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Prosser White Oration 1975. Dermatitis artefacta in relation to the syndrome of contrived disease.
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Psychological and physical correlates of disordered eating in male and female Turkish college students.
The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between disordered eating and three psychological variables (obsessive and depressive symptoms, self-esteem) and body mass index (BMI) in a sample of male and female college students in Turkey. Maudsley Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory (MOCI), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Rosenberg Self Esteem Scale (RSES), Eating Attitude Test (EAT), and Bulimic Investigatory Test, Edinburgh (BITE) scales were administered to 408 college students (279 women; 129 men). By multiple regression analysis, the scales of MOCI, BDI, RSES and BMI were used as potential predictors of EAT and BITE scores for each gender. Obsessionality and BMI were the strongest predictors of bulimic and anorexic symptoms in women. In men, while the strongest predictors of bulimic symptoms were the depressive and obsessive symptoms, the best predictor of anorexic symptoms was obsession scores. There were significant differences and some similarities between male and female Turkish college students.
Self-castration as treatment for alopecia.
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Schizoid personality in childhood: a comparative study of schizoid, autistic and normal children.
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An assessment of violence in a young man with Asperger's syndrome.
Asperger's Syndrome is assumed to be closely related to autism. A case of a 21-yr-old man with Asperger's Syndrome who is frequently violent to his 71-yr-old girlfriend is presented. According to a social-cognitive model of autism, this man is predicted to be markedly impoverished in his appreciation of his victim's thoughts and feelings. Interview-based assessments confirm this deficit, and this is discussed as an important factor in the maintenance of his violence.
Correlates of alcohol use among methadone patients.
This study examines the predictors of alcoholism among 201 patients from three methadone maintenance treatment programs (MMTPs) in New York City. Using the Michigan Alcohol Screening Test, one-fifth of the sample met criteria for alcohol dependence. Few subjects were currently enrolled in any form of chemical dependency treatment other than MMTP. Alcoholics started to use alcohol at an early age, and almost every alcoholic subject admitted to alcohol abuse before entering MMTPs. More alcoholics than nonalcoholics reported symptoms of somatization, obsessive-compulsive behavior, depression, phobic anxiety, and psychosis. Logistic regression indicated that alcoholism among MMTP patients was associated with years drinking, years of sharing needles, utilization of drug abuse detoxification but not alcohol detoxification, smaller increases in methadone dosage over time, and psychiatric symptomatology. Findings are discussed in terms of their implications for designing more efficacious treatment approaches for dually addicted patients in MMTPs.
Lithium treatment of psychotic children and adolescents. A controlled clinical trial.
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Diagnosis of schizophrenic borderline states.
The aim of this paper is to contribute to the clinical description of the group of schizophrenic borderline patients. In the first place important clinical features pointed out in older, basic papers will be restated. Secondly, additional observations, not used in clinical practice before, at least not explicitly, are described, data which are believed to be useful for the diagnosis of the states in question as well as for the differential diagnosis from other conditions, neuroses in particular. In the latter regard the following points are considered to be of outstanding importance: the presence or absence of a primary gain; the presence or absence of strivings to obtain an emotional secondary gain; the nature of the interpersonal relationship; the composition of the single symptoms. Pseudonormal, pseudoneurotic and pseudopsychopathic states are characterized. Micro-psychotic and overt psychotic states are described. Clinical differences from schizophrenic psychosis as observed in patients in the nuclear group of the schizophrenias are pointed out.
A case of Tourette syndrome treated with nifedipine.
A 22-year-old man with severe Tourette syndrome successfully treated with nifedipine is described. Controlled studies are called for.
Psychologic correlates of dental anxiety.
In an attempt to establish the relationships between dental anxiety and personality traits, such as neuroticism and locus of control, a survey has been carried out among 30-40-yr-olds in a Dutch town. In the first instance, the questionnaires comprising the psychologic items were treated by Non-Metric Principal Components analysis to detect the underlying structure. The principal components found were then used in a second-stage analysis. The results appear to be at variance with the literature, i.e. subgroups discernible in the sample by sets of psychologic features were not associated with dental anxiety categories.
Anorexia nervosa in children: a follow-up study.
Thirty children seen between 1954 and 1970 with the diagnosis of anorexia nervosa were contacted between five and twenty years after initial treatment. Patients outcomes in terms of education, weight in adulthood, medical problems, marriage, psychiatric treatment, and recurrence of anorexia were surveyed. Results corroborate those of earlier studies suggesting that adjustment in adulthood is related to personality type.
