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PubMed1993

Ovarian neoplasms in children.

OBJECTIVE: To review the clinical presentation, treatment, and outcome in a series of children with ovarian neoplasms. DESIGN: A retrospective review of the medical records in a case series of 29 girls with ovarian neoplasms. The length of follow-up ranged from 6 months to 7 1/2 years and averaged 3.0 years in the girls with malignant tumors. SETTING: The patients were treated at a large referral children's hospital. PATIENTS: Twenty-nine girls with ovarian neoplasms were treated from 1976 to 1992. The average age of the patients was 10 years and ranged from 2 to 16 years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The principal outcomes examined were mortality and surgical morbidity. RESULTS: The most common presenting symptoms for these ovarian tumors in pediatric patients included chronic abdominal pain, an abdominal mass, or distention. Three girls presented with precocious puberty or hirsutism. In 27 cases, the tumor was a primary ovarian lesion. In two patients, the ovarian mass was the presenting finding for a stage IV non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Seventeen tumors were benign and 12 were malignant. Tumors originating from the germ-cell line predominated (n = 17). Seven of the 10 ovarian malignant neoplasms were stage I at the time of diagnosis. All but one of the girls with malignant tumors received either adjunctive radiation therapy or multiple-agent chemotherapy. Two girls with sex cord/stromal cell tumors who presented with stage I disease ultimately developed widespread metastases. Both girls with large epithelial tumors survived. All of the girls with benign tumors and seven (70%) of 10 with malignant lesions survived. CONCLUSION: Ovarian tumors are unusual lesions in the pediatric population. Unlike in adults, such neoplasms generally originate from the germ-cell line. Whereas most ovarian tumors in girls are benign, some children have malignant tumors that are very aggressive and do not respond well to adjuvant therapy. In particular, malignant sex cord/stromal cell tumors, even when they present at an early stage, may behave unpredictably.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Diagnosis of nonprimary pancreatic neoplasms by endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration.

Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) is a proven modality for the diagnosis of primary pancreatic neoplasms. We describe our experience in diagnosing nonprimary pancreatic tumors by EUS-FNA. Cytology files were searched for all EUS-FNA of the pancreas for the period 2000-2002. All cases diagnosed as neoplasms were selected and those diagnosed as nonprimary pancreatic tumors were reviewed and analyzed. One hundred ninety-one of 468 cases were diagnosed as neoplasms. Eleven of these cases were diagnosed as nonprimary pancreatic tumors (2.4% of all diagnoses and 5.7% of all neoplasms). The diagnoses were supported by clinical history (n = 7), cytological findings (n = 11), cell block histology (n = 11), cell block immunohistochemistry (n = 6), and flow cytometry (n = 1). EUS-FNA is a safe and minimally invasive method for the diagnosis of nonprimary pancreatic neoplasms. Evaluation of clinical history, cytomorphology, and ancillary techniques, especially those applied to cell block material, are essential for accurate diagnoses.

Biopsy, Fine-Needle↗
PubMed2000

HPV subtype analysis in lower genital tract neoplasms of female renal transplant recipients.

OBJECTIVE: Immunocompromised patients, such as female renal transplant recipients, have an increased incidence of neoplasms involving the lower genital tract (i.e., cervix, vagina, vulva). The relationship between lower genital tract neoplasms and human papillomavirus (HPV) infection has been established and high-risk oncogenic subtypes have been identified (HPV 16, 18, 45, and 56). The purpose of this study is to evaluate HPV subtypes present in lower genital tract neoplasms of post renal transplant women and compare HPV subtypes found in these patients with immunocompetent patients having similar neoplasms and normal immunocompetent controls. METHODS: Twenty specimens from lower genital tract neoplasms of 16 renal transplant patients, 13 specimens from 13 immunocompetent patients with similar histology, and 13 patients with normal lower genital tract histology were analyzed for the presence of HPV using polymerase chain reaction. HPV primers including the L1 (late) region consensus primers and primers specific for the HPV E6 (early) region for subtypes 6, 11, 16, and 18 were amplified with DNA from the above patient samples. RESULTS: Overall, HPV was detected in 21/46 specimens tested. Thirteen of the HPV-positive specimens were from transplant patients, and 8 were from immunocompetent patients (5 immunocompetent with disease and 3 normal patients). This difference in the total number of HPV-positive cases was statistically significant between the transplant and immunocompetent group (P = 0.02). Although no difference in HPV 6 and/or 11 was detected between the two groups, HPV subtypes 16 and/or 18 approached statistical significant difference (P = 0.06). CONCLUSIONS: High-risk oncogenic HPV subtypes 16 and/or 18 were found at a higher rate in transplant patients compared with their immunocompetent counterparts. The combination of immunocompromise and increased HPV 16 and/or 18 positivity may place these patients at increased risk for aggressive lower genital tract neoplastic progression.

