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PubMed1995

Curriculum of medical informatics and medical technology in the medical faculty.

1. CURRICULUM DESCRIPTION. Twenty years ago, our faculty organized several lessons in a physiology course to inform students about computers. Recently, new courses in informatics were established. In their first year, students take a compulsory course (15 hours=h) of basic computer science (computers databases, networking, and basic non-medical computer software). A special elective course in medical informatics (30h) can be taken in the 4th year (about 20% of students pass tis course). This course includes the following lessons: computers in medicine (2h), scientific information (4h), classification in medicine (2h- including ICD, SNOMED etc.), computer support of clinical decision (2h-calculation principles with demonstration), artificial intelligence (2h), statistical software (2h), hospital information systems (2h), software for practitioners (2h), biosignal and image analysis (4th), computers in pharmacology (2h), computer simulation (2h), support of metabolic care (2h-consultations, risk calculations), and laboratory information systems (2h). The same course, though slightly differences, is used for paramedical students (occupational therapy, health education, and nursing). Medical technology was established in a three year curriculum courses in the 1st year include common courses in electronic devices (60 h), computers and programming (120 h), biophysics (90 h), biomechanics (30 h), and different medical courses (500 h). For the 2nd and 3rd year, 75% of the courses (700 h per year) are technical e.g., medical devices, information systems, signal and picture analysis, laboratory technique, and data protection. 2. CONCLUSION AND PERSPECTIVES. Students of medicine, and some paramedical studies, are able to use computer in their profession after having taken these courses. Bachelors of medical technology find application in biomedical research, hospitals, and medical technology firms.

Curriculum↗
PubMed2001

Information visualization and its application to medicine.

This paper provides an introduction to the field of information visualization (IV) and a discussion of its application to medical systems. More specifically, it aims at: (i) defining what IV is and what are its goals (ii) highlighting the similarities and differences between IV and traditional medical imaging (iii) illustrating the potential of IV for medical applications by examining several examples of implemented systems and (iv) giving some general indications about the purposes and the effective exploitation of an IV component into a medical system.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed2005

[Informatics in the Croatian health care system].

Informatization process of the Croatian health care system started relatively early. Computer processing of data of persons not covered by health insurance started in 1968 in Zagreb. Remetinec Health Center served as a model of computer data processing (CDP) in primary health care and Sveti Duh General Hospital in inpatient CDP, whereas hospital administration and health service were first introduced to Zagreb University Hospital Center and Sestre Milosrdnice University Hospital. At Varazdin Medical Center CDP for health care services started in 1970. Several registries of chronic diseases have been established: cancer, psychosis, alcoholism, and hospital registries as well as pilot registries of lung tuberculosis patients and diabetics. Health statistics reports on healthcare services, work accidents and sick-leaves as well as on hospital mortality started to be produced by CDP in 1977. Besides alphanumeric data, the modern information technology (IT) can give digital images and signals. Communication in health care system demands a standardized format of all information, especially for telemedicine. In 2000, Technical Committee for Standardization in Medical Informatics was founded in Croatia, in order to monitor the activities of the International Standardization Organization (ISO) and Comite Européen de Normalisation (CEN), and to implement their international standards in the Croatian standardization procedure. The HL7 Croatia has also been founded to monitor developments in the communication standard HL7. So far, the Republic of Croatia has a number of acts regulating informatization in general and consequently the informatization of the health care system (Act on Personal Data Confidentiality, Act on Digital Signature, Act of Standardization) enacted. The ethical aspect of data security and data protection has been covered by the Code of Ethics for medical informaticians. It has been established by the International Medical Informatics Association (IMIA), and the Croatian Society of Medical Informatics (CSMI) has translated it into Croatian and published it on its website. Based on a survey of medical staff attitudes toward health care system informatization, the Croatian health system appears to be ready for informatization. The only requirement is that the present and future health care providers have appropriate medical informatics education, proper computer equipment at their workplace, and an opportunity to participate in the development and/or improvement of the health information system. One of the EU health strategy priorities is the improvement of health information and knowledge. It means that integrated health information systems are required, i.e. systems able to provide key information on health and health care system to the politicians, health professionals and public in general.

Croatia↗
PubMed1995

Medical informatics and pediatrics. Decision-support systems.

Decision support is an important area of medical informatics research. Computer-based decision-support tools facilitate diagnosis and the management of patients after a diagnosis has been established. Diagnostic decision-support tools, such as Meditel, Quick Medical Reference, DXplain, Iliad, and PEM-DXP are potentially useful "expert systems." Other management-support tools, such as systems that use clinical practice guidelines to create reminders and alerts, also have been developed and evaluated. We do the following: (1) to provide an overview of diagnostic and management decision-support systems; (2) explore the background of and motivation behind these systems; (3) survey the uses of decision-support technology in office-based and inpatient pediatric practices; and (4) discuss the virtues and problems associated with some of these tools, and current controversies and future goals for computer-based decision support.

Attitude to Computers↗
PubMed1995

[Medical informatics in research, teaching and patient management].

