davies, age, and initial albumin. Both CCI and Davies were predictors of hospitalization rates, but the model with the Davies score was better (Akaike information criterion 799.2 vs 850.2). The best predictive model was Davies, albumin, age, and race. CONCLUSIONS: Both comorbidity scores were significant predictors of outcomes, with CCI the stronger predictor for mortality, but the Davies was a stronger predictor of hospitalizations. One or both should be done at the start of dialysis to predict outcome.

Female↗
PubMed1992

Renal hemodynamic and excretory responses to PD 123319 and losartan, nonpeptide AT1 and AT2 subtype-specific angiotensin II ligands.

Angiotensin receptor subtypes have been described and pharmacologically characterized. DuP 753 (losartan) selectively antagonizes the angiotensin type 1 receptor, whereas PD 123319 selectively binds to an angiotensin type 2 receptor. These studies compared the renal response to treatment with the nonpeptides, DuP 753 and PD 123319, and the peptide antagonist, saralasin, in anesthetized mongrel dogs. Saralasin and DuP 753 increased renal blood flow and were mildly natriuretic. DuP 753 was roughly 10-fold less potent than saralasin. PD 123319 had no effect on renal hemodynamics, but produced dose-related increases in urine volume and free water clearance. PD 123319 had no effect on circulating vasopressin levels, suggesting the change in water handling by the kidney was not due to inhibition of vasopressin release. A direct effect of PD 123319 at the level of the renal tubule has not been ruled out. This is the first report of a renal functional response to an angiotensin type 2 receptor ligand and suggests that the angiotensin type 2 receptor may be related to water handling by the kidney.

Angiotensin II↗
PubMed2004

[Enhancement effect of interferon gamma on the sensitivity of RT4 bladder cancer cells to 5'-deoxy-5-fluorouridine,and 5-fluorouracil through up-regulation of PD-ECGF/TP].

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE: Platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor/thymidine phosphorylase (PD-ECGF/TP) is an essential enzyme in converting 5'-deoxy-5-fluorouridine (5'-DFUR), and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) to their active metabolites in vivo, and can be up-regulated by some cytokines such as interleukin-1, and interferon gamma (INFgamma). This study was to observe the regulative effect of INFgamma on expression of PD-ECGF/TP, and its relation with the anti-cancer effect of 5'-DFUR, and 5-FU on RT4 bladder cancer cells. METHODS: PD-ECGF/TP mRNA, and protein expression were determined by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and Western blot analysis, respectively. Cytotoxicity of 5'-DFUR, and 5-FU against RT4 cells was evaluated by 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymetho-xyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium, inner salt (MTS) assay. RESULTS: Expression levels of PD-ECGF/TP mRNA and protein were elevated in RT4 cells after cultured with INFgamma. INFgamma reduced IC50s of 5'-DFUR [from (9.7+/-0.2) mmol/L to (3.7+/-0.9) mmol/L], and 5-FU [from (130.0+/-21.2) mmol/L to (49.3+/-18.4) mmol/L] in RT4 cells. CONCLUSIONS: INFgamma enhances cytotoxicity of 5'-DFUR, and 5-FU against RT4 cells through induction of PD-ECGF/TP. INFgamma/5'-DFUR or INFgamma/5-FU combination treatment may lead to better chemotherapeutic results in human bladder cancer.

Antineoplastic Agents↗
PubMed1998

[The study of the colour reaction of new reagent N-nonyl-N'-(sodium p-aminobenzenesulfonate) thiourea (NPT) on Pd(II) and its application].

In this work, the colour reaction of Pd(II) on water-soluble spectrophotometric reagent N-Nonyl-N'-(Sodium p-Aminobenzenesulfonate) thiourea (NPT) which is newly synthesized has been studied. The result indicates that Pd(II) reacts on NPT form a yellow water-soluble complex with the proportion of 1:4 in HAc-NaAc buffer solution at pH5.8-6.6. The presence of CTMAB makes a synergistic sensitizing effect on the reaction,the complex exhibits a maximum absorption wavelength at 297.6nm, apparent molar absorptivity epsilon97.6 = 1.27 x 10(5) L x mol(-1) x cm(-1). Beer's law is obeyed when concentration of Pd is within the range of 2-11.2 microg/25 mL, 50 kinds of ions do not influence the determination. It shows NPT is one of the best reagents on its sensitivity and selectivity in the determination of Pd(II). This method obtains satisfying result when using in the determination of Pd in anode mud and catalyst.