DNA, Viral↗
PubMed2001

[Oncocytic neoplasms of the parotid gland. Differential diagnosis, clinical course and review of the literature].

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Oncocytic neoplasms of the salivary glands are rare. PATIENTS/METHODS: We report on seven cases of oncocytic neoplasms of the parotid gland (one multifocal nodular oncocytic hyperplasia, five oncocytomas, and one oncocytic carcinoma). RESULTS: While the history, clinical presentation, and histology of all oncocytic neoplasms showed no characteristic differences, intraoperatively the well-differentiated oncocytic carcinoma displayed an infiltrative, locally aggressive growth pattern. A local carcinoma recurring 7 years later corresponded to the primary tumor. There were no metastases. Immunohistochemistry revealed that all oncocytic neoplasms were positive for markers of cytokeratins (KI-1) and negative for markers of carcinoembryonal antigen (CEA), S-100 protein, and smooth muscle actin (SMA). In contrast to the benign neoplasms, the oncocytic carcinoma showed an increased rate of proliferating cells (MIB-1) and a strongly positive reaction with the antibody MA-903 against high molecular weight cytokeratins. CONCLUSIONS: In a review of the literature, we could identify a group of locally aggressive, low-grade oncocytic carcinomas with a considerably better prognosis, similar to that of our case. The therapeutic significance of these findings is discussed.

Adenoma, Oxyphilic↗
PubMed2001

Secondary solid neoplasms of the prostate: a clinico-pathological series of 51 cases.

The incidence, presentation, and macroscopic and histological features of secondary solid neoplasms of the prostate gland are described with reference to their differential diagnoses. A continuous series of autopsy and surgical cases from the Royal London Hospital from 1907 to the present yielded a total of 51 secondary neoplasms involving the prostate: 24 at post-mortem examination and 27 surgical specimens. The histology of these specimens was re-examined. In 34 cases, tumour reached the prostate by direct spread: 29 from the bladder and 5 from the rectum. The most common primary sites of metastases to the prostate were lung (eight cases) and pancreas (two cases). There were isolated examples of metastases from the bladder, rectum, skin (malignant melanoma), breast, eye (malignant melanoma), adrenal cortex and gallbladder. Secondary neoplasms represented 2.1% of all neoplasms in surgical specimens, a similar proportion of the total number of malignant solid neoplasms as secondary tumours at other sites in the genitourinary tract. The patients were usually symptomatic, presenting with prostatism, haematuria or pelvic pain, almost always in those with widely disseminated disease.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Improved detection of colorectal neoplasms with selective use of chromoendoscopy in 2005 consecutive patients.

