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PubMedDate not supplied

Mindfulness meditation in pediatric clinical practice.

Complementary therapies are used in addition to conventional treatments; alternative therapies are generally used instead of conventional treatments. In the Five Domains of complementary and alternative therapies, patient education and cognitive-behavioral approaches are listed as mainstream interventions. Meditation is listed within the mind-body domain as a complementary intervention used to facilitate the mind's ability to affect bodily functions and symptoms.

Child↗
PubMed2002

[The concept of soul in the course of history. Thoughts on psyche, mind and awareness].

This paper seeks to convey an insight into the interrelationships between body, soul and mind and to show how the concept of "soul" has evolved through the course of history. In German the word "soul" has a confusing array of meanings today. For most of us it comprises all of man's emotions, his awareness, constructive thought, drive, state of mind and spirit. The soul thus represents the essence of a person and his relationships to those closest to him. For many people the soul was and still is the principle of life, the breath of life and the force of life. The immortal soul escapes, leaves the body, is weighed and judged. At all times in history man has doggedly pursued the mysteries of self-awareness, the ultimate truth and the soul. What he found varied, depending on the age and the place. What the Hebrew Bible and the New Testament express in deep-seated metaphors, the Greek philosophers put into clear-cut words: their concept of soul was then largely integrated into Christian thought. Meister Eckhart describes the soul in mystically transfigured passion. C.G. Jung writes of the "animus and anima." Sigmund Freud uses the term "psyche." Radical materialism denies the existence and independence of the soul's processes. The questions where we come from and where we are going, why and what for, no longer find a common answer. Psychiatry, however, takes up the intellectual call of the time and replies to the challenges of the day. Thus, the search for the "soul", a search that occupies so many people, also always involves the search for the whole person.

Awareness↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Review on the study of the theory of the mind in pervasive development disorders and schizophrenia].

The theory of mind (ToM) is a new concept which could be defined as the ability to make inferences on the intentions of others. This capacity has been used to explain childhood autism symptoms and recently an attempt has been made to refer it to schizophrenia. The authors aim to review the theory of mind concept, the different questions that could appear in neurocognitive sciences and the utilities that this hypothetical model has been given in the clinical practice. The authors also consider the contributions and restrictions that its use has in the field of pervasive developmental disorders and schizophrenia.

Child↗
PubMed2004

'A menace to the good of society': class, fertility, and the feeble-minded in Edwardian England.

During debates on the Feeble-Minded Persons (Control) Bill in 1912, Josiah Wedgwood expressed concerns that legislative provisions to compulsorily detain the feeble-minded would be used primarily to restrict the liberty of women and the working classes. Wedgwood's objections to legislation proved futile. In 1913, the Mental Deficiency Act invested local authorities with the powers to confine mental defectives in certain circumstances. In spite of contemporary efforts to expose the class and gender assumptions evident in the legislation, historians have paid relatively scant attention to the impact of class and gender (or the interaction between the two) on debates about mental deficiency. The aim of this chapter is to redress this imbalance by unravelling the complex interplay of class and gender in framing Edwardian understandings of feeble-mindedness. Focusing on a particular set of exchanges that took place in Manchester in 1911, this chapter highlights and analyses crucial incongruities in the logic of Edwardian reformers and exposes the conflict between the rhetoric and practice of pioneers of segregation.

England↗
PubMed2005

[Report from the Health Council of the Netherlands on the chronic fatigue syndrome: moving away from the body-mind dichotomy with a view to effective prevention and treatment].

The Health Council of the Netherlands has issued a report on the chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). CFS is a real and seriously debilitating condition which imposes limitations on an individual's personal, occupational and social functioning. It is a syndrome of unknown aetiology without physical signs or biological markers. Although there is no disease, patients both feel ill and give the appearance of being ill. There is no consensus on whether CSF patients are able to work or whether they should be entitled to social security benefits. An imbalance between demand and coping is central in CFS, with stress as an important intermediary factor. It is little use concluding that unexplained signs are 'psychological' or that 'I cannot find anything wrong with you so you must be healthy'. The classical view that mind and body are separate systems is outmoded. The bio-psycho-social model of disease may be helpful in describing the interaction between body, mind and circumstance. Putting the CFS patient at ease and explaining the pathophysiology of the symptoms is a useful approach but many patients and patient associations are still very somatically orientated, thereby sustaining the condition. However, in patients who accept that their problems may be stress-induced and are prepared to participate in therapy, some therapies have been proven to be effective, notably cognitive behavioural therapy.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy↗
PubMed2005

[Theoretical basis of regulating mind and relieving the depressed liver needling method for treatment of depression].

The mechanism of depression attack was studied from the point of view of TCM theory, literature and clinical practice. It is held that the brain and liver are the key zang- and fu-organs for attack of depression, and it is first put forward that dysfunction of mind and the liver failing in soothing and regulating the circulation of qi are the TCM pathogenesis of this disease. Needling method for regulating mind and soothing the liver is established with the acupoints of The Governor Vessel and The Liver Channel selected mainly.

