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PubMed1996

The descriptive assessment for psychiatric art. A new way of quantifying paintings by psychiatric patients.

This pilot study reports the development of a coding system for quantitative analysis of paintings produced by psychiatric patients. Color, color intensity, quality of line, space covered, and subjectively judged emotional tone as characteristics of paintings were recorded in each section of a grid superimposed over the picture. A sample of 39 psychiatric patients were classified into 4 groups using ICD-10 criteria: depression, psychosis, brain injury, and drug abuse. Six independent raters achieved excellent reliability across all scales on each of eight pictures. Analysis of variance results show that each diagnostic group differed on 4 of 13 variables: yellow, orange, color intensity, and line (p < .02). The prospects for further research are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Cross-species chromosome painting in the golden mole and elephant-shrew: support for the mammalian clades Afrotheria and Afroinsectiphillia but not Afroinsectivora.

Cross-species painting (fluorescence in situ hybridization) with 23 (human Homo sapiens (HSA)) chromosome-specific painting probes (HSA 1-22 and the X) was used to delimit regions of homology on the chromosomes of the golden mole (Chrysochloris asiaticus) and elephant-shrew (Elephantulus rupestris). A cladistic interpretation of our data provides evidence of two unique associations, HSA 1/19p and 5/21/3, that support Afrotheria. The recognition of HSA 5/3/21 expands on the 3/21 synteny originally designated as an ancestral state for all eutherians. We have identified one adjacent segment combination (HSA2/8p/4) that is supportive of Afroinsectiphillia (aardvark, golden mole, elephant-shrew). Two segmental combinations (HSA 10q/17 and HSA 3/20) unite the aardvark and elephant-shrews as sister taxa. The finding that segmental syntenies in evolutionarily distant taxa can improve phylogenetic resolution suggests that they may be useful for testing sequence-based phylogenies of the early eutherian mammals. They may even suggest clades that sequence trees are not recovering with any consistency and thus encourage the search for additional rare genomic changes among afrotheres.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Bacillus decolorationis sp. nov., isolated from biodeteriorated parts of the mural paintings at the Servilia tomb (Roman necropolis of Carmona, Spain) and the Saint-Catherine chapel (Castle Herberstein, Austria).

Microbial growths causing discoloration on the Roman wall paintings of the Servilia tomb at the necropolis of Carmona (Spain) and the medieval wall paintings of the Saint-Catherine chapel at Castle Herberstein (Austria) were investigated and from four different samples, a group of ten strains with similar characteristics was isolated. The isolates were characterized in a polyphasic taxonomic study, including 16S rDNA sequence analysis, (GTG)5-PCR genomic fingerprinting, DNA-DNA hybridization, DNA base ratio, fatty acid analysis, morphological and biochemical characterization. The data obtained attribute the isolates to a novel species of the genus Bacillus, for which the name Bacillus decolorationis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is strain LMG 19507T (=DSM 14890T).

Austria↗
PubMed2004

Brevibacterium picturae sp. nov., isolated from a damaged mural painting at the Saint-Catherine chapel (Castle Herberstein, Austria).

Three strains showing highly similar (GTG)5-PCR patterns were isolated from a heavily damaged mural painting at the Saint-Catherine chapel (Castle Herberstein, Austria). On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, the strains were attributed to Brevibacterium, with Brevibacterium casei (96.7 %), Brevibacterium iodinum (96.7 %) and Brevibacterium linens (96.6 %) as the closest related species. Chemotaxonomic data [peptidoglycan contains meso-diaminopimelic acid; mycolic acids absent; MK-8(H2) as the major menaquinone; polar lipids phosphatidylglycerol and diphosphatidylglycerol present; anteiso-C(15 : 0) and anteiso-C(17 : 0) as major fatty acids] supported the affiliation of the strains to the genus Brevibacterium. Additional physiological and biochemical tests confirmed the taxonomic position of the strains and allowed phenotypic differentiation from Brevibacterium species with validly published names. The isolates from the mural painting, therefore, represent a novel species, for which the name Brevibacterium picturae sp. nov. is proposed, with LMG 22061T (= DSM 16132T) as the type strain.

Austria↗
PubMed2000

Differentially painting human chromosome arms with combined binary ratio-labeling fluorescence in situ hybridization.