BACKGROUND: Colorectal cancer mortality is decreased by endoscopic polypectomy, but conventional colonoscopy may be inadequate for detecting subtle colonic lesions. METHODS: We selectively performed chromoendoscopy in all patients undergoing colonoscopy between January 1999 and December 2005 at the International Health Union of Rome. Patients with a history of colorectal polyps, inflammatory bowel disease, colorectal surgery or coagulopathy and those with poor bowel preparation were excluded from this analysis. Whenever colonoscopy revealed suspicious mucosal areas, dye-spraying with 0.2% indigo carmine solution was also performed. Findings from conventional and dyespraying views were classified morphologically, and specimens were analyzed histologically. Non-adenomatous lesions were classified as negative findings. RESULTS: A total of 2005 patients underwent conventional colonoscopy and in 305 cases (15%) chromoendoscopy was also performed. Conventional colonoscopy identified 508 neoplasms in 381 patients (19%). Selective chromoendoscopy found an additional 244 neoplasms in 212 patients (11%). Thus, chromoendoscopy was positive in 212 (70%) of 305 patients in whom the examination was performed. Overall, 56 large, ulcerated, advanced cancers and 696 non-advanced neoplasms were found. Of the 696 nonadvanced neoplasms, 448 (65%) were polypoid and 248 (35%) were non-polypoid. All but 4 non-polypoid lesions were only detected with chromoendoscopy. Of the 248 non-polypoid lesions, 12 (5%) were depressed and 236 (95%) were flat. Advanced histology was present in 39 non-polypoid lesions (15%) and was more common in depressed lesions than in flat ones (58% vs. 13%; p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Our study confirms the existence of flat and depressed neoplasms in an Italian population. The vast majority of non-polypoid lesions were only detected by chromoendoscopy, and many lesions with advanced histology were missed by conventional colonoscopy. We therefore recommend selectively performing chromoendoscopy when conventional colonoscopy provides clues for non-polypoid lesions. Therefore, endoscopists should be trained in the detection of these subtle mucosal clues, as well as in the use of chromoendoscopy to enhance their detection.

Adenoma↗
PubMed1987

Hepatic resection for primary and secondary neoplasms of the liver.

Fifty consecutive major hepatic resections were performed for primary and secondary malignant neoplasms of the liver. There were 7 children and 9 adults with primary neoplasms and 34 patients with secondary neoplasms. The mortality rate was 0 percent and the morbidity rate, 14 percent. Postoperative morbidity correlated with operative blood loss. The 5 year survival rates for children and adults with primary neoplasms were 42 percent and 22 percent, respectively, and the 5 year survival rate for adults with secondary neoplasms was 15 percent. Factors such as disease-free interval, number of metastases, and stage of metastases did not influence the postoperative survival rate. Also, there was no difference in survival rate between patients whose metastases were resected by lobectomy or segmentectomy and those whose metastases were resected by wedge resection.

Adenoma, Bile Duct↗
PubMed1984

Effects of choledochojejunostomy with Roux-en-Y exclusion on dimethylhydrazine induced neoplasms in rats.

The role of biliary secretions was studied in the development of neoplasms in the small intestine and colon of rats treated with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH). Sixty-eight female Sprague-Dawley rats underwent either no operative procedure or choledochojejunostomy with or without a Roux-en-Y exclusion. All animals then received weekly subcutaneous injections of DMH at 20 mg/kg for 26 weeks and were subsequently sacrificed. The largest number of neoplasms was found in the proximal duodenum, within 3 cm distal to the pylorus, in the control as well as both operative groups. In addition, only six neoplasms developed in relation to the choledochojejunostomy site in rats undergoing choledochojejunostomy only, and no neoplasms were noted at this location in the animals undergoing choledochojejunostomy with Roux-en-Y exclusion. These results suggest that the distribution of enteric neoplasms in DMH treated rats does not depend on excretion of active carcinogen in bile.

1,2-Dimethylhydrazine↗
PubMed1987

Hydroxylamine effects on cryptogenic neoplasm development in C3H mice.

