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PubMed2005

Socio-cultural and cognitive predictors of eating disorder symptoms in young girls.

There is some evidence for a relationship between socio-cultural variables and the development of disordered eating or concerns. However, the role of individual cognition in adding to this relationship has not yet been investigated. The current study therefore had two main questions. Firstly, which of the socio-cultural factors investigated (parental, peers and the media) predict girls' eating disorder related symptoms? Secondly, do individuals' cognitions add to this prediction? Thirty-eight girls participated in the study. They completed the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT), Eating Disorder Belief Questionnaire (EDBQ), measures of parental, peer and media influence, and a measure of their awareness and internalisation of societal standards of attractiveness. The results indicated that several of the socio-cultural factors were related to girls' EAT score. The belief that being thinner would make boys like them more was the most significant predictor in the whole sample (and in younger girls). Individual cognitions added significantly to this prediction in the whole sample but not in the younger girls. For older girls, the importance of magazines as a source of information about beauty and ideals was the strongest predictor of EAT score, and their cognitions added significantly to this prediction. It is concluded that peer and media influences are important determinants of girls' eating disorder related symptoms. However, individual cognitions add to this relationship, particularly in older girls. The implications and limitations of the study are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

[Mobile computing in anaesthesiology and intensive care medicine. The practical relevance of portable digital assistants].

Portable digital assistants (PDAs) may be of value to the anaesthesiologist as development in medical care is moving towards "bedside computing". Many different portable computers are currently available and it is now possible for the physician to carry a mobile computer with him all the time. It is data base, reference book, patient tracking help, date planner, computer, book, magazine, calculator and much more in one mobile device. With the help of a PDA, information that is required for our work may be available at all times and everywhere at the point of care within seconds. In this overview the possibilities for the use of PDAs in anaesthesia and intensive care medicine are discussed. Developments in other countries, possibilities in use but also problems such as data security and network technology are evaluated.

Ambulances↗
PubMed2002

[Medical reflections on the Cranach altar in the St. Wolfgang church at Schneeberg/Saxony].

When looking at some figures of the Cranach altar in the St. Wolfgang church at Schneeberg/Saxony, congenital syphilis and other diseases must be taken into diagnostic consideration. An earlier edition of this magazine contained a reference to a quite similar, possibly luetic saddle nose on a carved figure in the monastery of Waldsassen, which was made almost 200 years later. For iconographical reasons and because of the very early time of its creation around 1530, the deliberate representation of such a diagnosis, at least for Schneeberg, seems doubtful.

Austria↗
PubMed2007

[Impact factors and publication time spans in urological journals].

The impact factor, cited half-life, and immediacy index are three important methods that can be used to demonstrate how a journal's articles are cited over the course of a specific time span. These three factors thus represent instruments for measuring the importance and reputation of a scientific magazine. The goal of our study was to evaluate the constancy of journals specialized in the field of urology and to analyze those listed in the 2005 Journal Citation Report (JCR) using the standardized methods specified by the Institute of Scientific Information (ISI) and JCR. Primarily we wanted to examine the different time spans needed for publication of original papers submitted to certain journals; in more exact terms: the time span from submission of an article or original paper to its publication and from the time of acceptance of an original paper or article to its publication in a urological journal. Furthermore, we wanted to investigate the dynamics of urological journals regarding their impact factors for the years 2000-2005. The study was performed using the ISI JCR and the library as well as the online library of the Friedrich Alexander University in Erlangen. A very satisfactory development can be observed in the field of urology with the standardized methods of the (ISI) JCR.

Bibliometrics↗
PubMed2003

Levator function in nulliparous women.

Pelvic floor muscle exercises are one of the main conservative options for the treatment of female urinary incontinence. Despite this widespread use, there is very little information on 'normal' pelvic floor function. In a prospective observational study the authors intended to define the spectrum of normality for pelvic floor function in women, assessing 206 nulliparous women recruited early in their first ongoing pregnancy. Levator function was evaluated using translabial ultrasound: cranioventral displacement of the bladder neck was utilized to quantify levator activity. The presence of a reflex contraction of the external perineal muscles and levator on coughing was registered, as was the strongest of at least three contractions. Only 41 of 206 women (20%) had ever been taught pelvic floor exercises by a health professional, and this had been exclusively verbal. Teaching had no influence on levator strength. Spontaneous contractions on request were obtained in 172 women (85%). Advice was necessary in 96 women (47%) in order to obtain an optimal contraction. Reflex muscle activation on coughing was documented in 118 women (57%) and was associated with a stronger contraction (P<0.001). Reported use of the levator muscle on intercourse was strongly associated with increased levator activity (P<0.001). Motivational factors mentioned were boyfriends, mothers, other female relatives and, most commonly, articles in popular magazines, e.g. Cosmospolitan and Cleo.