Acupuncture Points↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Brain, mind and symptoms].

INTRODUCTION: Neuropsychiatry, which is the point where neurology and psychiatry meet, together with other neighbouring disciplines (psychology, anthropology, neurochemistry, neurophysiology, and so forth), are committed to unravelling both the psychopathological definition and the anatomical-physiological foundations of mental symptoms (signs). DEVELOPMENT: This work attempts to review several moments in the history of the localisation of neurology and the difficulties involved in accomplishing a systematisation of mental symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Further knowledge of this delicate matter--the mind, or more specifically, the sick brain-mind complex--can only be gained by cooperation in a number of different areas (clinical, psychological, philosophical, biochemical, imaging, and so forth).

Brain↗
PubMed2006

[Training in mindfulness for patients with stress and chronic illness].

BACKGROUND: Training based on mindfulness has developed into a method for managing stress and health problems over the last 25 years. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 144 patients (88% women), troubled by stress and chronic illness, used the method (8-week course) in a randomised controlled study in general practice. Effects on quality of life (QoL) were measured using the WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire (WHO). Subjective health was measured using the Subjective Health Complaint (SHC) inventory and the Hopkins Symptom Checklist (SCL-5). RESULTS: 92% of the patients completed all 8 weeks of the course. The participants rated its importance to 8.5 on a scale from 1 to 10. An increase in QoL and subjective health from start to finish of the course (p < 0.001) was observed, while the control group remained unchanged. The changes in QoL were maintained at 3 and 6 months follow-up, while subjective health continued to improve during that period. Changes were independent of age, sex, education and marital-, work- and health insurance status. Improvements were positively correlated with the self-reported amount of mindfulness training. Effect sizes (Cohen's d) were in the range of 0.5-0.6 and were highest for mental symptoms and mental function. INTERPRETATION: The method gives the patients a tool they can use to improve their health and QoL. By increased understanding and ability to deal with ones own health the patients seem to see themselves and their lives in a new way. The method may be suitable for schools and universities in addition to patient education centres.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

The skin and the mind.

BACKGROUND: The intimate relationship of the skin and the mind illustrates the importance of a holistic approach in caring for patients with skin problems. Habits related to psychological problems may lead to skin problems such as lichen simplex chronicus and acne excoriée. Emotional stress may affect skin diseases such as atopic dermatitis, perioral dermatitis, pompholyx, and plaque psoriasis. OBJECTIVE: This article describes the relationship between the mind and skin disease. DISCUSSION: Skin disease can exert a profound effect on the psychosocial dimension of a patient's life. Its effect on quality of life can be objectively assessed and documented by validated tools specific for the skin. Patient rated measures should be taken into account when evaluating the efficacy and adverse effects of treatments for skin disease.

Acne Vulgaris↗
PubMed1990

The mind-body problem in contemporary psychiatry.

The mind-body problem is important for psychiatry clinically (the problems of interactionism and causality), semantically, and ethically (the problem of causality and free will). It includes the questions: What are minds? Do they exist? Are they ever free? How do they and bodies interact? The author reviews some important answers, in particular the brain-state theory and dualist interactionism, and outlines some implications for psychiatry and for controversies between psychiatry and other mental health disciplines.

Awareness↗
PubMed1989

Small-scale deceit: deception as a marker of two-, three-, and four-year-olds' early theories of mind.

This research report summarizes the results of a study into the abilities of 2-, 3-, and 4-year-old children to deceptively lead others into false beliefs, and is intended to help arbitrate a growing controversy as to when young persons first acquire some theory-like understanding of other minds. Utilizing a novel hide-and-seek board game as a context within which to observe children's spontaneous use of deceptive strategies, a total of 50 subjects between the ages of 2 1/2 and 5 were tested. In contrast to the competing findings of others, which are claimed to establish that children younger than approximately 4 suffer a cognitive deficit that wholly blocks them from the possibility of entertaining any sort of contrastive beliefs about beliefs, the results of this study show that even 2 1/2-year-olds are capable of already successfully employing a range of deceptive strategies that both trade upon an awareness of the possibility of false beliefs and presuppose some already operative theory of mind.

Attention↗
PubMed1988

The dream as religion of the mind.

Dreams are defined as a religion of the mind in the sense that they can re-ligare--i.e. unite in a complex relationship--the components involved in the construction of the mind and its representation. The paper discusses the processes of splitting and projective identification which are manifested in dreams and appear to be essential for the transformation of emotional experiences, the acquisition of knowledge and mental growth. On the basis of clinical findings, a revision of Freud's theory of dreams is proposed: the concept of an internal world dominated by good and bad parent figures suggests a theological function for dreams connected with a state of necessity. Dreams represent a real experience which, in analysis, becomes a representation of the internal organization in its immediate present. For this reason, work on dreams makes it possible to acquire knowledge of one's internal objects and of their relationship with the Self. The work on the internal world offered by dreams is made possible by the recovery of memory, the agency responsible for a fusion between current reality and that of infancy as reactivated in the transference. Finally, some aspects of the processes active in dreams are discussed, which make them similar to poetic texts.

