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At least 613 records · Page 34Linked to original sources
PubMed1999

Preoperative lymphoscintigraphy in the evaluation of squamous cell cancer of the vulva.

PURPOSE: A pilot study was undertaken to determine the lymphatic drainage of vulvar cancer using cutaneous lymphoscintigraphy. METHODS: Six patients with biopsy-proved T1 squamous cell cancer of the vulva were studied using 0.4 to 0.6 mCi Tc-99m HSA. Planar imaging was performed after patients received intradermal injections of Tc-99m HSA in a total volume of 0.4 ml at four sites around the vulvar lesion. RESULTS: Tumor locations included two midline lesions and three anterior third lesions. One tumor was located in the midthird of the labia majora. There was no clinically suspicious inguinal adenopathy in any patient. Based on classic anatomic descriptions of cutaneous lymphatic drainage, all but one patient would have been predicted to have drainage to both inguinal nodal basins. Cutaneous lymphoscintigraphy was successful in all six patients. Unilateral drainage was shown in five of six patients. Only one patient had bilateral inguinal drainage, and her tumor was located in the left anterior third of the labia minora. CONCLUSIONS: Cutaneous lymphoscintigraphy with Tc-99m HSA is easily performed and may be potentially useful in defining lymphatic basins at risk in squamous cell cancer of the vulva.

Biopsy↗
PubMed2001

Protegrin-1 enhances bacterial killing in thermally injured skin.

OBJECTIVE: Septic complications and the emergence of drug-resistant microbes represent serious risks to patients. Recently, naturally occurring peptides have been discovered that possess potent and broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. Protegrin-1 is particularly attractive for clinical use in human wounds because, unlike defensins, protegrin-1 retains broad antimicrobial and antifungal activity at physiologic salt concentration and in the presence of serum. The objective of this study was to examine the efficacy of protegrin-1 in killing multiple drug-resistant microbes isolated from human burn patients. DESIGN: For thein vitroexperiment, bilayer radial diffusion was performed comparing standard antibiotics with protegrin-1 on multiple-drug-resistant microbial organisms isolated from infected burn wounds. In vivo, rats received a 20% total body surface area partial-thickness burn by immersion in 60 degrees C water for 20 secs followed by wound seeding with 106 colony forming units of Silvadene-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. SETTING: University of Michigan research laboratory. SUBJECTS: Adult, male Sprague-Dawley rats. INTERVENTIONS: Rats were randomized into three groups: those receiving synthetic protegrin-1, acetic acid (carrier), or gentamicin (positive control). Protegrin-1 was administered by topical application or intradermal injection. Wound tissues were harvested aseptically at different time points for quantitative bacterial counts. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: In vivo and in vitro experiments revealed rapid and significant decreases in bacterial counts for protegrin-1-treated groups compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that protegrin-1 potentially may be used as an alternative or adjunct therapy to standard agents used to treat wound infections.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of relaxation and stress on the capsaicin-induced local inflammatory response.

OBJECTIVE: Although stress is known to modulate the inflammatory response, there has been little experimental examination of the effects of stress and stress reduction on inflammation in humans. In particular, the effects of stress and relaxation on neurogenic inflammation have been minimally studied. This study examines the effects of three experimental manipulations: mental stress, relaxation, and control on the local inflammatory response evoked by the intradermal injection of capsaicin, the active ingredient in chili peppers. METHODS: Fifty subjects (28 men and 22 women) were pretrained in relaxation using an imagery-based relaxation tape and then randomized to experimental condition. Subjects participated in an evening reactivity session including 20 minutes of a stress (Stroop test), relaxation (tape), or control (video) manipulation, followed by a capsaicin injection in the forearm. Digitized flare measurements were taken for 1 hour postcapsaicin, and measurements of cardiovascular variables, cortisol, adrenocorticotrophic hormone, and norepinephrine were taken at regular intervals. RESULTS: The size of the maximum capsaicin-induced flare was significantly smaller in the relaxation condition than in the stress or control conditions, which did not differ from each other. Increases in norepinephrine, heart rate, and systolic blood pressure during the experimental task, but not after capsaicin, significantly predicted size of maximum flare and total area under the curve of flare measurements. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that stress reduction may affect local inflammatory processes. Results are consistent with sympathetic modulation of the effects of relaxation on the flare response.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Variability of cutaneous lymphatic flow rates in melanoma patients.

Preoperative lymphoscintigraphy was performed in 198 consecutive patients with cutaneous melanoma prior to their definitive surgical treatment. After intradermal injection of antimony sulphide colloid labelled with technetium-99m, lymphatic flow rates were measured in each patient and found to vary according to the location of the primary tumour. The fastest flow rates occurred from melanoma sites on the distal limbs, particularly the lower limbs. The slowest flow rates were from the head and neck region and the proximal limbs, especially the upper arms and shoulders. Lack of flow in the early dynamic images occurred most commonly for tumours on the upper arms and shoulders. These results can be used to optimize the timing of blue dye injection prior to surgery and may influence the sentinel node biopsy method to be used in individuals who show no early drainage.