English Abstract↗
PubMed2000

PD-140248 (Parke-Davis & Co).

PD-140248 is an isomerase inhibitor and topoisomerase II inhibitor under development by Parke-Davis and Co as a potential treatment for bacterial infection. Although no details of active development have been published in the scientific literature since 1996, in September 1999, the company confirmed that PD-140248 is still in active development [338530]. The compound is one of two new pyrrolidinyl naphthyridines (the other compound being PD-131628) with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, including activity against quinolone-resistant bacteria. PD-140248 demonstrates strong in vitro activity, particularly against Gram-positive bacteria, such as quinolone-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (S aureus), Staphylococcus epidermidis (S epidermidis), Staphylococcus haemolyticus (S haemolyticus), methicillin- and ciprofloxacin-resistant S aureus, Streptococcus species, Streptococcus pneumoniae (S pneumoniae) and Enterococcus faecalis (E faecalis). An MIC90 value of 0.015 microg/ml was obtained against Haemophilus influenzae (H influenzae) and Moraxella catarrhalis [160129]. The (3R,1S) enantiomer, PD-140248, demonstrated a 1- to 10-fold enhanced activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms in vitro and in vivo compared to its stereoisomers, and has thus been targeted for further preclinical studies [133377].

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

Controversies on new animal models of Parkinson's disease pro and con: the rotenone model of Parkinson's disease (PD).

A general complex I deficit has been hypothesized to contribute to neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease (PD) and all toxins used to destroy dopaminergic neurons are complex I inhibitors. With MPTP or 6-OHdopamine, this hypothesis can not be tested since these toxins selectively accumulate in the dopaminergic neurons. However with rotenone, which penetrates all cells, the hypothesis can be tested. Thus, the proof of the hypothesis is whether or not rotenone-induced neurodegeneration mimics the degenerative processes underlying PD. Low doses of rotenone (1.5 or 2.5 mg/kg in oil i.p.) were administered to Sprague Dawley rats on a daily basis. After about 20 days of treatment, signs of parkinsonism occurred and the concentrations of NO and peroxidase products rose in the brain, especially in the striatum. After 60 days of treatment, rotenone had destroyed dopaminergic neurons. Behaviourally, catalepsy was evident, a hunchback posture and reduced locomotion. Other transmitter systems were not, or much less affected. L-DOPA-methylester (10 mg/kg plus decarboxylase inhibition) potently reversed the parkinsonism in rats. Also when infused directly into the dopaminergic neurons, rotenone produced parkinsonism which was antagonized by L-DOPA. Some peripheral symptoms of PD are mimiced by rotenone too, for example a low testosterone concentration in the serum and a loss of dopaminergic amacrine cells in the retina. These results support the hypothesis of an involvement of complex I in PD and render the rotenone model as a suitable experimental model. The slow onset of degeneration make it suitable also to study neuroprotective strategies. Evidence that rotenone-induced neurodegeneration spreads beyond the dopaminergic system is not contradictory given that, according to the new staging studies, also degeneration in PD is not confined to dopamine neurons.

1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine↗
PubMed2006

[Atomic emission spectrometry determination of Au, Pt and Pd after separation and enrichment by hyperbranched polymer].

The present paper shows that the trace amount of gold, platinum and palladium in hydrochloric acid solution can be concentrated by hyperbranched polymer. The new reagent has a rapid adsorption rate and big concentrating capacity. The determination of trace Au, Pt and Pd in sample using carbon powder and strontium carbonate as buffer was carried out by atomic emission spectrometry(AES). Zirconium was selected as internal standard line. The sample was directly loaded into ordinary electrode. The method is simple, rapid and accurate. The condition of determination, and factors of influence were studied. The analysis line of Au, Pt and Pd is 312.3, 306.5 and 311.4 nm respectively. The internal standard line of Zr is 310.7 nm. The linear range of the determination of Au, Pt and Pd is 0-0. 20%, 0-0. 40% and 0-0. 20% respectively. The detection limit of Au, Pt and Pd is 0.010%, 0.0030% and 0.0030% respectively. The method has been applied to the determination of Au, Pt and Pd with satisfactory results.

English Abstract↗
PubMed1991

Isolation and characterization of a complementary DNA (PD-1) differentially expressed by human pancreatic ductal cell tumors.