The effect of administration of hydroxylamine (HA) to male and female mice was studied because of reports suggesting an anticarcinogenic effect and an enhancement of lifespan. In this study, two C3H sublines were used: the C3H/HeN which carries a germinal provirus of the mouse mammary tumor virus and the C3H/HeJ(+) which also carries the milk-transmitted exogenous virus. Lifetime administration of 10 mM HA in the drinking water resulted in a decrease in mammary neoplasm incidence in female C3H/HeN mice, but not in female C3H/HeJ(+) mice. Ovarian neoplasms and cysts were common in all groups, indicating ovarian dysfunction, but these were not affected by treatment. The incidences of other cryptogenic neoplasms found in controls in significant numbers, i.e. liver carcinomas, lymphomas, lung adenomas and adrenal cortex tumors were only marginally affected by the treatment. However, an increased incidence of vascular neoplasms of the spleen in hydroxylamine-treated female C3H/HeN mice and vascular neoplasms of the lymph nodes in hydroxylamine-treated male C3H/HeJ(+) mice indicated a subline-related action on the reticuloendothelial system. The survival of control mice was 35-58% at 2 years and this was not increased in either subline by hydroxylamine, which is interpreted to indicate that this antiioxidant does not increase lifespan of animals under conditions of maintenance that are adequate for good survival.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Spontaneous neoplasms in aged CD-1 mice.

Spontaneous neoplasms in untreated control CD-1 mice (725 males and 725 females) used in carcinogenicity studies were evaluated and tabulated. The most common neoplasms in male mice were alveolar-bronchiolar adenomas (19.3%) followed by hepatocellular adenomas (11.0%), lymphoreticular neoplasms (6.8%), hepatocellular carcinomas (5.7%), Harderian gland adenomas (2.9%), alveolar-bronchiolar carcinomas (2.5%), and testicular interstitial cell tumors (1.9%). In the females, the most frequently occurring neoplasms were lymphoreticular neoplasms (16.4%) followed by alveolar-bronchiolar adenomas (12.3%), uterine endometrial polyps (4.3%), uterine leiomyomas (3.5%), mammary adenocarcinomas (2.5%), hepatocellular adenomas (1.8%), hemangiomas (1.7%), Harderian adenomas (1.7%), alveolar-bronchiolar carcinomas (1.5%), and pituitary adenomas (1.1%). Tumors in other various organs were found at a low incidence.

Aging↗
PubMed2006

Expression of S-100 protein in renal cell neoplasms.

Polyclonal antibody to S-100 protein has been routinely applied for initial screening of various types of tumors, including, melanocytic tumors and neurogenic tumors. S-100 protein has been shown to have a broad distribution in human tissues, including renal tubules. The potential utility of S-100 protein in renal cell neoplasms has not been extensively investigated. Using an EnVision-Horseradish Peroxidase (HRP; Dako, Carpinteria, Calif) kit, we evaluated the diagnostic value of S-100 protein on tissue microarray sections from 175 cases of renal epithelial neoplasm (145 primary renal neoplasms and 30 metastatic renal cell carcinomas) and 24 non-neoplastic renal tissues. Immunohistochemical stains for pancytokeratin, HMB-45, and Mart-1 were also performed. Western blot using the same antibody (anti-S-100 protein) was performed on 10 cases of renal cell neoplasm. The results demonstrated that nuclear and cytoplasmic staining pattern for S-100 protein was observed in 56 (69%) of 81 conventional (clear cell) renal cell carcinomas (RCCs), 10 (30%) of 33 papillary RCCs, 1 (6%) of 16 ChRCCs, and 13 (87%) of 15 oncocytomas. Among the 81 cases of CRCC, positivity for S-100 protein was seen in 41 (71%) of 58 and 15 (65%) of 23 cases with Furhman nuclear grade I/II and III/IV, respectively. Focal immunostaining was present in 22 (92%) of 24 normal renal tubules. Similar staining pattern was observed in 21 (70%) of 30 metastatic RCCs. Western blotting demonstrated the S-100 protein expression in both renal cell neoplasm and normal renal tissue. Overexpression of S-100 in oncocytomas compared with ChRCCs was confirmed by the data of Western blot and cDNA microarray analysis. Importantly, 14.8% (12/81) of clear cell RCC and 13.3% (4/30) of metastatic RCC revealed an immunostaining profile of pancytokeratin (-)/S-100 protein (+). These data indicate that caution should be taken in interpreting an unknown primary with S-100 positivity and cytokeratin negativity. In addition, it suggests that S-100 has a diagnostic value in differentiating oncocytoma from ChRCC.