Recently we developed a novel strategy for differentially painting all 24 human chromosomes. It is termed COBRA-FISH, short for combined binary ratio labeling-fluorescence in situ hybridization. COBRA-FISH is distinct from the pure combinatorial approach in that only 4 instead of 5 fluorophores are needed to achieve color discrimination of 24 targets. Furthermore, multiplicity can be increased to 48 by introduction of a fifth fluorophore. Here we show that color identification by COBRA-FISH of all of the p and q arms of human chromosomes is feasible, and we apply the technique for detecting and elucidating intra- and interchromosomal rearrangements. Compared with 24-color whole chromosome painting FISH, PQ-COBRA-FISH considerably enhances the ability to determine the composition of rearranged chromosomes as demonstrated by the identification of pericentric inversions and isochromosomes as well as the elucidation of the arm identity of chromosomal material involved in complex translocations that occur in solid tumors.

Chromosome Painting↗
PubMed2006

Digital image processing techniques for the detection and removal of cracks in digitized paintings.

An integrated methodology for the detection and removal of cracks on digitized paintings is presented in this paper. The cracks are detected by thresholding the output of the morphological top-hat transform. Afterward, the thin dark brush strokes which have been misidentified as cracks are removed using either a median radial basis function neural network on hue and saturation data or a semi-automatic procedure based on region growing. Finally, crack filling using order statistics filters or controlled anisotropic diffusion is performed. The methodology has been shown to perform very well on digitized paintings suffering from cracks.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2006

Contact dermatitis from methylisothiazolinone in a paint factory.

Introduction of new potential contact-sensitizing chemicals have in the past led to epidemics of contact dermatitis. A new preservative containing only methylisothiazolinone (MI) and not methylchloroisothiazolinone (MCI) has recently been introduced in the European Union for use in products, such as paint, glue and cosmetics. The objective of this article is to describe a factory outbreak of contact allergy to MI and MCI preservatives. This factory outbreak describes allergic contact dermatitis towards MI in 4 patients of 14 persons working at a paint manufacturer. Patch test results from all patients showed positive reactions for MI and MCI/MI. The reactions were stronger for MI than MCI/MI indicating a primary sensitization to MI. The combination of MCI/MI remains widely used, and therefore various patterns of exposure and sensitization could be seen in the future. Our data show that MI holds a potential for eliciting and propably inducing contact allergy in humans. Whether this preservative is safe to use in cosmetics where billions of consumers are exposed needs a care full monitoring.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Molecular approach to the characterisation of fungal communities: methods for DNA extraction, PCR amplification and DGGE analysis of painted art objects.

A protocol for efficient extraction of fungal DNA from micromycetes colonising painted art objects was developed. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) inhibitors were successfully removed by a combined application of a Chelex-100 adsorption resin and a Geneclean Kit for Ancient DNA. Universal fungal primers for PCR amplification of 28S rDNA (U1 and U2) were tested for their applicability in denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis of fungal communities. Artificially produced mortar samples inoculated with fungal pure cultures isolated from mural paintings were used as model objects for DNA extractions and DGGE analysis. Good resolution in DGGE was achieved using 260-bp rDNA fragments amplified with U1/DGGE and U2 primers directly from model communities.

Biofilms↗
PubMed1985

Irritant dermatitis from tri-N-butyl tin oxide in paint.

Organo-tin compounds are known irritants. Tributyl tin oxide is a common biocide in some marine and other paints. An outbreak of irritant contact dermatitis in painters exposed to paints containing tributyl tin oxide is reported.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Occupational allergic contact dermatitis caused by epoxy diacrylate in ultraviolet-light-cured paint, and bisphenol A in dental composite resin.

Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) caused by epoxy di(meth)acrylates or bisphenol A is rare. Here 2 such cases are reported. A dental assistant had allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) caused by bisphenol A contained in dental composite resin (DCR) products based on epoxy dimethacrylate. The contact allergy was verified by allergic patch test reactions to bisphenol A and 2 DCRs. The DCRs giving allergic reactions were analyzed, and 0.014-0.015% of bisphenol A was detected. Occupational ACD caused by bisphenol A in dental composite resins has not been described before. The other patient was a male process worker in a paint factory. He was sensitized by an epoxy diacrylate, 2,2-bis[4-(2-hydroxy-3-acryloxypropoxy)phenyl]-propane (BIS-GA), and other acrylate compounds contained in raw materials of ultraviolet-light-curable paint. The epoxy diacrylate gave an allergic patch test reaction down to 0.016% in pet. He also had an allergic patch test reaction to several other acrylate compounds, 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate, 2-hydroxypropyl acrylate, 1,4-butanediol diacrylate, 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate, diethyleneglycol diacrylate, triethylene glycol diacrylate, and tripropylene glycol diacrylate, indicating cross and/or concomitant sensitization.