Female↗
PubMed2002

Selective immunolesioning of the basal forebrain cholinergic neurons in rats: effect on attention using the 5-choice serial reaction time task.

RATIONALE: Excitotoxic lesions of the nucleus basalis magnocellularis (nbm) in rats produce deficits in performance of the 5-choice serial reaction time (5CSRT) task, suggesting that basal forebrain cholinergic projections to the neocortex play an important role in visuospatial attention. However, non-selective damage induced by excitotoxins may have confounded the interpretation of the specific contribution of the corticopetal cholinergic neurons of the nbm to attentional processes. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the present study was to produce selective immunolesions of the cholinergic neurons of the nbm in order to examine more precisely the role of the cholinergic projections of the basal forebrain on attentional performance in a 5CSRT task. METHODS: Rats received bilateral injections of the selective cholinergic immunotoxin 192 IgG-saporin (0.067 microg/ microl, 1 microl) into the nbm after baseline training in the 5CSRT task. Performance of sham and nbm lesion groups was then assessed during baseline and increased task difficulty conditions. RESULTS: Contrary to results previously reported, accuracy of responding and behavioral inhibition were unaffected by the immunotoxin. Rats with nbm lesions showed, however, significant increases in omissions relative to control rats, most markedly during sessions with increased difficulty of signal detection, e.g., decreased stimulus intensity or duration. Magazine and correct latencies were unaffected, suggesting that the lesion-induced omissions were not due to changes in motivation. Omissions were highly correlated with percentage of choline acetylcholine transferase depletion. Reduced premature responses were also observed when the target stimulus was made less predictable. CONCLUSIONS: Although the 192 IgG-saporin lesion produced a different array of behavioral deficits than previously reported, these effects nevertheless are consistent with an important role of the basal forebrain cholinergic system in attentional function, in particular with accurate timing of stimulus presentation and target detection.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Effects of transient inactivation of the subthalamic nucleus by local muscimol and APV infusions on performance on the five-choice serial reaction time task in rats.

Within the basal ganglia circuitry, recent conceptions of the subthalamic nucleus are that it fulfils integrative functions. We have previously shown that bilateral excitotoxic lesions of the subthalamic nucleus induce behavioural deficits in a five-choice serial reaction time task in the rat, consistent with attentional impairments and suggesting important roles of this basal ganglia structure in mechanisms of behavioural control. In the present study, we tested the effects of (i) blocking its excitatory inputs (originating mainly in the cerebral cortex and the parafascicular nucleus of the thalamus) via the NMDA receptors and (ii) stimulating its GABA receptors to mimick the influence of its inhibitory inputs (mainly from the globus pallidus). Bilateral microinfusions of APV (NMDA receptor antagonist) or muscimol (GABA-A receptor agonist) into the subthalamic nucleus were administered to rats trained in the same five-choice serial reaction time task. Both APV (0.125-0.5 microg) and muscimol (1-3 ng) reduced choice accuracy, slowed correct responses and increased omissions and perseverative responses. Premature responses tended to increase after APV but decrease after muscimol. Increased perseverations at the food magazine occurred only after muscimol infusions. These results reproduce many of the effects of lesions of the STN and are consistent with an integrative role for this structure in pallidal and thalamo-cortical processing.

2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate↗
PubMed1999

The acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, ENA 713 (Exelon), attenuates the working memory impairment induced by scopolamine in an operant DNMTP task in rats.