Antimony↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Local anesthesia for vein cannulation: a comparison of two solutions.

This randomized, double-blinded study prospectively compared two solutions for their anesthetic effect during initiation of peripheral intravenous catheters. Each subject received an intradermal injection of one solution at the intended venipuncture site immediately before vein cannulation. After catheter placement, the subjects rated their discomfort associated with this procedure using the Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale. Of the 47 subjects included in this study, 21 received lidocaine hydrochloride 1% with sodium bicarbonate and 26 received sodium chloride 0.9% with benzyl alcohol. No statistically significant difference in pain scores was found between the two groups (P =.429).

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Chymase participates in chronic dermatitis by inducing eosinophil infiltration.

An epicutaneous application of 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) to a mouse ear caused a transient skin swelling, and the repetition of the challenge enlarged the contact dermatitis. The repeated challenge with DNFB also induced eosinophil infiltration on the application site. Administration of a chymase inhibitor significantly inhibited the ear swelling as well as eosinophil accumulation. An intradermal injection of human chymase to the mouse ear also elicited transient skin swelling and eosinophil infiltration, both of which were augmented in proportion to the number of injections. Human serum albumin and heat-inactivated chymase failed to induce such skin reactions, suggesting the participation of proteolytic activity of the enzyme. In addition, chymase stimulated eosinophil migration in vitro in a concentration-dependent manner. Taken together, these observations suggest that mast cell chymase may contribute to development of the DNFB-induced dermatitis, probably by promoting eosinophil infiltration. It is therefore possible that chymase plays a role in pathogenesis of chronic dermatitis such as atopic dermatitis.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed2003

Intradermal capsaicin inhibits lumbar dorsal horn neuronal responses to colorectal distention.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of cutaneous inflammation on the responses of viscerosomatic convergent dorsal horn neurons to graded colorectal distension (CRD) and cutaneous mechanical stimulation. Responses of single viscerosomatic neurons in the lumbar dorsal horn of the rat spinal cord to CRD and to cutaneous stimuli were recorded before and 50 min after cutaneous inflammation induced by intradermal injection of capsaicin in the receptive field (RF) or in the ipsilateral and contralateral forepaw. Capsaicin injection in the RF induced an increase in the spontaneous activity of dorsal horn neurons, an expansion in the size of their RF and facilitated their responses to cutaneous stimuli. An injection placed in the center of the RF attenuated the responses to noxious CRD. Capsaicin injection in the forepaw caused a significant decrease in the responses to CRD but not to cutaneous stimuli. These results indicate that the inhibitory effects, evoked by cutaneous inflammation, can modulate the responses of dorsal horn neurons to CRD, independent of its effect on the responses to cutaneous mechanical stimuli.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1985

Acne-like chronic inflammatory activity of Propionibacterium acnes preparations in an animal model: correlation with ability to stimulate the reticuloendothelial system.

The ability of strains and fractions of killed propionibacteria suspensions to produce chronic rat ear inflammation after intradermal injection of 70-micrograms aliquots was highly correlated with production of splenomegaly in the mouse after i.p. injection of 1.4 mg Propionibacterium acnes strains CN 6134, VPI 0009, ATCC 11828, and UCLA SC and N1 produced a 2- to 3-fold increase in rat ear thickness and a 5- to 7-fold increase in mouse spleen weight 15 days post injection. In contrast P. granulosum CN 5888, P. acnes UCLA 6S and periodated, acetylated, or 12-h cultures of VPI 0009 were inactive or weakly active as stimulators of chronic ear inflammation and splenomegaly. Active strains produced in the rat ear a transepidermal elimination response characterized by follicular encapsulation and the formation of secondary comedones. These effects correlated with persistence of phagocytized bacteria within macrophages. Furthermore, when rats were first immunized and then challenged with active strains of P. acnes, an increased sensitivity to low doses of P. acnes and a chronic exacerbation of inflammation was observed.

Acne Vulgaris↗
PubMed1986

Inflammatory effect of intradermal administration of soluble phospholipase A2 in rabbits.

Extracellular phospholipase A2 (PLA2) has been found in association with inflamed sites in experimental animals and in humans. The tissue effects of soluble PLA2 have not been defined. We studied the development of inflammatory changes in rabbit skin subsequent to intradermal injection of active and inactivated venom and pancreatic PLA2, over a broad concentration range. PLA2, at concentrations encountered in human disease, caused acute inflammatory changes characterized grossly by erythema and induration, and histologically by inflammatory cell infiltration, vascular and tissue damage, and abscess formation. Extracellular PLA2 may be considered as one of the pathogenic factors in inflammatory reaction.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1993

Transepidermal induction of contact hypersensitivity in mice with a water-soluble hapten.

