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PubMed1988

[Epidemiological study of leptospirosis in New Caledonia].

This epidemiological survey includes the study of human and animal leptospirosis in New Caledonia from clinical cases as well as a systematic serological study about exposed human and animal populations. The results show that this disease is endemic on the whole territory with a few important focuses in agricultural area, especially on the Western coast. Leptospira icterohemorrhagiae is the main serotype and is responsible for serious human leptospirosis. The male farmers constitute the most exposed population, especially from March to May, end of the host season. In order to reduce the importance of this disease, it is desirable that the farmers are vaccinated and mass media campaigns are necessary to improve the prevention.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Leptospirosis in Hawaii: shifting trends in exposure, 1907-1984.

Leptospirosis was first recognized as an occupational disease of sugar plantation workers in Hawaii in 1907. Since then, shifts have been noted in the animal transmission cycles, the occupational groups at risk, and an increasing recognition of cases associated with avocational exposure. Surveys of the small mammal populations indicate rats, mice, and mongooses are the most important vectors in Hawaii. Serologic surveys of workers in high-risk occupations show antibody prevalence rates ranging from 12 to 82 percent. The epidemiology of leptospirosis in Hawaii is described, based on 182 cases reported to the Hawaii Department of Health from 1970-1984. The most common infecting serovar was mankarso in the Icterohaemorrhagiae serogroup; other serovars in the Icterohaemorrhagiae group were also frequently implicated as causing disease. The manifestations of disease noted by physicians in Hawaii are similar to those observed in the continental U.S. Fever, myalgia, and headache were the most common symptoms reported in the majority of cases in Hawaii; jaundice was noted in the records of 24 percent. Recommendations made to interrupt the cycle of transmission and reduce the chances of exposure in occupational settings include the control of rodent populations and vaccination of domestic animals. Personal hygiene among workers is to be encouraged, and the development of prophylactic measures is suggested either by immunization or by chemoprophylaxis.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Leptospirosis in the Philippines.

Leptospirosis was first isolated in the Philippines from one of the human cases of Weil's Disease in 1932 and from then up to 1970 a total of 65 cases were studied sporadically. From 1971 up to 1973 a total of 390 cases were studied out of which 82 (21.02%) were found positive by isolation and serological examination. An outbreak of leptospirosis was followed up from 1976 to 1983 in a penal farm in Sablayan, Mindoro. At the time of the outbreak, 31% of the sera from patients and those with complaints reacted to one or more antigen pools with 40% of these reactors reacting to only one antigen pool. Only one percent of prisoners and residents without complaints reacted to one or more antigen pools, with 80% of these reactors reacting to pool 3 alone. Three and half years later, a first follow-up was done in which 9.07% reacted to one or more pools. Of these, 42% reacted to pool 2 and 82% to pool 3 alone or in combination with other pool. Ninety five percent of those reacting to Pool 2 reacted to L. pyrogenes and 88% of those that reacted to Pool 3 reacted to L. autumnalis. More than three years later after the first follow-up, a second follow up was done. This time 2.29% reacted to one or more pools. Most reacted specifically to L. autumnalis. The residents outside the penal farm were all non-reactive. Sampling from another penal colony and in four agricultural areas revealed no significant reactivity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Acute myocarditis disclosing leptospirosis].

A 44 year old patient presents with acute myocarditis and cardiogenic shock. The evolution is progressively favorable at the price of a residual involvement of the left ventricular function, evolving to a dilated cardiopathy, within three years. The responsibility of an advanced ictero-hemorrhagic leptospirosis is established. The severity of this myocarditis and the revealing characteristics of the leptospirosis are peculiar to this observation which is discussed in terms of data from the literature.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1985

An epizootic of leptospirosis in California sea lions.

Between May and December 1984, an epizootic of leptospirosis in California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) occurred along the west coast of the United States from Monterey County, Calif, northward to Seattle, Wash. Clinical signs observed were severe depression, excessive thirst, and tucked-up posturing, with associated leukocytosis and increased globulin, BUN, and creatinine values. Effective antibiotic therapy consisted of tetracycline (22 mg/kg of body weight every 8 hours, orally) or potassium penicillin G (44,000 U/kg every 12 hours, orally or IM) for 10 to 14 days. Sixty-six sea lions were treated successfully and released. Necropsies of animals that died indicated marked kidney swelling, darkened reniculi, and poorly differentiated cortices and medullae, thick, black bile in gallbladders, thick, pale yellow pericardial fluid, and friable hemorrhagic mesentery. Primary histologic lesions were tubular nephritis and glomerulonephritis. Darkfield microscopy of kidney macerates and/or urine, and results of the microscopic agglutination test, using Leptospira serovar pomona-killed antigen led to a presumptive diagnosis of leptospirosis. Bacteriologic isolation and identification is ongoing. The epizootic primarily affected juvenile or subadult male California sea lions migrating northward from breeding rookeries of southern California's Channel Islands.