Adenoma, Oxyphilic↗
PubMed1997

The bladder tumor antigen (BTA) test compared to voided urine cytology in the detection of bladder neoplasms.

PURPOSE: Tests to detect recurrent bladder neoplasms are limited and none is consistently accurate. Recent studies suggest that the bladder tumor antigen (BTA) test, an agglutination reaction for basement membrane complexes, is superior to voided urine cytology in clinical practice. We compared BTA and voided urine cytology to bladder washings and cystoscopy, emphasizing diagnostic yield among patients with causes of basement membrane complexes other than bladder cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Random voided urine specimens from 67 patients with a history of bladder neoplasms were collected before cystoscopy and bladder washing. Urine also was obtained from 34 patients with inflammatory bladder conditions including 5 with a history of prostate cancer. Each urine was tested for BTA according to a commercial kit. Positive results were indicated by yellow on a test pad. Blinded to all other results, each urine and each bladder washing were examined microscopically, and a positive test had malignant/suspicious cells. Bladder biopsies were performed when endoscopic lesions were seen. Specimens were grouped into 4 categories: group 1--biopsy proved bladder neoplasm, group 2--history of bladder cancer but not biopsy proved, group 3--history of prostate cancer and group 4--no history of urological cancer. RESULTS: Voided urine cytology was positive in 54% of specimens from patients with biopsy proved bladder neoplasms compared to 29% for BTA. Relative yield for voided urine cytology versus BTA was not changed if all group 2 cases having a positive bladder washing and positive cystoscopy were assumed to have bladder cancer, nor was relative yield altered by subsequent short-term followup. Of voided urine specimens 14% from group 1 patients and 41% from group 2 patients had scant cells. Overall diagnostic yield was superior for bladder washing. False-positive BTA occurred in 7 of 34 patients with no history of urological or prostate cancer. There were no false-positive voided urine cytology interpretations in these groups. CONCLUSIONS: BTA is not superior to voided urine cytology in detecting bladder neoplasms and may be limited by false-positive reactions in patients with other causes of basement membrane complexes in urine. Voided urine samples may be limited by high frequency of hypocellularity. Of 34 patients with a hypocellular urine specimen 4 had biopsy proved bladder cancer. Bladder washing yields best results but requires instrumentation. No test, including cystoscopy, is accurate always.

Antigens, Neoplasm↗
PubMed2000

Expression of E-cadherin, cellular differentiation and polarity in epithelial salivary neoplasms.

To investigate whether expression of E-cadherin correlates with polarised tissue organisation, grade or tumour type in salivary neoplasms, frozen sections from 30 salivary gland neoplasms were stained immunohistochemically for E-cadherin using the antibody HECD-1 and compared to the staining patterns in five samples of normal salivary gland. Lesions with areas of lack of staining were restained at two higher antibody concentrations. Normal salivary gland stained strongly around the periphery of acinar and ductal cells. Neoplasms mostly stained strongly regardless of neoplasm type. Reproducible loss of expression was found only in epithelial cells showing stromal or plasmacytoid (hyaline) differentiation in pleomorphic adenoma. Low- and high- grade mucoepidermoid carcinomas, adenocarcinoma NOS and carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma showed focal loss of expression but this was not related to tissue architecture, differentiation or invasiveness. We conclude that the relationship seen between E-cadherin expression and cell polarity/glandular organisation in breast and colon does not appear to exist for salivary gland neoplasms in which the diversity of architectural patterns precludes detection of any simple relationship. E-cadherin expression seems unlikely to be a useful marker for diagnosis or prognosis in salivary neoplasia in general.