An experimental analysis has been conducted on the capacity of a highly-reactive, water soluble hapten, trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid, to induce contact hypersensitivity when applied epicutaneously to body wall skin of normal mice. Application of plastic chambers containing the hapten to murine skin for as little as 1 h produced readily detectable sensitization in several genetically disparate inbred strains. Moreover, the efficiency of sensitization was found to be similar to that following epicutaneous application of this hapten's lipid-soluble cogener, trinitrochlorobenzene. Using this approach, it has been determined that UVB radiation, intradermally injected tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and epicutaneously applied cis-urocanic acid can impair contact hypersensitivity induction by transepidermally delivered trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid, and that animals that fail to become sensitized proceed to acquire hapten-specific unresponsiveness. It is concluded that epicutaneous sensitization to chemically reactive, water-soluble molecules is experimentally attainable if precautions are taken to insure that contact between the hapten solution and the cutaneous surface is maintained for at least 1 h. Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms of sensitization and tolerance induction by epicutaneously applied water soluble haptens may prove to be important in understanding the pathogenesis of allergic contact dermatitis that develops to chemicals in the industrial setting, in the environment, and in the clinic.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Hair growth inhibition as a method of screening drugs for local antimitotic activity.

The intradermal injection of certain drugs with antimitotic properties in the guinea pig resulted in localized areas of reversible hair loss or hair growth inhibition. The size of the affected field was related to the dose. This may provide a useful and simple method for the rapid screening of potentially useful agents for local cytostatic activity.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

In vivo chemotaxis induced by polyunsaturated fatty acids.

Intradermal injection of as little as 500 ng of arachidonic acid or the metabolites from arachidonic acid incubated with soybean lipoxygenase produced infiltration of the upper dermis by polymorphonuclear leukocytes 18 hours after injection. In experiments comparing the chemotactic properties of four fatty acids in varying concentrations, oxidative products of arachidonic acid by soybean lipoxygenase were the most powerful followed by free arachidonic acid and free linoleic acid while stearic acid did not produce significant infiltration. These findings suggest that the elevated levels of free arachidonic acid and an arachidonic acid metabolite (12L-hydroxy-5, 8, 10, 14-eicosatetraenoic acid), recently found in psoriatic epidermis, may at least in part be attracting polymorphonuclear leukocytes into psoriatic skin.

Arachidonic Acids↗
PubMed1978

Flare and itch induced by substance P in human skin.

Intradermal injection of synthetic substance P (10(-7)--10(-5) M in humans produced flare, wheal and itching. These responses were inhibited by oral pretreatment of the subjects with an antihistaminic drug (chlorcyclizine) or by local pretreatment with Compound 48/80 administered to deplete the local stores of mast-cell bound histamine. The findings indicate that the responses induced by substance P were mainly mediated by histamine released from the dermal mast cells. In contrast to previously studied histamine liberators, substance P was less potent when acting on rat mast cells in vitro than on human skin mast cells in vivo. When incubated with rat peritoneal mast cells, about 100 times higher concentrations (10(-5) M) were required to induce histamine release than in the in vivo studies on humans. It was concluded that substance P is a potent histamine liberator in human skin.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

A comparative study of allergic and primary irritant contact dermatitis with dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) in dogs.

Attempts were made to induce allergic contact dermatitis in dogs, a species generally considered poorly responsive to experimental allergic contact dermatitis. Yound Beagles were sensitized to 2,4 dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) by multiple intradermal injections. Two weeks after sensitization, these dogs were challenged topically with 0.1% DNCB by a standard closed-patch technique. Sensitization evidenced by various degrees of reaction following challenge was established in all of 14 pups used, while 7 nonsensitized control pups did not react to challenge. Primary irritant contact dermatitis was induced in the skin of nonsensitized Beagle pups by 1%, 5%, and 10% solutions of DNCB. In allergic contact dermatitis the sites of challenge were grossly indurated, erythematous, and edematous. Histologically at these sites there was an infiltration of mononuclear cells which reached maximum intensity at 3 to 4 days. Accumulations of lymphoid cells were marked around sweat galnds and hair follicles. Penetration of leukocytes into these cutaneous adnexa was associated with degenerative processes in their cellular structures. Mononuclear cell infiltration into the epidermis was mild. Spongiosis was observed in the epidermis, but vesicle formation was rare. In primary irritant contact dermatitis gross lesions were characterized by severe erythema, edema, and gangreen of the skin. Microscopically, the main lesions were necrosis of the epidermal cells, separation of the epidermis from the dermis, dermal edema, and massive infiltration of the dermis with polymorphonuclear cells.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed2004

Intradermal nociceptin elicits itch-associated responses through leukotriene B(4) in mice.