RATIONALE: The disruption of working memory in the delayed non-matching to position (DNMTP) task by the muscarinic antagonist, scopolamine, is considered to be a model of the spatial working memory deficit in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether ENA 713 (Exelon) (0.1, 0.5 mg/kg, IP), an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, would reverse the effects of scopolamine in the DNMTP task. METHODS: Male Lister Hooded rats were trained to criterion in an operant DNMTP task (0- to 16-s delay intervals) before receiving vehicle, scopolamine (0.05 mg/kg, SC) alone, ENA 713 (0.1, 0.5 mg/kg, IP) alone, or combinations of scopolamine and ENA 713, in two variations of the task - with and without barriers inserted between the food magazine and the two levers. Barriers were inserted to prevent the use of positional strategies to perform the task, since this behaviour may confound the conclusions of the effect of drugs on working memory. RESULTS: It was found that: (i) scopolamine significantly reduced choice accuracy delay-dependently in both test situations while modifying non-mnemonic measures of task performance delay-independently, indicating an impairment of working memory; (ii) ENA 713 (0.5 mg/kg) significantly attenuated the scopolamine-induced impairment of working memory and significantly reduced the scopolamine-induced changes in some non-mnemonic measures of task performance; (iii) the presence of barriers did not alter the effects of scopolamine and ENA 713 on working memory. CONCLUSION: ENA 713 reversed the working memory deficit induced by scopolamine. These results are consistent with the attenuation of learning and memory disruptions due to cholinergic dysfunction by ENA 713 in other preclinical assays, and predict a drug-induced improvement in working memory in AD patients.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Selective destruction of brain serotonin neurons by 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine increases responding for a conditioned reward.

RATIONALE: Previously, we have shown that increasing 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) activity attenuates responding for conditioned reward (CR), and the response potentiating effect of d-amphetamine on this behaviour. OBJECTIVES: The present experiments examined the effects of reducing 5-HT function on responding for CR. METHODS: In experiment 1, thirsty rats were trained to associate a CS+ with water delivery. The neurotoxin 5,7-DHT was then injected into the dorsal and median raphe nuclei. Subsequently, rats were treated with intraaccumbens d-amphetamine (1, 3, 10 micrograms) or saline and given access to two levers. One lever delivered the CS+ (now termed a CR), while the other was inactive. In experiment 2, the lesion was carried out prior to conditioning, and approach behaviour to the water magazine was measured during CS+ periods. Subsequently, rats were allowed to respond for the CS. In experiment 3, non-deprived rats learned to associate a CS+ with 10% sucrose; these animals also experienced a CS- which was not paired with sucrose. During a test phase responses on the two levers delivered either the CS+ or the CS-. RESULTS: 5,7-DHT substantially reduced 5-HT levels in striatum and hippocampus. In experiment 1, responding for the CR was enhanced by both d-amphetamine and 5-HT depletion in an additive fashion. In experiments 2 and 3, the discriminative control over behaviour exerted by the CS+ was not affected by 5-HT depletion. However, compared to control animals 5-HT-depleted rats showed higher levels of operant responding for the CR. CONCLUSIONS: Serotonin depletion selectively enhances responding for CR. Although 5-HT depletion did not potentiate the effects of d-amphetamine, it is suggested that CRs activate the mesolimbic dopamine system, and that removal of an inhibitory influence of 5-HT on the activity of this system results in increased responding for CR in 5,7-DHT-treated rats.

5,7-Dihydroxytryptamine↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Tip points: defining the tip.

At the center of the tip, the tip points (TPs) are the single most defining feature of a nose. In a random survey (N = 146; females, 76; males, 70), TPs were 8.9 +/- 1.6 mm apart. TP quality was graded into four categories based on the criteria of presence, interdomal crease, base width, and distinction. The distributions of TPs according to TPG were as follows: I, 12%; II, 50%; III, 30%; and IV, 8%. The TPG system was applied to a collection of photographs of female Caucasian magazine models, which had a distribution similar to that of the Caucasian females in the study population, demonstrating the effectiveness of grading. Surgical guidelines for the preservation and generation of TPs are presented, especially the geometric consequence of various surgical maneuvers, e.g., dome division and tip graft.

Data Collection↗
PubMed1998

[Home care of demented and non-demented patients. I: Utilization of professional home care services].