The consequences of perfectionism for patients with social phobia.
OBJECTIVES: To examine levels of perfectionism in social phobics and to explore the consequences of perfectionism for such individuals. DESIGN: A between-groups laboratory design was used to provide a level of comparison between phobic and non-phobic individuals in a controlled setting. METHOD: Participants for the phobic group (N = 28) were recruited from waiting lists for treatment programmes, and matched controls (N = 29) were recruited from community advertisements. Volunteers for the study completed measures of perfectionism (Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale) and then completed a laboratory session in which they were asked to rate others' social standards for them and their own social ability. RESULTS: Social phobic individuals scored higher on socially prescribed perfectionism. Perfectionistic traits were associated with higher standards in social phobics, but not in controls. Finally, social phobia was associated with lowered perceptions of social ability. CONCLUSIONS: Although social phobia and socially prescribed perfectionism were intertwined, the two conditions appeared to contribute to negative self-appraisal through different processes. Social phobics who are perfectionistic are likely not only to have low levels of efficacy, but also to feel that others will have high expectations for them in social situations.
Psychiatric profiles and patterns of cerebral blood flow in focal epilepsy: interactions between depression, obsessionality, and perfusion related to the laterality of the epilepsy.
OBJECTIVES: In a study of patients with focal epilepsy the hypothesis was explored that different measurements of psychopathology are related to specific distributions of cerebral perfusion. METHODS: Forty patients had SPECT performed with (99m)Tc-HMPAO. In addition, patients received a psychiatric evaluation with the following psychiatric questionnaires: the Beck depression inventory, the Leyton obsessionality inventory, the Bear-Fedio questionnaire, and the social stress and support interview. Patients were analysed in two groups according to the laterality of the epilepsy. Nine patients were excluded based on poor quality scans (n = 1), unlateralised epilepsy (n = 4), and left or ambidextrous handedness (n = 4). RESULTS: There were no overall differences between the left and right epilepsy groups on measures of psychopathology. Associations were found between scores on some of the rating scales and regional cerebral blood flow. Specifically, for patients with left sided epilepsy, higher scores on the Beck depression inventory were associated with lower contralateral temporal and bilateral frontal perfusion, and higher occipital perfusion. For patients with right sided epilepsy higher scores on the Leyton obsessionality inventory were associated with increased perfusion in ipsilateral temporal, thalamic, and basal ganglia regions and bilateral frontal regions. CONCLUSION: The results do not support the notion that lateralised epileptogenic lesions are associated with different levels of depression, obsessionality, or personality traits. They support the view that certain psychopathological symptom patterns are related to specific regional dysfunctions depending on the laterality of a hemispheric lesion.
Health of workers exposed to electric fields.
The results of health questionnaire interviews with 390 electrical power transmission and distribution workers, together with long term estimates of their exposure to 50 Hz electric fields, and short term measurements of the actual exposure for 287 of them are reported. Twenty eight workers received measurable exposures, averaging about 30 kVm-1h over the two week measurement period. Estimated exposure rates were considerably greater, but showed fair correlation with the measurements. Although the general level of health was higher than we have found in manual workers in other industries, there were significant differences in the health measures between different categories of job, different parts of the country, and in association with factors such as overtime, working alone, or frequently changing shift. After allowing for the effects of job and location, however, we found no significant correlations of health with either measured or estimated exposure to electric fields.
Development of obsessive-compulsive symptoms during clozapine treatment in schizophrenia and its positive response to clomipramine.
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Improved capsulotomy for refractory Tourette's syndrome.
The effects of bilateral anterior capsulotomy were analyzed in 12 patients with Tourette's syndrome (TS). All of the patients underwent bilateral anterior capsulotomy. In 7 patients, the target was the anterior one third of the anterior limb of the capsula interna, while in 5 patients, the posterior one third of this structure was targeted. Radiofrequency thermolesions were created at 80 degrees C for 60 s. These surgeries resulted in a reduction in TS symptoms (motor and vocal tics and/or obsessive-compulsive behavior) of >50% in all patients, regardless of the target. A comparison of the two lesion sites suggests that patients with lesions of the posterior one third of the anterior limb have a greater reduction in TS symptoms (>80%) than patients receiving lesions of the anterior one third of the anterior limb (>50%). No severe, permanent side effects were observed in any patient.
EASE: Examination of Anomalous Self-Experience.
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