Nociceptin, the endogenous peptide ligand for opioid receptor like-1 (ORL1) receptor, has been implicated in the inflammation and pain in the skin. We examined whether nociceptin is a pruritogen in mice. Intradermal injections of nociceptin (1-100 nmol per site) concentration dependently increased scratching in ICR mice; the effect started within 1 min, peaked at 10-20 min, and almost subsided by 30 min. The nociceptin action was absent in ORL1 receptor-deficient (ORL1(-/-)) mice. Systemic, but not local, treatment with naloxone significantly inhibited scratching induced by nociceptin. The action of nociceptin was inhibited by the leukotriene B(4) receptor antagonist ONO-4057 and azelastine, which inhibits the action and production of leukotriene B(4) in the skin. Prepronociceptin and ORL1 receptor mRNAs were substantially expressed in the skin, whereas their expression levels were very low in the dorsal root ganglia. In the skin, nociceptin- and ORL1 receptor-like immunoreactivities were localized in the epidermis. Administration of nociceptin to primary cultures of keratinocytes from ICR and C57BL/6 (ORL1(+/+)) mice, but not ORL1(-/-) mice, produced leukotriene B(4). The results suggest that nociceptin acts on ORL1 receptor on the keratinocytes to produce leukotriene B(4), which induces itch-associated responses in mice.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

The skin-reactive antigens of Mycoplasma pneumoniae.

Guinea pigs experimentally infected with Mycoplasma pneumoniae or immunized with the orgnaism in combination with Freund's complete adjuvant developed a delayed hypersensitive skin reaction following on intradermal injection of the M. pneumoniae antigen. The amount of protein necessary to produce the delayed skin reaction was as low as 0.01 mug. When the sonicated whole cells were extracted with aqueous acetone, the delayed skin reactivity was found mostly in the acetone insoluble (lipid-depleted) fraction. On the other hand, the lipid fraction which was isolated by a chloroform-methanol extraction of the acetone-soluble fraction and had a high titer of complement-fixing activity, exhibited little delayed skin reactivity. The lipid-depleted antigens as the whole cell antigens produced delayed skin reactivities in human patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Effects of locally administered anticholinesterase agents on the secretory response of human eccrine sweat glands to acetylcholine and carbachol.

The effects of locally administered physostigmine and di-isopropylphosphorofluoridate (DFP) were compared on the secretory response of sweat glands to intradermally injected acetylcholine and carbachol in healthy male volunteers (physostigmine: six subjects; DFP: one subject). The response to acetylcholine reached its peak within 10 s of injection and then rapidly declined, whereas the response to carbachol increased steadily reaching a peak between 5 and 7 min after injection. The response to acetylcholine was potentiated in the presence of both physostigmine and DFP, whilst the response to carbachol was not significantly affected by either of these drugs. The difference in the time-course of responses to acetylcholine and carbachol may be attributed to differences in the susceptibility of the two drugs to metabolism by acetylcholinesterase; carbachol, unlike acetylcholine, being virtually immune to metabolism by this enzyme. It is concluded that the response to carbachol is mediated by a direct stimulatory action on post-synaptic muscarinic receptors rather than by activation of pre-synaptic nicotinic receptors leading to the release of endogenous acetylcholine.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed1989

The effects of intradermal bradykinin are potentiated by angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors in hypertensive patients.

1. To test the hypothesis that angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors potentiate the tissue effects of bradykinin, the thickness of weals produced by intradermal injections of bradykinin was measured in 17 hypertensive subjects whose antihypertensive regimen included an ACE inhibitor, and in 12 whose treatment did not. 2. Weal thickness increased linearly with the logarithm of the bradykinin dose in both groups (P less than 0.0001). 3. The patients receiving ACE inhibitors showed a mean response of 1.18 +/- 0.08 mm (mean +/- s.e. mean), compared with a mean response of 0.75 +/- 0.08 mm for patients not receiving an ACE inhibitor (P = 0.002). Mean weal response (1.08 +/- 0.9 mm) was not significantly different in patients taking captopril (n = 11) compared with that (1.29 +/- 0.12 mm) in patients taking enalapril (n = 9). 4. Facial flushing during the experiment occurred in six patients taking ACE inhibitors but none who were not. 5. Dermal responses to bradykinin are enhanced in patients taking ACE inhibitors as routine antihypertensive therapy. This study supports the hypothesis that bradykinin may be responsible for some of the adverse effects of these drugs.

Adult↗