A complementary DNA (cDNA) library from a cloned subline (CD-11) of a well differentiated human pancreatic tumor cell line, HPAF, was subjected to differential screening using single stranded cDNA probes synthesized from mRNA of the well differentiated cell clone CD-11 and a poorly differentiated pancreatic tumor cell line, Panc 1. A cDNA clone (PD-1) was identified which had an insert of 626 base pairs (bp). PD-1 cDNA hybridized to a transcript of about 650 bp on Northern blot analysis, suggesting that the cDNA was close to full length. Densitometric analysis of Northern blots showed that a well differentiated pancreatic tumor line had a 5-fold higher PD-1 expression as compared to the poorly differentiated line, Panc 1. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the PD-1 cDNA and its deduced amino acid sequence showed an open reading frame of 399 bp. In addition to the open reading frame, the sequence had a 5' untranslated region of 61 bp and a 3' untranslated tail of 147 bp. The nucleotide sequence did not show any significant homology to any other sequence in the GENBANK or EMBL databases; however, the translated protein showed 35% homology to bacterial ribosomal proteins over 112 amino acids. Sequence analysis of the PD-1 cDNA and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis of its in vitro transcription/translation product suggest that this gene encoded a protein of 16,000 daltons.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1977

Characteristics of a new abnormal variant of G-6-PD in human red cells.

Kinetic and electrophoretic properties were studied in 230--300 fold purified preparations of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) from red cells of donors and patients with hemolytic anemia induced by G-6-PD deficiency. In abnormal variant of G-6-PD isolated from red cells of a patient with hemolytic anemia which had not before been described in the literature was found. The abnormal variant differs from the normal enzyme by a decreased Michaelis constant for G-6-P and NADP, by increased utilization of substrate-analogues (2-deoxy-G-6-P and deamino NADP in particular), by low heat stability, the character of pH dependence, and by the appearance of one band of G-6-PD activity during electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel. The isolated abnormal variant of G-6-PD has been called "Kremenchug" according to the origin of the patient.

Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel↗
PubMed1989

[High strength Ag-Pd-Cu alloys].

Twelve kinds of Ag-Pd-Cu alloy, containing 25, 30, 35, 40 wt% Pd, 20, 25, 30 wt% Cu and the residual quantity 30-55 wt% Ag were melted in an argon atmosphere. These alloys were cast using dental precision casting, subsequently, softening heat treatment (water quenching from 800 degrees C) and hardening heat treatment (450-250 degrees C oven cooling) were applied. After softening heat treatment, the Vickers hardness, tensile strength, and elongation of the experimental alloys ranged from 145 to 200, from 41 to 60 kgf/mm2 and from 11 to 27%, respectively. Therefore, these alloys were very ductile in softening heat treatment condition. After hardening heat treatment, the Vickers hardness of the alloys increased in the range of 241-433 and tensile strength increased in the range of 73-107 kgf/mm2. However, elongation decreased to 0.5-3.5%. Composition of the alloy that had the maximum tensile strength (104 kgf/mm2) was about 45 Ag-35 Pd-20 Cu. Brightness (L*) of the test pieces that were immersed in 0.1% sodium sulfide solution of 37 degrees C for 3 days ranged from 58 to 67. After hardening heat treatment, the Ag-Pd-Cu ternary alloy containing 20-30% Cu, 30-40% Pd had satisfactory high hardness and strength for adhesion bridge, but their elongation and tarnishing resistance were insufficient for clinical application.

Copper↗
PubMed1983

An evaluation of the dorset sheep as a predictive animal model for the response of G-6-PD deficient human erythrocytes to a proposed systemic toxic ozone intermediate, methyl oleate hydroperoxide.

Erythrocytes of both G-6-PD deficient humans and Dorset sheep, an animal model with an erythrocyte G-6-PD deficiency, both responded in a dose dependent manner to the oxidant stress of MOHP as measured by decreases in G-6-PD activity, increases in METHB levels and decreases in GSH. However, the human G-6-PD deficient erythrocytes were considerably more sensitive to the formation of METHB than the sheep erythrocytes while the reverse was the case for the GSH parameter. The results suggest a qualitative difference in the response of sheep erythrocytes and human G-6-PD deficient erythrocytes to MOHP that seriously questions the value of the sheep erythrocyte as a quantitatively accurate predictive model.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

[Age--hardening in Au-8wt%Pd alloys containing small quantities of indium (part 1) (author's transl)].