Biomarkers, Tumor↗
PubMed2004

Pancreatic mucinous cystic neoplasm defined by ovarian stroma: demographics, clinical features, and prevalence of cancer.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Pancreatic mucin-producing cystic neoplasms are classified into 2 distinct entities: mucinous cystic neoplasm (MCN) and intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN). In previous studies, MCN often has been defined loosely and has not always been distinguished clearly from IPMN. Our aims were to determine the demographics, clinical features, and prevalence of invasive cancer in MCN defined by the presence of characteristic ovarian stroma. METHODS: By using the presence of ovarian stroma as a requisite criterion for diagnosis of MCN, a single pathologist, unaware of clinical information, identified 56 MCNs from 243 mucin-producing neoplasms resected at Mayo Clinic between 1986 and 2003. Medical records of the MCN patients were reviewed to obtain clinical and demographic data. RESULTS: Patients with MCN were almost exclusively (98%) women; we identified 1 man with a neoplasm containing ovarian stroma. The mean (+/-SD) age at resection was 48 +/- 15 years (84% < 60 y). Abdominal pain was the most common presenting symptom; 16% were asymptomatic. Most MCN (93%) were in the pancreatic body/tail region. Their median size was 5 cm (61% > or =5 cm). Histologically, 50 (89%) were adenomas, 2 (4%) had carcinoma-in-situ, and 4 (7%) had invasive cancer. None of the 22 MCNs <5 cm in size had invasive cancer. No patient with noninvasive disease had a recurrence after resection. CONCLUSIONS: MCN defined by ovarian stroma has a distinct demographic and clinical profile and a low prevalence of invasive cancer. These observations suggest that ovarian stroma should be used as the defining criterion for diagnosing MCN.

Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous↗
PubMed1999

Dimorphic immunohistochemical staining in ocular sebaceous neoplasms: a useful diagnostic aid.

PURPOSE: We studied whether patterns of immunostaining in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue could help to distinguish between sebaceous neoplasms of the eyelid and other eyelid neoplasms. METHODS: We applied antibodies to human milk fat globule-1 (HMFG1), cytokeratins (PKK1 and MNF116), epithelial membrane antigen (EMA) and carcino-embryonic antigen (CEA) to normal eyelid tissue and to a range of sebaceous lesions of the eyelid; these included sebaceous hyperplasia, sebaceous adenoma and sebaceous epithelioma, in addition to well to poorly differentiated sebaceous carcinoma. RESULTS: The central and peripheral cellular components of normal sebaceous glands and neoplastic sebaceous lesions showed a distinctive dimorphic staining pattern with the antibody panel used. The central foamy 'sebaceous' cells expressed HMFG1 and EMA, but not PKK1 or MNF116, whereas the smaller, peripheral basal and ductal cells expressed PKK1 or MNF116 but not HMFG1 or EMA. CEA expression in sebaceous cells was unhelpful diagnostically. CONCLUSION: Normal sebaceous glands and all sebaceous neoplasms show a dimorphic cell population that can be identified using a small panel of antibodies on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue. This distinctive staining pattern can be assessed retrospectively, even in small biopsies, and largely removes the need for fat stains on frozen sections to differentiate sebaceous lesions from other ocular neoplasms. The results also support the suggestion that ocular sebaceous neoplasms arise from a common stem cell, rather than from either sebaceous or basal/ductal cells.

Adenocarcinoma, Sebaceous↗
PubMed2004

Defective mismatch repair in the pathogenesis of low-grade appendiceal mucinous neoplasms and adenocarcinomas.