Acrylates↗
PubMed1995

Skin disease and contact sensitivity in house painters using water-based paints, glues and putties.

A dermatologic investigation of 202 construction painters included patch testing with the TRUE Test standard series and ingredients of water-based paints, glues and putties (painters' series). 32 painters had current eczema and 16 had a history of previous eczema. Of these, 16 and 9, respectively, had current and previous histories of hand eczema. Irritant reactions on the hands, characterized by dry, erythematous finely fissured skin, which healed within a few days of skin rest, were found in 18 painters. 8 painters presented dry, fissured finger tips and finger sides. The total group of painters had 25 allergic reactions to the TRUE Test standard series and 11 to the painters' series. 11 test reactions were found to be related to present or previous hand eczema: 4 cases reacted to nickel, cobalt, colophony or N-octyl-isothiazolinone; 2 each to p-tertbutylphenol-formaldehyde resin and benzisothiazolinone (BIT); and 3 to Cl + Me-isothiazolinone. 5 painters were sensitive to BIT without clinical symptoms of skin disease. Hand eczema is no more common among construction painters who work with water-based paints, glues and putties, than in an average population. There are, however, special risks of sensitization and eczema in a construction painter's work that should be considered on employment.

Adhesives↗
PubMed1999

Chromosome evolution in kangaroos (Marsupialia: Macropodidae): cross species chromosome painting between the tammar wallaby and rock wallaby spp. with the 2n = 22 ancestral macropodid karyotype.

Marsupial mammals show extraordinary karyotype stability, with 2n = 14 considered ancestral. However, macropodid marsupials (kangaroos and wallabies) exhibit a considerable variety of karyotypes, with a hypothesised ancestral karyotype of 2n = 22. Speciation and karyotypic diversity in rock wallabies (Petrogale) is exceptional. We used cross species chromosome painting to examine the chromosome evolution between the tammar wallaby (2n = 16) and three 2n = 22 rock wallaby species groups with the putative ancestral karyotype. Hybridization of chromosome paints prepared from flow sorted chromosomes of the tammar wallaby to Petrogale spp., showed that this ancestral karyotype is largely conserved among 2n = 22 rock wallaby species, and confirmed the identity of ancestral chromosomes which fused to produce the bi-armed chromosomes of the 2n = 16 tammar wallaby. These results illustrate the fission-fusion process of karyotype evolution characteristic of the kangaroo group.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Comparative genomics: tracking chromosome evolution in the family ursidae using reciprocal chromosome painting.

The Ursidae family includes eight species, the karyotype of which diverges somewhat, in both chromosome number and morphology, from that of other families in the order Carnivora. The combination of consensus molecular phylogeny and high-resolution trypsin G-banded karyotype analysis has suggested that ancestral chromosomal fissions and at least two fusion events are associated with the development of the different ursid species. Here, we revisit this hypothesis by hybridizing reciprocal chromosome painting probes derived from the giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca), domestic cat (Felis catus), and man (Homo sapiens) to representative bear species karyotypes. Comparative analysis of the different chromosome segment homologies allowed reconstruction of the genomic composition of a putative ancestral bear karyotype based upon the recognition of 39 chromosome segments defined by painting as the smallest conserved evolutionary unit segments (pSCEUS) among these species. The different pSCEUS combinations occurring among modern bear species support and extend the postulated sequence of chromosomal rearrangements and provide a framework to propose patterns of genome reorganization among carnivores and other mammal radiations.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Zoo-FISH with region-specific paints for mink chromosome 5q: delineation of inter- and intrachromosomal rearrangements in human, pig, and fox.

Comparison of evolutionarily conserved mammalian chromosomes homologous to human chromosome 17, performed with microdissected painting probes, revealed rearrangements inside these chromosomes in mink and pig and a disruption of this conserved region in the fox. Detection of a homologous region on an Iberian shrew chromosome showed the efficiency of microdissected painting probes for delineation of homologous chromosome regions in species belonging to orders that diverged at least 100 million years ago.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Chromosome painting refines the history of genome evolution in hares and rabbits (order Lagomorpha).