1911 informal caregivers from the Federal Republic of Germany who care for someone with a chronic, non-congenital condition rendering them in need of physical "hands-on" nursing completed a standardized questionnaire on their situation as caregivers. The informants were found through magazine advertisements as well as through dissemination of the questionnaires via contact persons in the social services. Predictors of whether use is made of professional help or not (in-home respite and/or day-care and/or temporary institutional respite) are--independent of the reasons why help is necessary--the extent of the help that is needed and the absence of support with the family. Sociodemographic variables, that are age, sex, income, and education have no influence.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Toluene exposure below 50 ppm and cognitive function: a follow-up study with four repeated measurements in rotogravure printing plants.

OBJECTIVE: There are findings of cross-sectional studies on slight cognitive effects due to toluene exposure below 50 ppm. The critical points of the earlier studies will be scrutinised by a follow-up study with four examinations in 5 years. METHODS: Employees from 14 magazine rotary printing plants were classified into groups of "high" (printing area) vs "low" (end-processing) and "short" vs "long" exposure. The sample size of 333 in examination 1 decreased to 216 in examination 4. A repeated-measurement design could be applied for 192 persons. Current exposure was measured by personal air sampling (n=2,521). Data for past exposure (lifetime weighted average exposure, LWAE) were based on job exposure matrices. High-exposure and low-exposure groups were characterised by 26 ppm vs 3 ppm (current exposure) and 45 ppm vs 9 ppm (LWAE). For long-exposure and short-exposure groups 21 vs 6 years were ascertained. Attention (symbol digit substitution, switching attention, simple reaction), memory (digit span forward and backwards, immediate and delayed reproduction of pictures), and psychomotor functions (steadiness, line tracing, aiming, tapping, peg board) were measured as dependent variables. RESULTS: Separate stepwise regressions for examinations 1 to 4, which included the co-variables age, level of education, carbohydrate-deficient transferrin as an alcohol marker, and trait anxiety as personality characteristic, did not exhibit remarkable exposure impacts on the performance variables. Repeated-measures analyses of covariance, which included all examination periods, also did not exhibit significant impacts of LWAE or current exposure on the functions measured. Age and education were the dominant factors for the variability of the data. Additionally, carbohydrate-deficient transferrin and trait anxiety showed sporadic impacts on the test results. CONCLUSION: Evidence for psychological performance effects due to long-term toluene exposure below 50 ppm could not be proved.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Cancer patients seeking information from sources outside the health care system.

Most of the information patients receive about cancer and its treatment is probably provided by staff in health care, but if patients do not get sufficient information there is a risk that they might rely on nonmedical sources to satisfy their need. The aim of this study was to survey the degree to which patients seek information from sources outside the health care system. All adult cancer patients visiting or being admitted to the Oncology Department on 1 day were asked to complete a questionnaire. In the course of that day, 192 adult patients visited the Oncology Department, and the response rate was 74%. The patients had used an active information-seeking strategy, i.e., had sought information from the following sources, only to a limited degree: the Internet (6%) medical books (37%), narratives (32%) and telephone helplines (10%). A more passive information-seeking strategy was more common; the patients obtained information from television and radio (82%), newspapers (86%), other patients (46%) and friends (55%). There was a significant correlation between educational level and information-seeking from the Internet, medical books and telephone helplines. Persons with a higher level of formal education had used these sources more than people with less education (P<0.05). Younger patients (<60 years) and those with a higher level of formal education had greater access to the Internet (P<0.0001) and read about cancer in the papers to a greater degree than older ones (P<0.05). Younger patients (P<0.05) and women (P<0.01) had used narratives to a greater degree than older patients and men. The main finding of this study was that the patients actively sought information about cancer only to a limited degree, but the majority of patients take an interest when cancer issues are presented in newspapers and magazines, or on radio and television.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Patients' views of a colostomy for fecal incontinence.

INTRODUCTION: Formation of a permanent stoma often is seen as a last resort when all other interventions for fecal incontinence have failed. However, no previous study has examined patients' views of a colostomy to manage fecal incontinence. METHODS: People who had a colostomy to manage fecal incontinence were recruited via an advertisement in the magazine of the British Colostomy Association or from those operated at a specialist colorectal hospital. Four questionnaires were sent, asking about the stoma, previous incontinence, anxiety and depression, and quality of life. RESULTS: A total of 69 replies were received. Respondents were 11 males and 58 females with a median age of 64 years and a median of 59 months since the operation. Rating their ability to live with their stoma now on a scale of 0 to 10, the median response was 8 (range, 0-10). The majority (83 percent) felt that the stoma restricted their life "a little" or "not at all" (a significant improvement from perceived restriction from former incontinence, P = 0.008). Satisfaction with the stoma was a median of 9 on a scale of 0 to 10 (range, 0-10). Eighty-four percent would "probably" or "definitely" choose to have the stoma again. Quality of life (SF-36) was poor, but neither depression nor anxiety was a prominent feature. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of previously incontinent people were positive about the stoma and the difference it had made to their life. However, a few had not adapted and disliked the stoma intensely. Health care professionals should discuss a stoma as an option with patients whose lives are restricted by fecal incontinence.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Direct-to-patient BRCA1 testing: the Twoj Styl experience.