Animal Population Groups↗
PubMed1972

Research needs in leptospirosis.

Leptospirosis is a widespread infection of man and animals, and locally it assumes considerable importance as a public health and economic problem. It is an important occupational infection among persons working with animals or in environments that may be contaminated by infected animals. In recent years, considerable attention has been devoted to this infection but efforts to control and eliminate it, especially from natural foci, are hindered by gaps in our knowledge. This memorandum is a review of recent progress and current problems in leptospirosis research, with special reference to taxonomy, epidemiological methods, and control measures. Certain aspects of the basic biology of leptospires that are relevant to these topics are also discussed.

Agglutination↗
PubMed1979

Counterimmunoelectrophoresis in the diagnosis of human leptospirosis.

Counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE) was applied on sera from patients with leptospirosis caused by leptospires from different serogroups and on sera from a control group. The CIE using an antigen prepared from a single leptospira strain agreed with the microscopic agglutination test using a battery of different antigens in 91% of the leptospirosis sera. CIE was sensitive and specific, comparatively easy to perform, used little amounts of serum and antigen, gave rapid results and allowed the examination of large numbers of specimens at a time.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1968

Water strains of Leptospira in the serodiagnosis of human and animal leptospirosis.

The most widely used serological reaction for the diagnosis of leptospirosis is the agglutination test. This test, however, cannot be carried out in many laboratories because special equipment and special experience are required. It is also necessary to maintain live Leptospira cultures belonging to all the serotypes present in the country where the test is made. Consequently, it would be extremely useful to be able to diagnose leptospirosis by means of a single antigen, regardless of the serotype to which the Leptospira responsible for the infection belonged. This is particularly important for countries in which the antigenic pattern of the local leptospirae is not well known and in which it would thus be necessary to use a large number of Leptospira serotypes for each test.Observations made in the last 11 years have suggested that the problem may be solved with the use of some non-pathogenic, water strains of Leptospira which seem to be agglutinated by human sera containing antibodies against pathogenic leptospirae. This paper reports the results of studies from 1960 to 1968 on the possibility of using water strains for serodiagnosis.The results over the 8-year period show that the non-pathogenic strain Patoc 1 is agglutinated by a high percentage of human sera positive for pathogenic leptospirae: these results indicate that Patoc 1 would be useful for serodiagnosis. However, a high percentage of animal sera positive for pathogenic leptospirae gave negative results with the strains Patoc 1 and Sao Paulo, and thus these strains cannot be used for serodiagnosis in animals.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1977

[Significance of an increase in the titer of agglutinins in the microagglutination test in leptospirosis].

The authors considered different views of investigators on the diagnostic antibody titre level in the microagglutination test (MAT) in leptospirosis of man and animals. Some of them took into consideration MAT in low titres (1:10-1:20), and others - in high only (1:400, 1:1000), which gave no possibility to assess the state of leptospirosis morbidity. The authors suggest that the assessment of the level of the titres in single and repeated studies should be approached differentially. In single examination 1:100 and over should be considered as a positive MAT titre for man, 1:200 and over - for cattle, 1:20 and over - for swine, and 1:20 and over for murine rodents. In repeated investigations any level of the titre in case of its dynamics should be taken into consideration.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1968

Epidemiology of leptospirosis in California: a cause of aseptic meningitis.

Twenty-one cases of leptospirosis, including three that were fatal, were reported in California during 1961-1965. An additional 18 cases were detected for the same period by screening sera from patients with central nervous system (CNS) disease of suspected viral origin. This finding supports a hypothesis that leptospirosis frequently is not considered in the differential diagnosis of CNS disease in which viral infection is suspected. The 39 patients, six of them females, ranged in age from six to 66 years. Most infections occurred in the summer. A history of exposure to animals or of swimming in potentially contaminated waters was obtained from 32 of the 39.

California↗
PubMed1977

Use of freeze-dried sensitized erythrocytes in indirect hemagglutination test for serodiagnosis of leptospirosis.

The indirect hemagglutination (HA) test using freeze-dried tanned formalinized sheep erythrocytes sensitized with deoxycholate-extracted leptospiral antigen was investigated for its applicability to serodiagnosis of leptospirosis. The sensitized erythrocytes suspension containing an adequate concentration of glycine was lyophilized and used for the HA test. The lyophilized sensitized cells are rehydrated after at least 10 months storage without any loss of HA titer. The sensitivity of such cell suspension tested on sera from cases of leptospirosis equals that of the suspension before freeze-drying.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Pathological involvement of human gastrocnemius muscle in leptospirosis (a study in 63 patients).

