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At least 613 records · Page 34Linked to original sources
PubMed1999

The protection of the person in medical research in Germany.

Because of its history Germany has many rules concerning the protection of persons in medical research. In fact Germany was the first state to issue a directive regulating medical experimentation with human beings in the year 1900. The ten principles of Nuremberg originated out of the medical case. Germany adheres to the Revised Declaration of Helsinki of the World Medical Association and will probably sign the European convention on biomedicine. The pharmaceutical act contains elaborate provisions for the protection of the patient or proband, e.g. informed consent, risk-benefit ratio, no experimentation on prisoners, approval of a local ethics committee. Moreover in pharmaceutical trials there has to be third party accident insurance for the experimental subject. There is no strict liability for medical experimentation, but the standard of care is high. In general the German law seems to be adequate for the protection of experimental subjects.

Confidentiality↗
PubMed1999

[Microbial exposure in collection of residential garbage--results of field studies].

Since 1995 the communal accident insurance carrier of the county Wetfalen-Lippe conducts investigations into the exposure to biological agents related to refuse collection. Total fungal exposure during refuse collection turned out to range from 10,000 up to 750,000 colony forming units per cubic meter. Most of the measurement values exceeded the limit of 50,000. During hot periods in the summertime, the concentration of Aspergillus fumigatus increased up to 90,000 cfu/m3. The mean values of the bacterial concentrations ranged from 15,000 up to 50,000 cfu/m3, the endotoxin concentration from 12 up to 59 EU/m3. In the driver's cabin fungal exposure sometimes exceeded 10,000 cfu/m3 especially in autumn and winter. Maximum values were 5,000 cfu/m3 for bacteria and 15 EU/m3 for endotoxins. High values were measured irrespective of the kind of refuse.

Air Microbiology↗
PubMed1999

[Welfare and health in the century of social security].

Great achievements for public health in this century include penicillin, oral contraception, vaccination and transplantation, but the greatest contribution to the health of Norwegians may have been made by social security and the welfare state policies. The beneficial effects of social security include: less social inequality, a factor which in itself makes for better health, some degree of financial security for people who are ill and unable to support themselves or their families, universal availability of medical and health services. This paper explores the ideas and sources from which present-day social security legislation stems. The emergence of state based welfare legislation was inspired by developments in Germany under Bismarck; accident insurance for industrial workers was the first to be introduced in 1894. Several periods of active social security legislation followed at times when labour unions and socialist ideas were strong, supported, to some degree, by radical clergy and public health doctors. Social democratic governments, inspired by the British Beveridge plan towards the end of World War II, took the lead during the long post-war period until the mid 1970s. The Scandinavian model of social security is based on universal coverage and a single payer system. However, since the 1980s, as in other countries of Northern Europe, the social security system has come under pressure from market liberalism. Now at the turn of the century, increasing social inequalities cause some concern for the future of the welfare state.

Europe↗
PubMed2000

[In Process Citation]

The traumatic etiology of rotator cuff lesions is a||| matter of controversial discussed in legal assessments. Because of the||| relatively high prevalence of degenerative changes with increasing age,||| including partial and complete rotator cuff tears, it may be difficult to||| demonstrate the cause of an acute traumatic rotator cuff tear. This article||| presents a review of the literature concerning current knowledge of the||| anatomy, biomechanics and pathogenesis of rotator cuff pathology. According to||| this, a catalogue of potentially adequate and inadequate trauma mechanisms is||| proposed. Another focus of this work is in the post-traumatic diagnostic steps||| following persistent rotator cuff-deficient shoulder function. X-ray,||| ultrasound, MRI and operative findings in rotator cuff tears underline the||| criteria for distinguishing between traumatic and degenerative lesions. From a||| legal point of view (e.g., private accident insurance, workers compensation||| claims), various minor and major arguments are defined, which could help the||| expert in judging the cause of post-traumatic rotator cuff||| deficiency.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

Travel insurance.

In this article are salutory and awful stories, all based on true cases. They serve to illustrate how terrible the problems can be when travel insurance is not appropriately secured before a traveller becomes sick, or where the patient assumes the risk himself, without insurance, in the absence of a proper understanding of the consequences.

Australia↗