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was used to define homologous segments among representatives of 7 of the 11 recognized leporid genera. Chromosome painting using 22 rabbit chromosome-specific paints derived from flow-sorted chromosomes revealed that at least 18 fusions and six fissions differentiate the extant karyotypes from the presumed ancestral state (2n = 48). The riverine rabbit, Bunolagus monticularis, has the most derived karyotype, differing from the ancestor by seven fusions and five fissions, followed by Pronolagus rupestris, with four fusions and one fission. These findings are consistent with the proposed Palaeolaginae/Leporinae dichotomy in the lagomorphs. The molecular cytogenetic data allow for a refinement of the structural changes that have shaped genome evolution in this group of mammals and underscore the rapid radiation of the Leporidae suggested by mitochondrial DNA sequence data.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Chromosome rearrangements between chicken and guinea fowl defined by comparative chromosome painting and FISH mapping of DNA clones.

Chromosome homology between chicken (Gallus gallus) and guinea fowl (Numida meleagris) was investigated by comparative chromosome painting with chicken whole chromosome paints for chromosomes 1-9 and Z and by comparative mapping of 38 macrochromosome-specific (chromosomes 1-8 and Z) and 30 microchromosome-specific chicken cosmid DNA clones. The comparative chromosome analysis revealed that the homology of macrochromosomes is highly conserved between the two species except for two inter-chromosomal rearrangements. Guinea fowl chromosome 4 represented the centric fusion of chicken chromosome 9 with the q arm of chicken chromosome 4. Guinea fowl chromosome 5 resulted from the fusion of chicken chromosomes 6 and 7. A pericentric inversion was found in guinea fowl chromosome 7, which corresponded to chicken chromosome 8. All the chicken microchromosome-specific DNA clones were also localized to microchromosomes of guinea fowl except for several clones localized to the short arm of chromosome 4. These results suggest that the cytogenetic genome organization is highly conserved between chicken and guinea fowl.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Karyotypic relationships of horses and zebras: results of cross-species chromosome painting.

Complete sets of chromosome-specific painting probes, derived from flow-sorted chromosomes of human (HSA), Equus caballus (ECA) and Equus burchelli (EBU) were used to delineate conserved chromosomal segments between human and Equus burchelli, and among four equid species, E. przewalskii (EPR), E. caballus, E. burchelli and E. zebra hartmannae (EZH) by cross-species chromosome painting. Genome-wide comparative maps between these species have been established. Twenty-two human autosomal probes revealed 48 conserved segments in E. burchelli. The adjacent segment combinations HSA3/21, 7/16p, 16q/19q, 14/15, 12/22 and 4/8, presumed ancestral syntenies for all eutherian mammals, were also found conserved in E. burchelli. The comparative maps of equids allow for the unequivocal characterization of chromosomal rearrangements that differentiate the karyotypes of these equid species. The karyotypes of E. przewalskii and E. caballus differ by one Robertsonian translocation (ECA5 = EPR23 + EPR24); numerous Robertsonian translocations and tandem fusions and several inversions account for the karyotypic differences between the horses and zebras. Our results shed new light on the karyotypic evolution of Equidae.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

The symbolism of salt in paintings.

Many artists have used the symbol of salt in both religious and profane works, yet very few studies have explored the symbolism of salt as used in works of art. In this study, Panofsky's method has been adopted to evaluate works of art through an organic process articulated into three stages: (1) pre-iconographic, (2) iconographic and (3) iconological. The method was used for (a) religious paintings of the Old and New Testaments and (b) mythological and profane themes. Various salt-cellars were also studied. In particular, the paper examines the following themes: Isaac blessing Jacob, the return of Esau, Samuel consecrating David, the Last Supper, the suppers at Emmaus and at the house of Simon, the birth of St. John the Baptist, the Baptism of Constantine, the prodigal son, Bacchus-Apollo, the nuptial banquet of Love and Psyche, the death of the Cavalier of Celano, the king drinks, the landlord's visit, 'Phitopolis faisant servir des mets en or au roi Pithès', certain still life paintings and various salt-cellars including those of Cellini and Giulio Romano. The paper discusses the works of many artists including Raphael, Leonardo and his school (Boltraffio, Giampietrino, d'Oggiono, Solario), Hendricksz, Corenzio, Jean-Baptiste and Philippe de Champaigne, Damaskinos, Tintoretto, Titian, Romanino, Rubens, Bellini, Bloemaert, Veronese, Sustris, Just of Ghent, Jan Van Hemessen, Poussin, Loir, Giotto, Jordaens, Brueghel and Mimmo Paladino with his enchanted mountain. From the data examined it emerged that salt is a primary iconological presence in various works of art.

Christianity↗