The authors discuss the microscopic changes in gastrocnemius muscle in Leptospirosis in 63 patients. The hyaline necrosis frequently associated to a hemorrhagic infiltrate represented the most important feature in the lesional picture of the disease. Other findings were swelling, loss of cross striations, vacuolation and regenerative changes of muscle fibres. This last one was represented by multinucleated sarcoblasts and the presence of thin and strongly basophilic new-formed fibres. Interstitial hemorrhage was frequently seen and an inflammatory afflux was only rarely observed. This histological picture was considered as characteristic and highly significant for the diagnosis of Leptospirosis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

[Natural focus of leptospirosis in the rice paddies of Krasmodar Territory and the means for its eradication].

OFFthe rice fields of the Krasnodar Territory the intensive epizootic of leptospirosis icterohemorrhagica can be observed in the population of Norway rats (995 animals have been examined and 102 cultures obtained) the whole year round. The highest intensity of the epizootic process is known to fall on the end of summer and the beginning of autumn (45-50% of Leptospira carriers). The natural focus of leptospirosis on the rice-growing complex is epidemiologically dangerous. The epizootic process can be suppressed by reducing the population of rats by means of poisoned baits. The alternate use of different poisons ( rotindan , brodifacum ) given in the form of paraffined briquettes has proved to be most expedient.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Leptospirosis in poikilothermic vertebrates. A review.

Autochthanous leptospirosis does occur in the poikilothermic vertebrates, as evidenced by positive serological reactions and by the isolation of pathogenic leptospiral serovars. These findings in aquatic members of this group are of special importance in view of the increased worldwide interest in aquaculture farming. Since 1975, 24 of the 101 (23.7%) reported human cases of leptospirosis in Hawaii have been associated with aquaculture industries (taro farms, prawn farms and watercress farms). Antibody synthesis and persistence in these animals is variable, and seems to depend to some extent on environmental temperatures. Some members of the group apparently lack the capacity for immunological memory, experience a considerable delay (lag-phase) in antibody formation, demonstrate the "paradoxical reaction" found in other animals, and can maintain living pathogenic leptospirae in their organs in the absence of detectable antibody utilizing our present serologic methods. For these reasons, serological studies as the sole source of evidence for leptospiral infection cannot be recommended. The immunologic mechanism of lower vertebrates is not known, some studies suggesting that there may be more than one antibody system active in these animals, especially the turtles, and further investigation at the cellular and subcellular levels is indicated. The growth temperatures and nutritional requirements of leptospirae isolated from other than warm-blooded animals is also poorly understood. Some knowledge has been contributed by various investigators in recent years, but much more work needs to be done in studying the nutritional and metabolic requirements of leptospirae isolated from all sources, including the various fauna resident in and around the fresh water streams and ponds.

Amphibians↗
PubMed1981

Natural foci of leptospirosis on the territory of the north-eastern part of the east mountain range of Azerbaijan and their characteristic.

Numerous natural foci of leptospirosis infection in which Ap. sylvaticus and M. musculus play the role of the main source, were found on the territory of the north-eastern part of Azerbaijan's east mountain range. The leading place in the aetiological structure of leptospirosis of small mammals is occupied by leptospirae of the serological group Hebdomadis. As a rule, the animals -- Leptospira-carriers -- populate damp biotopes where stable natural foci of disease are formed. Two types of natural foci were established on the given territory, i. e., the marshy-bush type and the mountain-stream type. The foci are characterized by several hosts and several serotypes of Leptospira.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

New trends in the rapid serodiagnosis of leptospirosis.

TR/Patoc slide test, ELISA and TIA (Thin-Layer Immunoassay) were evaluated for their use in a rapid serodiagnosis of human leptospirosis. The results obtained indicated that the TR/Patoc slide test is very sensitive and able to detect within a few minutes early antibodies against whichever serovar of leptospires, like the antigens of the Galton test. The value of the ELISA test in detecting antibodies at a low level is confirmed. The TIA assay, employed here for the first time for the diagnosis of leptospirosis, though sensitive seemed too long to perform and consequently it is not a test of choice for a rapid screening of sera.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1984

May human leptospirosis develop as a chronic infection?

In connection with some rather uncommon cases, the authors asked themselves whether leptospirosis may also develop as a chronic infection. To answer this question, we took into consideration four of the most representative investigated cases encountered during the last 22 years. In conclusion, it appears that in some circumstances, human leptospirosis could present itself as a chronic disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

[Introduction to the Round Table on Leptospirosis].

The renewed interest in leptospirosis derives from the expansion of this infection which, broken out from its historical strictly professional role, now interests wider categories of the population, represented by frequenters of zones with water or swamp for sport or week-ends. A greater knowledge therefore is needed on the diffusion of leptospirosis and its epidemiology which is notoriously non-homogeneous and variable. The necessity for the meeting arose from this new reality, not sufficiently known, of this infection, and from the necessity to cover the national territory with reference centres coordinated by the Istituto Superiore di Sanità and in the more general epidemiological picture promoted by the WHO.

Animals↗