Defective DNA mismatch repair has been proposed as a second pathway for colonic carcinogenesis, particularly in tumors arising in the right colon. We investigated whether tumors arising in the appendix are associated with defective DNA mismatch repair using immunohistochemistry for mismatch repair enzymes hMLH-1, hMSH-2, hMSH-6, and hPMS-2. These immunoassays have been shown to be highly sensitive and specific for defective DNA mismatch repair in sporadic and familial adenocarcinomas. Sporadic adenocarcinomas with defective DNA mismatch repair essentially always show loss of hMLH-1, while loss of hMSH-2, hMSH-6, or hPMS-2 is almost always due to germline mutation. In all, 35 cases of appendiceal epithelial neoplasms were evaluated, comprising 18 low-grade appendiceal mucinous neoplasms confined to the appendix; eight low-grade appendiceal mucinous neoplasms with extra-appendiceal spread (five peritoneum and ovaries, two peritoneum, one ovaries only); and nine invasive adenocarcinomas (three with metastatic disease). All immunohistochemical slides were reviewed by two pathologists. One (11%) invasive adenocarcinoma showed absent expression of hMSH-2 and hMSH-6, but preserved hMLH-1 and hPMS-2 expression. This case was a 26-year-old female with a history of synovial sarcoma who presented with acute appendicitis and appendiceal perforation (median age for other invasive carcinomas, 62 years; range 38-76 years). The appendiceal tumor was a moderately differentiated, colonic-type adenocarcinoma without significant extracellular mucin or tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. The remaining invasive carcinomas and low-grade appendiceal mucinous neoplasms demonstrated preserved expression of all mismatch repair enzymes, including the seven cases in which extra-appendiceal tumor was also evaluated. We conclude that defective DNA mismatch repair does not play a role in the pathogenesis of low-grade appendiceal mucinous neoplasms. Defective DNA mismatch was found in 11% of invasive carcinomas, likely due to a germline mutation. These findings suggest that sporadic appendiceal neoplasia rarely arises through the defective DNA mismatch repair (mutator) pathway.

Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing↗
PubMed2000

Metallothionein in pancreatic endocrine neoplasms.

Metallothioneins (MTs) are intracellular proteins that bind to metal ions and are involved in heavy metal homeostasis and detoxification. Pancreatic islets were shown to be positive for zinc-containing matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9 by immunocytochemical staining. The immunolocalization of matrix metalloproteinases in pancreatic islets prompted us to study further the link between zinc and MT in 34 cases of pancreatic endocrine neoplasms, including insulinomas, glucagonomas, gastrinomas, pancreatic polypeptide-omas, and non-functioning endocrine neoplasms. Four types of islet cells were found to be positive for MT, whereas pancreatic endocrine neoplasms mostly were either weakly positive or negative for MT. The presence of MT in normal islet cells and pancreatic endocrine neoplasms is consistent with the notion that MTs modulate zinc homeostasis and metabolism in pancreatic islet cells and pancreatic endocrine neoplasms as those tissues contain zinc-containing matrix metalloproteinases.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Immunohistochemical demonstration of carcinoembryonic antigen and related antigens in various cutaneous keratinous neoplasms and verruca vulgaris.

Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), which is a well-known marker for the normal sweat gland apparatus and its neoplasms in the skin, was recently demonstrated in sebaceous neoplasms. The aim of this study was to examine the expression of CEA and related antigens in the other cutaneous keratinous neoplasms and verruca vulgaris. Normal adult skin, squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), senile keratosis, Bowen's disease, basal cell carcinoma (BCC), seborrhoeic keratosis and verruca vulgaris were stained immunohistochemically with a panel of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies that recognize different epitopes of CEA and related molecules. Localization of the antigens was compared with that of involucrin and proliferating cell nuclear antigen. The strongest expression of CEA-related antigens, other than non-specific cross-reacting antigen (NCA) -50/90, was seen in SCC and verruca vulgaris, while no detectable expression was seen in BCC. Senile keratosis, Bowen's disease and seborrhoeic keratosis showed the predominance of the CEA-related antigens over CEA weakly expressed. Strong expression of both CEA and NCA-50/90 was seen only in SCC. All the expressions were limited to the cells situated in the upper epidermal cell layers of the tumours, at the centre of tumour islands in SCC and along the pseudohorn cysts in seborrhoeic keratosis, where involucrin was coexpressed. We suggest that CEA and related antigens are not only markers for sweat gland differentiation in the skin, as currently accepted, but are also expressed in various cutaneous keratinous neoplasms and verruca vulgaris. The expression may correlate with the terminal differentiation of the tumour cells, the strong coexpression of CEA and NCA-50/90 may correlate with the malignant potential of the tumour types, and the mechanisms that control the expression of CEA and related antigens in the neoplasms may be similar to those operative in verruca vulgaris.

Adult↗