Ideally, a genetic screening program for cancer should offer testing to all women who qualify, and who wish to participate, and who might benefit from the test. As the number of preventive options for women at high risk for hereditary breast cancer expands, the demand for testing increases. However, many women do not have ready access to testing because of cost, and many others have not been recognized by their physicians to be candidates for testing. It is possible to increase women's awareness about hereditary cancer through the popular press. Genetic testing was offered to 5000 Polish women through an announcement placed in a popular women's magazine (Twoj Styl) in October 2001. A total of 5024 women who qualified received a free genetic test for three mutations in BRCA1 which are common in Poland. Out of these, 198 women (3.9%) were found to carry a BRCA1 mutation. The overall cost per mutation detected was 630 US dollars--approximately 50-100 times less than the equivalent cost in North America. Genetic counseling was offered to women with a positive test or with a significant family history of breast or ovarian cancer. The great majority of women who took part in the program expressed a high degree of satisfaction and after one year approximately two-thirds of identified mutation carriers had complied with our recommendations for breast cancer screening. We found this model of genetic testing and delivery of genetic information to be very efficient in a population in which founder mutations predominate. There is a need for similar studies in other populations.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Images of age: a reflexive process.

Images of ageing are important for designers, as they reflect changing cultural trends among older people and the impact of older people on societies obsessed with youth and physical health. Stereotypes of ageing have been changing over the century and this can be reviewed by studying postcards and photographs. Content analysis of individual magazines is a sharper instrument for reflecting the change over past decades. These studies lead to the identification of style as the current keyword, set within the historical trends of the rise of consumer culture and the acceptibility of personal fulfillment in the Third age. They also lead to a realization that we (designers and image makers) can influence social understandings and expectations of age, not only for older people but for ourselves in later life.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1983

Des-Gly-vasopressin improves acquisition and slows extinction of autoshaped behavior.

The effects of a vasopressin analog (DGAVP) with minimal endocrinological activity, were assayed on acquisition and extinction of a discrete trial, food reinforced, autoshaped lever touch response. Magazine-trained rats, maintained at 80-85% of free-feeding body weights, were injected s.c. with saline, 5 or 10 micrograms/kg of DGAVP 1 h before each of two sessions in which they learned to touch a retractable lever, presented on a 45 s random interval (RI 45) schedule. Retracted lever contacts (nose-pokes) and unconditioned rearing activity were simultaneously monitored. After acquisition of the extended lever touch response, rats were reassigned to treatment groups, and again injected with saline, 5 or 10 micrograms/kg of DGAVP 1 h before each of two extinction sessions. DGAVP facilitated acquisition (5 micrograms/kg) and slowed extinction (5 and 10 micrograms/kg) of conditioned behavior, while having no effects on the other behaviors, thus demonstrating the specificity of the effect of a vasopressin-like compound on both tasks (enhanced acquisition and retarded extinction) used to study learning.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

The 'difficult' elderly patient: adjustment or maladjustment?

In this study, simultaneous triangulation was used to explore the problem of the 'difficult' patient. Ethnoscience was used to describe the perceptions of nurses about the types of difficult patients, ethnographic interviews with difficult patients were used to elicit information about the patients' perspective of the hospitalization experience, and a content analysis of 42 vignettes published in nursing magazines describing difficult patients and the resolution of the problem provided the third perspective. Data from these three sources were integrated to develop an explanatory model for the difficult behaviour. The antecedent is patients' unmet expectations; the patients' behavioural response is an attempt to maintain personal control of the experience of hospitalization; and, frequently, the nurses' response to regain control exacerbates the situation.

Adaptation, Psychological↗