The field of medical informatics in its current understanding is defined and criteria distinguishing this field from similar areas are provided. Special consideration is given to its position at a School of Medicine - in particular to the University of Vienna Medical School with the Vienna General Hospital as its teaching hospital. Demands for medical informatics and electronic data processing (EDP) in this extended field of activity come from four different sources: (1) research in medical informatics, (2) teaching of medical informatics as well as EDP training, (3) EDP service for research and teaching, and (4) EDP hospital operations to assist patient care. (Purely administrative EDP demands are not considered here.) It is shown that the different demands can be fulfilled by the usually available institutions involved in medical informatics and EDP at a School of Medicine. At many places these institutions are as follows: (1) a department or division of medical informatics with a possibly attached computer center dedicated to provide assistance in the area of research and teaching, (2) the computer center of the respective university the School of Medicine belongs to, (3) the computer center of the hospital-owned institution responsible for all EDP activities connected to patient care, and (4) external software companies and EDP training centers. To succeed in the development of an exhaustive, school-wide system of medical informatics and EDP that considers the different demands in research, teaching, and EDP hospital operations equally, close and well-suited coordination between the institutions involved is necessary.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed1996

Medical informatics: once more towards systematization.

Commenting on a paper by Van Bemmel (Medical Informatics, Art or Science? [1]), the following questions are raised: What is the meaning of medical informatics?, How to systematize medical informatics?, is medical informatics an art, a science or a technology?. It is argued that medical informatics is concerned with the systematic processing of data, information and knowledge in medicine and health care, and that medical informatics is not just the application of computers in these fields. Three classifications for medical informatics research and education are presented. It is concluded that medical informatics is a scientific medical discipline, similar to surgery, internal medicine, epidemiology, or microbiology; and that medical informatics has a strong relationship with the health sciences concerning its field of application, and to informatics concerning its methods and tools. It is a cross-sectional discipline, with relevance for virtually all other specialties of medicine and the health sciences. This is the reason for its impact on research and education in these specialties. It also causes that the quality of the processing of data, information and knowledge has a direct and considerable effect upon the quality of health care in practically all these specialties.

Delivery of Health Care↗
PubMed2004

Milestones in Romanian medical informatics.

The paper concerns the major activities in the field of medical informatics in Romania: education, computer technology, implementation in healthcare, role of industry, IT use in medical applications and research.

Hospital Information Systems↗
PubMed1994

A database schema for public-domain medical software.

The quantity of public-domain medical software available is huge, and a classification schema may be therefore helpful. We developed a schema that includes identification data (name of the software, author, etc.), description (hardware and software requirements), classification (software category, application domain, etc.) and evaluation data (external quality and internal quality factors). The schema was tested on the public-domain software available at the SCAMC meetings (about 36 Mb). We also classified the software by employing students from a master course in computer science and medical informatics. We stored the high quantity of information collected in a database we developed using Paradox.

Databases, Factual↗
PubMed2003

Designing clinically useful systems: examples from medicine and dentistry.

Despite promising results in medical informatics research and the development of a large number of different systems, few systems get beyond a prototype state and are really used in practice. Among other factors, the lack of explicit user focus is one main reason. The research projects presented in this paper follow a user-centered system development approach based on extensive work analyses in interdisciplinary working groups, taking into account human cognitive performance. Different medical and health-care specialists, together with researchers in human-computer interaction and medical informatics, specify future clinical work scenarios. Special focus is put on analysis and design of the information and communication flow and on exploration of intuitive visualization and interaction techniques for clinical information. Adequate choice of the technical access device is made depending on the user's work situation. It is the purpose of this paper to apply this method in two different research projects and thereby to show its potential for designing clinically useful systems that do support and not hamper clinical work. These research projects cover IT support for chairside work in dentistry (http://www.dis.uu.se/mdi/research/projects/orquest) and ICT support for home health care of elderly citizens (http://www.medsci.uu.se/mie/project/closecare).

Aged↗
PubMed1995

Practical approach to implementation of neural nets at the molecular level.

Potentialities for implementing simple neural net information processing devices based on chemical and biochemical dynamic media are discussed. This approach gives an opportunity to construct efficient systems capable of performing some primitive operations important for imaging processing.

Image Processing, Computer-Assisted↗
PubMed1997

Medical informatics training in pathology residency programs.

Computers and information technology are increasingly used by pathologists, necessitating training in such technology in pathology residency programs. We surveyed 176 programs in the United States and Canada to assess informatics training in terms of instructional methods used, computer availability, and type of training offered. Eighty-four programs replied, for a response rate of 48%. Ninety percent of programs reported offering formal informatics training, but only 68% of programs required it. A rotation dedicated to teaching informatics was provided in 24% of the programs; in 44% of programs, informatics was integrated with other rotations. The most common instructional methods used were hands-on experience with microcomputers and the use of tutors. In 94% of programs, computers were available for resident use; in 60%, residents had individual computers assigned to them. Five programs offered a dedicated informatics rotation but did not provide residents with individual computers, and 22 programs required informatics training but did not provide residents with individual computers. Comparison of these data with data from 1993 shows an increase in programs offering (90% vs 84%) or requiring (68% vs 59%) informatics. Fewer programs offer a dedicated rotation (24% vs 31%) or integrate informatics training with other rotations (44% vs 69%). These data suggest that although informatics training is considered important by most training programs, inadequate resources and lack of formal, structured programs may limit training.

Canada↗