Dreams↗
PubMed1987

On the early formation of the mind. I: Differentiation.

This is the first of three papers, in which the early structuralization of the mind is investigated. The main themes dealt with in this paper are the following: The earliest ways of experiencing are discussed and two successive levels of psychological experiencing are distinguished. The undifferentiated mind is conceptualized as a pure pleasure formation. Undifferentiation is regarded as especially susceptible to adultomorphic misinterpretations. The part object concept and the ways to conceptualize symbiosis are examples. Undifferentiated representations of gratifications are examined both as primary structures with a regulatory function and as raw material for the emerging self and object. The birth of self-experience, initiating differentiation, is proposed to originate from the first mentally represented pain. Self and object are seen to emerge as 'all good' and are therefore constantly threatened by frustration-aggression, made possible by the differentiation. Drive theory is briefly considered. Drive is defined as a purely energic concept without qualities of its own. Aggression is not regarded as an independent drive but as the way frustration originally becomes mentally represented. Anxiety is defined and discussed as a primary affective experience of the self when its existence is threatened. Finally, after questioning the so-called symbiotic longings, the earliest ways of protecting the primary differentiation are discussed.

Aggression↗
PubMed1994

[The places of mind].

The Sciences of the Mind have gained specific fields in the knowledge upgrading achieved by the relevant scientists and theorists. Three are the best known types of classification, the ones with religious origins excluded: the one of the Mediterranean Ancient civilization, focused on the faculties of the soul; the naturalistic approach based on the complexity levels of the matter; and the bipolar one which separates the Social Sciences from the Natural ones. The places that Man conceives for the Psychological Sciences reflect its ideological status upon the Nature of the Mind.

Culture↗
PubMed1995

The role of age and verbal ability in the theory of mind task performance of subjects with autism.

A number of studies have reported that most children with autism fail theory of mind tasks. It is unclear why certain children with autism pass such tests and what might be different about these subjects. In the present study, the role of age and verbal ability in theory of mind task performance was explored. Data were pooled from 70 autistic, 34 mentally handicapped, and 70 normal young subjects, previously tested for a number of different studies. The analysis suggested that children with autism required far higher verbal mental age to pass false belief tasks than did other subjects. While normally developing children had a 50% probability of passing both tasks at the verbal mental age of 4 years, autistic subjects took more than twice as long to reach this probability of success (at the advanced verbal mental age of 9-2). Possible causal relations between verbal ability and the ability to represent mental states are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Deficiency and envy: some factors impacting the analytic mind from listening to interpretation.

This paper examines some aspects of an unconscious process developing within the mind of the analyst; a process affecting both the way in which the analyst listens to the patient's material and the interpretations subsequently formulated. The paper highlights the problem of the analyst's 'mis-use' of theory as a protection against unbearable feelings of psychic pain, evoked by what is perhaps the most essential tool of psychoanalysis: the analyst's emotional contact with the patient's early experiences in infancy. Both the 'deficiency theory' and the concept of 'primary envy' are called into question during this inquiry. Some of the most recent work of the 'post-Kleinians (from Bion through to the present-day workers in England as well as in the Americas) is reviewed. Clinical examples, both from the author's own experience and from previously published material, are considered as illustrative of some factors which may impact upon the mind of the psychoanalyst from listening and interpretation.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

When is communication a meeting of minds?

Do infants and young children (two-year-olds) possess an implicit theory of mind which is revealed through their communicative interactions or are they simply treating their interlocutors as objects to manipulate in service to their own material ends? Shatz & O'Reilly (1990) criticized a paper by Golinkoff (1986) for claiming that infants were attempting to communicate as opposed to simply manipulate their listeners. This paper takes exception to that argument. It reviews additional evidence which indicates that infants in the second year of life are capable of communicating for the sake of the 'meeting of minds'. The alternative--treating young children's communications as only the firing off of conversational routines for the purpose of attaining material ends--seriously underestimates infants' knowledge of the communicative process.

Child Language↗
PubMed1993

Pretend play skills and the child's theory of mind.

Pretend play has recently been of great interest to researchers studying children's understanding of the mind. One reason for this interest is that pretense seems to require many of the same skills as mental state understanding, and these skills seem to emerge precociously in pretense. Pretend play might be a zone of proximal development, an activity in which children operate at a cognitive level higher than they operate at in nonpretense situations. Alternatively, pretend play might be fool's gold, in that it might appear to be more sophisticated than it really is. This paper first discusses what pretend play is. It then investigates whether pretend play is an area of advanced understanding with reference to 3 skills that are implicated in both pretend play and a theory of mind: the ability to represent one object as two things at once, the ability to see one object as representing another, and the ability to represent mental representations.

Child, Preschool↗