Age-hardening was produced by the additions of minor amounts of indium to a Au-Pd-base alloy for metal-ceramics, as in the Au-Pt-based ternary alloys. (1) The age-hardening, detected from the electrical resistance measurement and hardness test, increased with increasing indium contents in the Au-Pd-In ternary alloys, but was not responsible in a Au-Pd-base alloy. (2) Photomicrographs of the ternary alloys demonstrated the characteristic microstructures in the age-hardened state, but did not appear the intragranular precipitations in the as-casted and the solution-annealed state. A nodular reaction at the grain boundary was shown in the initial aging stage, subsequently the precipitations in the matrix resulted with increasing in hardness. The typical Widmannstätten's structure was developed with the over-aged stage. (3) The matrix phase in the Au-Pd-base ternary alloys containing indium was indexed by X-ray diffraction to a face-centered cubic structure. The lattice parameters were found within a=4.05 A to a=4.06 A, and then increased with indium contents. (4) The cause of the age-hardening has been implied during to the formation of intermetallic compounds, i.e. Pd-In system, but the structures can not been identified in the age-hardening state.

Chemical Phenomena↗
PubMed1994

Lithium carbonate decreases ultrafiltration rates in an experimental model of PD.

Animal studies have shown increased fluid absorption from the peritoneal cavity following intraperitoneal (ip) vasopressin. Lithium is known to antagonize vasopressin effects on fluid absorption in kidney distal nephrons. The aim of the present study was to see whether lithium-containing exchanges increase the ultrafiltration rates (UF) during peritoneal dialysis (PD) in rats. PD was carried out in 6 Sprague-Dawley rats with 1.5% dextrose-containing PD solution using 15-ml volumes. Each exchange (ex) took 1 min for inflow, 4 mins for outflow and 25 mins for dwell. All rats underwent 9 consecutive half-hourly exs. During exs 4-6 lithium carbonate 2.5 mM was added to the PD solution. During lithium-containing exs significant increases in the glucose absorption rates (3.9 +/- 7.8 vs 37.5 +/- 8.1 mg/ex; p = 0.025) were associated with significant reductions in the UF (3.03 +/- 0.25 vs 1.78 +/- 0.12 ml/ex; p = 0.005). In conclusion, the isolated increase in glucose absorption without increases in the dialysate protein concentration with ip lithium, may suggest either a selective increase in size of the pores with a mean dimater near that of the glucose molecule or enhanced lymphatic absorption. ip lithium did not increase the UF in a rat model of PD.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Molecular cloning, expression, and localization of a brain-specific phosphodiesterase I/nucleotide pyrophosphatase (PD-I alpha) from rat brain.

We have isolated cDNA clones encoding the rat brain phosphodiesterase I/nucleotide pyrophosphatase (PD-I alpha), a novel member of the membrane phosphodiesterase I gene family. PD-I alpha cDNA has a 2,655-nucleotide open reading frame encoding a polypeptide of 885 amino acids with a calculated M(r) of 101,302. Northern blot analysis revealed that PD-I alpha transcript was abundantly present in cerebrum and cerebellum while its level was quite low in other tissues. In situ hybridization analysis revealed that PD-I alpha mRNA is localized in secretory epithelial cells in the brain and the eye including choroid plexus epithelial cells, ciliary epithelial cells, iris pigment epithelial cells, and retinal pigment cells. Localization of PD-I alpha mRNA was also observed in glial cells in the molecular layer of the cerebellum. These results indicate that this protein might be involved in the synthesis of adenosine as well as in the regulation of the secretion/transport of epithelial cells and glial cells in the central nervous system.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1996

Prevalence and epidemiology of hepatitis C infection in patients on peritoneal dialysis in France. French PD centers.

We performed a cross-sectional study to establish the hepatitis C virus (HCV) serologic status for all French patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis (PD) on January 1, 1995. We listed a total of 1508 patients, and the exhaustiveness rate was about of 75% of the whole French PD population treated at this date. Only 47 of the 1508 patients were anti-HCV positive (HCV+): the global HCV prevalence was 3.12%. HCV+ patients were treated by PD for a longer time than HCV-patients (4 +/- 4 vs 2 +/- 2 years; p < 0.001); 89% of the HCV+ patients received blood transfusions; 60% had been previously treated by hemodialysis, and 26% previously received a kidney transplantation. In 49% of the HCV+ patients, HCV antibodies were discovered before the start of the peritoneal dialysis program, and a seroconversion was observed in only 4 (0.27%) of them during the PD treatment. All these patients received blood transfusion. In patients without past history of hemodialysis or transplantation (exclusively treated by PD), HCV prevalence was 1.5%, not far off that of the general population. Peritoneal dialysis seems not to be an additional risk factor for hepatitis C infection in France.

Blood Transfusion↗